R.

Mohan Das
Director (P&IR), Coal India Ltd.
INDIA

The Indian Constitution and Democracy

ensure Social Inclusion in India
y The 1.24 billion Indians, with diversity probably
more pronounced than the whole of Europe,
share common destiny and hopes and aspirations
y India is known for its long and rich tradition
based on harmony and social accommodation
y Constitution of India grants justice, liberty and
equality to all its citizen
y Social inclusion is essence of Constitution of
India and Indian Democracy is its vibrant
means

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Preamble
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to
constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity
and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of
November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO
OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Fundamental Rights
y Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on

grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place

of birth
y Article 21 A: Right to Education

-The State shall

provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6
to 14 years in such manner as the State, by law, may determine.

y Article 24: Prohibition of employment of

children in factories, etc No child below the age of
fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or
engaged in any other hazardous employment

Directive Principles of State Policy

Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be
followed by the State:
The State shall, in particular, direct its policy
towards securing
(a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the
right to
an adequate means to livelihood;
(b) that the ownership and control of the material
resources of the community are so distributed as best to
subserve the common good;
(c) that the operation of the economic system does not
result in the concentration of wealth and means of
production to the common detriment;

Directive Principles of State Policy

(d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and
women;
(e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and
the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are
not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited
to their age or strength;
(f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop
in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity
and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation
and against moral and material abandonment

Article 45. Provision for free and compulsory education

for children The State shall endeavour to provide, within
a period of ten years from the commencement of this
Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all
children until they complete the age of fourteen years

NEED FOR SOCIAL INCLUSION

Constitutional Rights do not, however, reflect the ground reality
Poor and weaker sections of society are most vulnerable and feel excluded
from the mainstream
Vulnerability arises from the risks and insecurity caused by life cycle changes
(death of an earning member), illness or health problems, natural calamities
and the process of globalization and structural adjustments in the economy,
global warming and increasingly flexible labor relations can lead to increased
incidence of shocks.
Social inclusion system helps to absorb the shocks and minimize its adverse
impact on the vulnerable and poor and helps to make growth more pro-poor.
Social security systems contribute not only to human security, dignity,
equity and social justice, but also provide a foundation for political inclusion,
empowerment and the development of democracy. (ILO)

NEED FOR SOCIAL INCLUSION

The trickledown effect of economic growth to the poorer sections
of the society did not successfully lead to poverty eradication
Poverty persists mainly due to the inability of some groups of
people to participate in the process of economic growth
Philip and Rayhan (2004): the poor are more vulnerable than any
other group
Social inclusion deals with both absolute deprivation and risk and
vulnerabilities
It deals not only with social risks (sickness, old age,
unemployment and social exclusion) but also with programs that
secure income such as food security, employment, education, etc.,
ensuring social and economic security
Presence of social inclusion can maintain social cohesion and can
prevent irreversible losses of human capital
In the financial crisis, supply side management is not enough.
There is a need to increase the demand, which social inclusion
programs can provide

Natural Disaster and Vulnerability of the Poor

y Last week, a major disaster of flash-flood and land slide has
occurred in the Himalayan state of Uttaranchal in India
y Around 40,000 sq km of area has been affected
y Several hundreds have lost lives and thousands have got
displaced
y Many villages have been washed away
y While evacuations are still taking place, many poor will take
years to recover to normalcy
y This horrifying calamity is mainly attributed to reckless
economic activities in the Himalayas, particularly, creation
of dams, roads and mines
y Champions of Uttarakhand Government, past and present,
are on a tight spot explaining their decision to fall pray to
land, mining and dam mafia, disturbing the eco system and
disregarding interests of local people and their habitat

Social Protection Expenditure in India not

encouraging even in Asia (percentage of GDP)
Japan (16%)
Sri Lanka (5.7%)
Bangladesh (5.3%)
Asia (4.8%)
India (4%)
Nepal (2.3%)
Pakistan (1.6%)
Bhutan (1.4%) and
Papua New Guinea (0.3%)

Large population a major problem in ensuring

social inclusion:
Only 2.4% of the world area and 16% of
Population

Adding an Australia (17 million) every year

Census Year

Population (in millions)

1901

238.4

1911

252.09

1921

251.32

1931

278.98

1941

318.66

1951

361.09

1961

439.23

1971

548.16

1981

683.33

1991

846.30

2001

1027.01

2011

1241.00

India added a Brazil during 19912011 (about 196.7 million!)

Decade

Rate of Population Growth (%)

1961-71

24.8 (adding10 million/yr)

1971-81

24.6 (adding13 million/yr)

1981-91

23.8 (adding16 million/yr)

1991-2001

21.34 (adding17 million/yr)

2001- 2011

17.64 (adding18 million/yr)

Population Growth and

Problems of Social Inclusion
Greater uses and consumption of natural
resources like land, forest, water, wood, food,
oxygen, etc.
Greater consumption leads of greater output of
human excreta, garbage, chemical effluents from
factories, CO2 emissions, air, water and noise
pollution
Large scale rural to urban migration

Population Growth and

Problems of Social Inclusion
In 1947, availability of per capita fresh renewable
water was 6000 cubic meter per year , which fell
down to 2300 cubic meter in 1997 and is
estimated to go down to 1600 cubic meter in 2017,
making India a water stressed nation
Ground water table declining @ meter/Yr
Increased ground pollution
About 200 million Indians do not have access to
potable water
About 1.5 million children in India die every year
primarily due to water borne diseases

Can India tackle its growing population?

As it is a sensitive issue in a society full of
diversity, no law to regulate population explosion
in India
79th Constitution Amendment Bill introduced in
Rajya Sabha in 1992- the bill proposed to add
additional schedule under which a person shall be
disqualified for being a member of either House
of Parliament or either House of Legislature of
the State, if he has more than 2 children
Despite the bill is still pending in the Rajya
Sabha, many initiatives at local level have been
taken

Can India tackle its growing population?

Under entry 24 (family welfare) and entry 25
(women and child development), of 11th
Schedule of Constitution of India, some
states have enacted laws debarring persons
with two or more children from contesting
local body elections
Similar
disqualification
and
other
disincentives have also been provided

Javed vs State of Haryana

Constitutional validity of two child norm for
population stabilization was challenged before the
Supreme Court on the grounds that it was arbitrary,
discriminatory, violates the personal liberty of
persons to have as many children as they want and
also violates freedom to religion
Rejecting the plea SC ruled: the impugned provision
is neither arbitrary nor unreasonable nor
discriminatory. The disqualification contained in
section 175 [1(q)] of Haryana Panchayat Raj Act seeks
to achieve a laudable purpose i.e. socio economic
welfare and health care of masses and is consistent
with the national population policy.

Some laudable measures of Government of India to

ensure social inclusion since 1970
While fast growing population will remain the greatest challenge
in bringing about social equity and inclusion in India, laudable
measures to ensure social inclusion in India are as follows:
Food and nutrition programs
Public Distribution System (PDS)
Midday Meals
Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)

Housing Program (Indira Awas Yojana) for rural areas

Self employment programs
Swarna Jayanti Grameen Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)
Self Help Groups
Prime Minister Employment Generation Program (PMEGP)
Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY)

Wage employment programs

Several programs initiated since 1970s
Now all merged into NREGS for rural areas

Two most important promotional programs at present

Public Distribution System(PDS)
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MG-NREGA),2005

MGNAREGA- a program for enduring social

inclusion
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act(2005) aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in
rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment
in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members
volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
National Reports (2012-13)
Employment provided to HHS Person days- 4.81 (Crore)
Total-187.48
SC-40.77 [21.74]
ST-31.37 [16.73]
Women-98.31[52.44%]
Others-115.35[61.535]
Total works taken up 95.69 lakhs]
Work Copleted-13.59 lakhs
Work in Progress= 82.1 lakhs

Coal India in pursuit of

Efficient Social Protection System ensuring Social Inclusion

Coal India (CIL)-the single largest coal producer in the world

Operating through 81 mining areas CIL is an apex body with 7 wholly
owned coal producing subsidiaries and 1 mine planning and consultancy
company spread over 8 provincial states of India.
CIL has a mining company in Mozambique christened as 'Coal India
Africana Limitada
Owns and runs 200 other establishments like workshops, hospitals, etc.
Excellent training facilities at 26 technical & management training
institutes and 102 Vocational Training Institutes Centers.
CIL has an apex residential training facility for 180 executives known as
Indian Institute of Coal Management (IICM) , Ranchi which conducts
multi disciplinary management development programs.
CIL got Maharatna status in April 2011. So far, only five out of 217
Central Public Sector Enterprises in India are members of this select club.

Unmatched Strategic Relevance

Produces around 81.1% of India's overall coal production
In India approximately 52% of primary commercial energy is
coal dependent. CIL alone meets to the tune of 40% of
primary commercial energy requirement
Commands nearly 74% of the Indian coal market
Feeds 82 out of 86 coal based thermal power plants in India
Accounts for 76% of total thermal power generating capacity
of the Utility sector
Supplies coal at prices discounted to international prices
Insulates Indian coal consumers against price volatility
Makes the end user industry globally competitive
Plays a key role in "India Growth Story" and making India
incorporate globally competitive

Social Inclusion through

Employee Welfare & CSR
Pursues a structured CSR policy around coal mining areas to
improve quality of life with community consensus and
inclusive participation
Mobile Dispensaries and wellness clinics introduced on a
large scale
Tele-medicine facilities introduced in central hospitals
Provides medical services to employees, their families and
local populace through 86 fully equipped hospitals having
5835 beds
Employs 1524 specialist Doctors
Runs 423 dispensaries and has 640 Ambulances

Social Inclusion through

Employee Welfare & CSR
Provides potable water to about 2.3 million populace in
remote corners of CIL's areas of operation
Supports 536 schools under different categories - Project
Schools (55); Privately managed Schools with grant packages
(284); Private Committee Managed Educational Institutes (72)
and other schools where occasional grants are given (125)
Introduced 'Coal India Scholarships' for 100 Below Poverty
Line students plus 25 wards of land losers in government
engineering and medical colleges. Scholarship covers
education, hostel and mess charges
Meets the entire cost of wards of workmen securing
admission in government engineering and medical colleges

Social Inclusion through

Employee Welfare & CSR
Committed to generate employment opportunities for people
in mining areas by providing vocational training
The company Pursues 'Mining with a human face' through
socially sustainable inclusive model of growth by making
Project Affected People stakeholders in the decision making
process for their livelihood
Medical facilities extended to nearby communities in fully
equipped company hospitals
Mobile dispensaries and Tele-medicine facilities meant for
employees also extended to nearby village populace
(Figures are as of April 2011)

Social Inclusion through Sustainable

Development and Care for Environment
CIL constantly addresses the impact of mining activities
across environmental and social issues as coal mining
entails degradation of land and environment, if not done
properly
Eco-friendly mining systems have been put in place in all
of its mining areas
CIL introduced state-of-the-art Satellite Surveillance to
monitor land reclamation and restoration for all its
opencast projects which
ensures transparency and
credibility of our claim

Social Inclusion through Sustainable

Development and Care for Environment
Total forest area degraded due to mining operation by CIL
is only around 12,800 Hectares
Coal India has made afforestation over an area of around
32,000 Hectares
This means, for every hectare of forest land degraded, CIL
has made plantation in 2.5 Hectares of land
Committed to minimize the adverse impact of coal mining on
environment
through
well
structured
Environment
Management Plans and sustainable development activities

Social Inclusion through Sustainable

Development and Care for Environment
Massive plantation by CIL wherever land is available, as a part of
its 'Clean & Green' program
So far, CIL has planted over 73 million trees!
Singrauli Coalfields (NCL) Case: Analysis of plantation done by
NCL during
1985-1995 and 1996-2002 were carried out by
Conservator of Forest
Results show that the annual average maximum temperature in
Singrauli has decreased by 0.4oC while the annual average rainy
days increased by 11.2 days and average annual rainfall has
increased by 105.6 mm
CIL has started integration of Environment Management System
(ISO:14001) with Quality Management System (ISO:9001)
Successfully achieved certification of 53 of its projects which is to
be extended to all mines in phases

Social Inclusion through Sustainable

Development and Care for Environment
As part of its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) efforts, Coal India
Limited and its subsidiary companies regularly undertake various
community development activities in and around the coalfield areas for the
benefit of the local people.
Works done under Community Development Programme are as under:Installation/Repairing of Hand Pumps
Digging/renovation of Wells/Ponds/Dam, etc.
Water Supply through pipelines
Construction/Renovation and repair of Community Centre/building
Construction/repair of Roads/Culverts
Construction/repair of school building
Organizing Medical Camps
Organizing Sports and cultural activities
Misc works

Challenges of Social Inclusion faced by Coal India

Displacement of people due to coal mining is inevitable and is of
enormous magnitude. PAPs and secondary displacees (due to loss of
agricultural land, environmental degradation, etc.):
y 1951-2000: about 5 million (DP and PAP) for all mining (mostly coal)
y 75% of displaced peoples lives worsened due to displacement
y 25-40% tribals and dalits
y 170, 000 families or 850, 000 displaced persons would have to be

rehabilitated by 2025 when the requirement for land would double

from current 147,000 ha to 292, 500 ha

y There is very little (if any) data or study that conclusively tracks the

socio-economic condition of displaced individuals,

communities before and after the displacement.

families and

Social Inequality in Coal and

Forest Rich Areas

Tribal Population in India

Poverty in Coal Bearing Areas

y Agriculture, sometimes supplemented with mining or
forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, which is
often unable to support rapid increases in population
y Despite being rich in minerals, people living in
mineral rich areas are desperately poor
y Exploited since ages by contractors, mining
companies and middlemen, villagers in mineral rich
areas are among the worst off in the country
y Dantewada more than 80% BPL population

Social Inclusion and Indian Democracy

y Indian democracy is an exercise in living through
imperfect realities
y Democracy is an experiment in learning the art of
politics, and this learning never comes to an end
y The virtue of democracy is that it does not claim
perfection for any particular regime
y Democratic reasoning takes a pragmatic view of
imperfections in social and political order. The
pragmatic view is to accept that all political regimes,
past, present and future, are imperfect, and to act on
that understanding in the hope that future can be
made little better than the present.
(Andre Beteille, The Varieties of Democracy, EPW, Vol.XLVIII No 8, February 23, 2013)

Thank You
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