Lashari 1

Influence of Imperial Power on Social Relations in

A Passage to India by Edward Morgan Forster
Dissertation
By

Sajid Ali Lashari

Roll No. MENGE-37 (M.A Pass)
Institute of English Language and Literature
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Supervisor
Mr. Manzoor Panhwar

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Dedication
I like to dedicate this study to all my teachers, Specially Late Sir Asif Ali
Suhag, and friends at M.A, English Literature, because they have always
been source of inspiration and help.

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Abstract
British East India Company colonized India with force in Eightieth Century
to civilized uncivilized Indians, which is quite strange phenomenon. Initially
the Company made trade dealings with Mughal Empire but later it started
intervening in public and state affairs. By the start of eighteenth century East
India Company took hold of almost entire Indian Territory under its rule and
declared India as its colony. British built their settlements and introduced
their culture in India, which is finely described by E.M. Forsters in his novel A
Passage to India. E.M. Forster does not only describe India as colony but also
Anglo-Indians, and their attitudes, actions, relations with colonized nation.
Descriptive Qualitative research method along with Textual Analysis
has been selected to analyze the data. The data is interpreted through the
lens of post-colonial criticism theory. The Data has been gathered from
various sources for literature review such as internet websites, books and
scholastic research articles, and for data analysis original text of the novel A
Passage to India by Edward Morgan Forster has been used to come to the
final conclusion.
At the end of this study it is claimed that Colonial Ideologies with the
support of Official Designations and Power or any association with such
powerful people created the space for racist behavior. The other key
components also performed prominent role in molding social relations and
mostly were colonial belief systems based on force oriented prejudices, for

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example, individual biases, racist conduct, superiority complex and inferiority
complex, personal preferences, favoritism, and abhorrence etcetera.
Keywords: Colonization, social relations, India, Power, E.M. Forster,

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Index
# Title
No.
1. Title

Page

Page...1
2. Dedication
..2
3. Abstract .
3
4. Index...4
-5
5. Chapter 1 (Introduction)
....6
5.1.
Rationale for the
study7
5.2.
Questions the study aims to
address...7
5.3.
Research Methodology
..7
6. Chapter 2 (Methodology)
7
6.1.
Descriptive Qualitative research
7-8
6.2.
Textual
Analysis..8-9
7. Chapter 3 (Literature Review)
.......................................................9
7.1.
Introduction
.9

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7.2.

Terms and their

definitions.9
7.2.1. Imperialism.9
-10
7.2.2. Colonialism and Post-Colonial
Criticism.10-11
7.2.3. Social
7.3.

Relations....11-12
How colonization had effect on social

relations...12
7.3.1. Behaviors of New-Colonizers at arrival in
India..12-13
7.3.2. Penetration, brain washing, and imposition of colonial
ideologies..13-15
7.3.3. Officialdom, stereotype, prejudice, and racial attitude among
colonizers and towards
colonized.....15-17
7.3.4. Attitude of colonized among colonized and towards
colonizers..17-18
8. Chapter 4 (Data Analysis)
....18
8.1.
Relationship among Colonized (Muslims V/S Hindus)
..18-22
8.2.
Relationship among Colonizers (Traditional Colonists V/S
Newcomers)..22-25
8.3.
Relationship of Colonizers with Colonized (Britishers V/S Indians)
.25-29
8.4.
Role of Colonial
Ideologies.29.32

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8.5.

Role of Official

Positions/Power..32
8.5.1. Description/Designation of Major
Characters..32-33
8.5.2. Reflection of power in the
novel..33-35
9. Chapter 5 (Conclusion)
..35-36
10. Bibliography..
37-38
a.

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Chapter 1
Introduction
If civilization is to survive, we must cultivate the science of human
relationships - the ability of all peoples, of all kinds, to live together, in the
same world at peace.
By Franklin D. Roosevelt
I believe that one of the major differences between humans and
animals is that humans form social relationships. I have started this
introductory chapter with the quote of Frankling D. Roosevelt former US
President. He believes that civilization will only survive when there bridge of
social relationships among humans, they all must mix up, should have
kindness, and should live in the world with peace, but he also hints without it
the world would be full of chaos and not worthy living.
The purpose of choosing this topic is to explore the relationship of
Englishmen in India with Indians and effects imperial power on their
relations. Englishmen were different and they behaved gentle at the arrival
in India and but they changed their minds after being lived there for some
time. It is worthy noticing that causes in change of colonizers behavior made
people revolt against British Raaj, though at initial level natives had accepted
the reality being uncivilized, but latter the brutal atrocities made them go
against Englishmen and changed their view of seeing Britishers. The most
important element of social relationships were ignored which could be the
possible cause of separation of India from and British Empire.

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British Empire could have stayed in India if they had controlled
themselves from being cruel, bias, filled with hatred against Indians.

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1.1.

Rationale for the study:

This novel belongs to the time when India was a British colony, and the novel
describes the actual conditions of the time. My aim is to know, how imperial
power had influenced Britishers as well as Indians on the platform of social
relations.

1.2. Question(s) the study aims to address:

1. What was the attitude of Britishers towards Indians?
2. What thinking led actions of Britishers against Indians?
3. What deteriorated relations between colonizers and colonized?
1.3. Research Methodology:
This study will be a Descriptive Qualitative research through textual analysis,
by applying Post-Colonial Criticism Theory, and data will be gathered from
various sources E.g. Library books and Internet.
Chapter 2
Methodology
2.1. Descriptive Qualitative Research
Descriptive also known as observational research, this is qualitative
form of research which depicts the participant or events more accurately in
accordance to their description. The function of this research is to evaluate
or describe/explain the data.

The chief aim of descriptive research is to

describe the current circumstances as they exist and also describes the facts
about current phenomena which are unknown. It deals with the What

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question rather than how/why/when. The researchers aim to depict the
attitudes and behaviors seen during examination; however does not make
any assumption or casual conclusions. (Scott W. and D. Johnson, 326). It is
usually done in natural conditions and requires the researcher to be in the
actual location without any his/her intervention. He/She only collects the
data and interprets. Saldana claims that when a researcher writes a
descriptively he/she better affirms that he/she is recording social activity,
action, response, and communications or relations. (51) Kothari maintains
that the most important feature of this method is that the research has no
authority or command over the data but "he can only report what has
happened or what is happening." (20). Its concern is in values, perceptions
and understandings, and Given thinks that in this type of research
researchers aim to focus on what individuals say, the words they utter,
accounts and clarifications they give of their conduct, and the individual and
social interpretations and the attitudes and principles that are uncovered
through their discussion (574). Personal and social relationships between
individuals or within groups or organizations, observers tend to interpret
every possible detail, and data interpreted and reported in narrative format
unlike in quantitative research which is rather in numbers.

2.2. Textual Analysis

Textual also known as Content analysis is a form of Qualitative
research which involves recognition and interpretation of a set of verbal or

Lashari 12
nonverbal signs (Scott W. and D. Johnson, 210). Krippendorff believes that
the content expert perceives the information as symbols not of physical
occasions but rather of literature, pictures, and expressions that are
prepared to be seen, examined, interpreted, and presented on for their
importance (xiii). In this type of research conclusions are made usually from
researchers perspective of interpretation of the text. Content analysis is
used

to

classify

or

retrieve

the

meaningful

information

from

the

documents/content or in other words it conceives the other interpretations

from the text. It involves the analysis of 1. Written text i.e books, papers, etc.
2. Oral text i.e speech, theatre plays, etc. 3. Iconic text i.e. drawings,
paintings, icons, etc. 4. Audio-visual text i.e. TV programs, movies, videos,
etc. 5. Hypertexts i.e. can be one or more of the texts above, on the Internet.
In textual analysis an enormous amount of text is adopted and is thoroughly
studied to recognize its characteristics, such as occurrence of certain
keywords used repeatedly, and can be further classified to be interpreted to
get more useful meaning of the content after acute examination.

Chapter 3
Literature Review
3.1. Introduction
Social relations are indispensible part of human life and they are
influenced by different behaviors. A Passage to India is an anti-colonial novel
significantly based on social relations. Below I have discussed behavior of

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newly arrived colonialist who are unaware of imperial traditional policy. Later
they change their attitude, because experience and old colonialist do their
brain washing and imperialist ideologies are injected in them through
different ways. Further I have described attitude, behavior, prejudices, and
language of colonists towards fellow citizens and natives. At the end of this
literature review, description of colonial and how they respond back and
behaved to their rulers.

3.2. Terms and their definitions

3.2.1. Imperialism
Edward Said defines "Imperialism" means considering, settling on,
controlling land that you don't own, that is far away, that is lived on and
claimed by others. For a number of reasons it appeals few individuals and
usually includes untold catastrophe for others. (7) On the other hand Oxford
Dictionaries describe imperialism as A policy of extending a countrys power
and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.
Imperialism coined from the Latin word "imperium", meaning to governance
over territories. Western and Japanese economic and political involvement in
Asia and African through colonies gave existence to the term imperialism but
accurate meaning is still debated. Said further describes Imperialism
means exercise, theoretical scheme, arrogant behaviors of controlling center
at distant gave existence to colonialism," which is almost always a
consequence of imperialism, is the implanting of settlements on distant

Lashari 14
territory. (9) Imperialism always involves use of military power and other
means

for

manipulation

of

opinions

and

discourse

through

media

demonstration for turning immense complexities into easy money in the

interest of state strategies, it has always been considered ethically
inacceptable. Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham take imperialism in a
different way, and consider it as a relationship of controlling center to inferior
states, countries, and people. An imperial strategy therefore usually means
an intentional expansion of a center's control to farther zone of its original
domain with the purpose of forming one clear political and governmental unit
under the control of the motherland. (21)

3.2.2. Colonialism and Post-Colonial Criticism

Colonialism is another name for imperialism; it includes encroachment
of armies in foreign zones, imposition of rules over inferior populace, in The
Penguin Dictionary of International Relations, Graham Evans and Jeffrey
Newnham explain that the relationship between the 'motherland' and the
colony is normally oppressive. The features of imperialism include political
and lawful mastery, financial abuse and reliance and racial and social
inequality. (10) In 15th century, Spain, France, England, and Netherland were
major powers of colonization and till 19th century England became most
powerful empire on earth, and dominated India, Australia, New Zealand,
Canada, Ireland, Africa, and others covering one third of entire earth surface.
(Tyson, 418)

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Post-Colonial Criticism actually analyzes the literature written by
colonized in reaction to colonial supremacy. Its main focus is to analyze
philosophical forces i.e. political, social, cultural, and psychological, which
helped adopting the oppressors values and principles into the colonized, and
lessened the opposition against their persecutors. Tyson believes that, precolonial society has lost many generations due to foreign dominance, and he
further argues that often through army encroachment most cultures are
transformed. (422) Said notes that, the oppressors did not or couldn't see
that

they

were

imperialist;

ironically,

non-European

in

the

same

environments saw the European Only imperial (162). Ideologies played

subtle exploiting role in the transformation of thinking of natives as well as
non-natives. Fanon believes that, colonial bias does not differ from any
racialism and argues Yes, European civilization and its best representatives
are responsible for colonial racism (66)

3.2.3. Social Relations

It is branch of social sciences, social relations also conceived social
interactions is any association between two or more persons, and the notion
of the individual depends on social terms, as Australian Institute of Social
Relations defines social relations as A person constructs a sense of identity
in relation to family, other people, cultural practices, gender, social class,
social/political systems, sexuality, geographic location and physical and
mental abilities. It means human beings are not limited to one direction,

Lashari 16
rather many roads. The Free Online Dictionary describes social relation as a
relation

between

living

organisms

(especially

between

people).

An

individual may be seen as single in number in the entire society, but he/she
does maintain the social circle like a railway junction that connects the entire
country with a city or small town in remote area, likewise human beings is
called social animal and is unique because of these social relations which
separates human beings from animals.

3.3. How colonization had effects on social relations?

3.3.1. Behaviors of New-Colonizers at arrival in India
Abu Bakar in his research work has tried to prove that friendship
between Indian and Britishers is not possible and for the support he gives the
example of initial talk among Dr. Aziz, Mehmood Ali, and Hamidullah in which
they mentioned of British newcomers that at start they submissive but two
years for male colonizer and six months for female colonizer to change their
attitude and become exactly the same as their experienced colonies are, and
Kundu also agrees with idea. Hamiduallah also shares about Mr. Turton to be
kind and humble at the arrival in India but with the passage of time and
instructions of other colonists he has changed. Because every Englishmen
coming to India is fresh and doesnt have any knowledge about colonization
and its policies as Hamidullah claims that friend with English is only possible
in England not in India. Abu Bakar also argues that when Ronny knows the
process of formatting newcomers into stereotype colonialist, because he

Lashari 17
himself went under the process. He further explains that newly arrived
Britishers are coy, shy, and meek are instantly given delightful titles and
status which makes them dizzy. They cant control but behave in a different
way and will defend their reputation at any cost and Ronny Heaslop is best
example here. On the other hand Zoe Lhmann believes that officialdom is
ultimate wall which blocks newly arrived English to make human contact
and characters are compelled to behave as agents of empire not as
individuals. Abu Bakar opines that Adela was fresh and was unaware of
stereotype behaviors of colonists in India. For which he gives example of
Adela when she retorts Ronny over shoes in the mosque issue that how
would Ronny feel when Mohammadan does not put off his hat in Church for
which Ronny didnt have any absolute answer. Abu Bakar also believes that
colony modifies the personality of imperialist agent in every aspect. Further
he explains that Mrs. Moore is shocked to see her son doing prejudices and
informed him that she never used to judge people at home like this which he
retorted India isnt home. Mrs. Moore is shocked to see the treatment of
colonizers with their guests at the Bridge Party since she was new in India,
therefore fore it bothered her; otherwise it was normal for all other colonists.
Mrs. Moore asked Ronny to love Indians, but it was not possible at least in
Indian where racism governed and relationship of master and slave could
have been disturbed.

Lashari 18
3.3.2. Penetration, brain washing, and imposition of colonial
ideologies
Muhammad Tufail Chandio and Waseem Hassan Malik in their joint
research paper claim that colonial ideologies have been injected by
employing colonial discourse to justify colonization over India by integrating
into English Literature produced in and outside India. Which slowly and
graduate make realization in Indian minds that they are still uncouth,
uncivilized, superstitious etc, and which will help Englishmen to make
resistance weaker. An on the other hand Rama Kundu explains that Western
world had pervasive mistrust and fear for land and its people. This gave
ground to upcoming colonizers to mould themselves in already prevailing
notions. Abu Bakar argues that Ronny is a young colonizer with status,
prestige, respect, and a wonderful title, and he cannot move back and tries
to justify his position and argues with his mother What do you [Mrs. Moore]
and Adela want me to do? Go against my class and how could he put off all
the authorities he has been enjoying, in the argument announces India likes
gods, and Englishmen like posing as gods. Ronny also quoted sentences
which his serener officers used to say about Indian to promote negative
image of natives. Saideh naim Vafa and Bahman Zarrinjooee believe that
Britain penetrated and imposed imperial power on pretext of civilization of
primitive, uncivilized, dangerous, undignified, barbarians, illogical, idle,
lustful, and lower class, to build new personalities in them. While on other
hand Rama Kundu opines that general perception of India being terrifying

Lashari 19
place and Indian as dangerous had already been spread. Abu Bakar further
explains that when a colonizer goes against prejudices and ill treatments
done by his own race, he is threatened by his superiors and is considered
nothing but traitor. And Fielding has been placed as the best example.
Gulzar Jalal Yousafzai and Qabil Khan mentioned another important example
for Fielding when Ronny enters in Fieldings house while Adela is smoking
with Dr. Aziz and Prof. Godbole, Ronny is furious and calls Fielding in an
arrogant tone I say, old man, do excuse me, but I think perhaps you
oughtnt to have left Miss Quested alone which clearly shows disrespect of
those who go against their colonial agenda. Israt and Shareefs claim that
Britishers were not only prejudice but had braining washing technics. While
Adela in the court room believed that she had been attacked by Dr. Aziz. She
had already been told about undependability of Indians. She was also
confused about her sexual union with relation Ronny. Now accusation of
McBryde that the darker races are physically attracted by the fairer, but not
vice versa was supposed to be believed, and she did not have any other
option. This makes McBryde a true agent of imperialist, because in spite of
being educated he believed in prejudices, and he talked in the court what
was not even required, he just wanted to prove Dr. Aziz as criminal.

3.3.3. Officialdom, stereotype, prejudice, and racial attitude among

colonizers and towards colonized:

Lashari 20
Gulzar Jalal Yousafzai and Qabil Khan in their research paper note that
tone of imperialists while talking to Indians is different from having
conversation to any Englishmen. The way Mrs. Moore addresses Dr. Aziz is
quite changed from other colonialists to Indians even if they are educated
and respectable and Dr. Aziz instantly guessed of Mrs. Moore being
newcomer. The example for hatred disgust and hatred against Indians is
shown when it talks about Mrs. Turton who doesnt like to receive native
guests, or being polite with Indians. Its not just she who detests Indians but
McBryde the English Policemen has different philosophy of climate zone
specifically for Indians that all unfortunate natives are criminal at heart, for
the simple reason that they live south of latitude 30. Rama Kundu considers
Major Callendar as ignorant, rude, tyrant, and haughty because he never
knew that educated Indians met constantly, he was so ignorant that he relied
on other people to tell him, although he himself had been living in India for
twelve years. Which is quite justified because he holds major position in the
city and remain ignorant which is quite against his position. It is also proved
even when he calls Bridge Party and all the gusts have arrived but he is late
at the party. Kundu further points when Callendar is being cruel when he
thinks for binging troops to clear Bazaars. Kundu has subtly described Ronny
Healsop as suspicious officer who find conspiracy behind every problem in
India which he has to deal as a magistrate. McBryde is another example of
agent of an empire who doesnt have any decency against educated Indian,
even some of them have studied in Cambridge, and he calls Indian lawyers

Lashari 21
as Jackals. Tufail Hassan and Waseem Hassan mentioned another good
example of McBryde that condemns Indian on racial prejudices that when an
Indian goes bad, he does not only very bad, but very queer, which
obviously show is racial mind set. Imperialist can also attack their own
people when they go against them, Fielding had decided to escort Adela and
Mrs Moore on the journey of Marabar Caves, but could not do so because of
Prof. Godboles Pooja received a comment from Callendar as it was the result
of mixing himself with Indians. Though it was all coincident, but Forster has
described the psyche of English people how they cannot spare their own
ones. Md. Ishrat Ibne Ismail and Shareefa Yasmeen in their research work
discuss about Europeans justified their colonization by posting themselves as
superior race. And exploitation of resources was actual dream of Britishers
which they could not do without showing their pseudo good will to refashion
India, which Ronny hints in his dialogue with his mother we dont to be
pleasant. We have something more important to do. Zoe Lehmann claims
that being member of imperialism you cant resist, you even accept it
unknowing which is proved when Adela says But I want to see them.
[Indians] it is worth noticing that Adela doesnt want to meet them. Rama
Kundu pays attention to a moment when the trial is in the court and for the
trouble he hold the entire Chandrapore responsible while looking and poor
people and would say to himself I know what you are like at last; you shall
pay for this, you shall squeal which reflect tyrannical imperialist prejudicial
power. Abu Bakar explains that Fielding unknowingly tries to justify

Lashari 22
colonization Aziz that Indians are lower to Britishers and says in an
imperative tone Away from us, Indians go to seed at once. Look at the KingEmperor High School! Look at your poems... Free our women and India will be
free. Try it, my lad. This shows influence of imperial power that even and
educated Englishmen is talking in the tone imperialist unknowingly. Abu
Bukar makes us realize that imperial power is so strong that India being free
nation as an impossible reality to be, he points out that Fielding though being
friend of Indians hints Aziz the impracticality of India to be free nation and
Englishmen are ones who better understand Indian, which is visible when he
says Who do you want instead of the English? The Japanese? Abu Bakar
highlights Englishwomen, and he believes that Englishwomen have immense
influence over social relations due to their prejudices against natives, and
example of Mrs. Callendar cannot be neglected when she talks about native
to let them die as the kindest thing to be done with them.

3.3.4. Attitude of colonized among colonized and towards colonizers

Tone and language of colonized towards colonizers was quite
submissive. Gulzar and Qabil Khan claim that Hindi and Muslims were Indians
but were not united due to their haughtiness, hatred, negative attitude and
racism was only obstacle among time to be united. And colonizers thought
Englishmen like to be kind but their women stopped them doing so, which
gives a quite negative reflection of Englishwomen in colonial perspective.
While having a gathering Mehmood Ali shared his experience with Ronny

Lashari 23
Heaslop who had insulted him and he calls him Red-Nose boy, this show that
Indians dont like attitude, behavior, manners, and language their used for
natives. Tufail Chandio and Waseem Malik claim that Hindus have been
portrayed in the novel as opportunist, cunning, hand-and-glove with British
India and are involved secretarial and odd jobs. And Muslims have been
scotched as sycophants and some of them are spies of British Indian
Government. They also assert that Muslims are also involved in freedom
movements for example Hamiduallah attends the meeting of Notables.
Gulzar and Qabil Khan mention the event of Dr. Aziz when he was called by
Major Callendar at his bungalow. Dr. Aziz detested it, because was not called
at any official matter, or official place, but his private residence. When he
reached Major Callendars bungalow and his Tonga was taken by two
Englishwomen without his permission. This was a sort of insult because he
showed courtesy but they hardly noticed. And further Major Callendars had
left for the club but did not leave any message for Dr. Aziz, though he himself
called me. After that he writes a message for his boss in which he use the
true language of colonizer, vocabulary, humbleness, style, in which he says
Dear sir, at your express command I have hastened as a subordinate
should. Even Fielding the member of colonist criticizes the behavior of Major
Callendar and he wishes that Dr. Aziz werent under his supervision.

Zoe

Lehmann discusses the cunning behavior of Hindus, and for that Prof.
Godbole is perfect example, when Dr. Aziz is arrested of attacking Miss Adela
Quested, Prof. Godbole come to invite Fielding on some occasion. Upon

Lashari 24
Fieldings inquiring opinion of Prof. Godbole about Dr. Aziz, he just refused to
pronounce either guilty of not guilty, but he took stance of hierocracy saying
I cannot say, I was not present. Lehmann also that Dr. Aziz changed his
behavior towards Englishmen, at start he wanted to be friend with Britishers,
but later he changed his stance in the disappointment to Clear out, all you
Turtons and Burtons though he was talking to the person who helped him
the most in difficult times, he was Fielding.

Chapter 4
Data Analysis
4.1. Relationship among Colonized (Muslims V/S Hindus)
Social relations are inevitable part of human life. So they are with
everyone in the world, they are not just based on love but hatred also,
though Britishers are very dominant and prominent in this novel A Passage
to India by E.M. Forster, but the author does not make any mistake in giving
minute details of local social life of Indians with Englishmen. Hindus and
Muslims live together and have hatred against Britishers, they are united
against colonizers but not among themselves. They are divided in two major
groups, who always avoid each others company on religious and ethnic
grounds. They have unavoidable difference which are hidden but are hinted
in the novel. Forster has shown Hindus as clever, hypocrite through the
character of Prof. Godbole, and Muslims as enthusiastic, revolutionist and
flatterers. When Dr. Aziz is arrested and upon asking of Fielding about his

Lashari 25
(Prof. Godboles) opinion for character of Dr. Aziz, he behaves as if he is
completely unaware of the character of Dr. Aziz. Even Zoe Lehmann agrees
with this opinion and places the example of the following excerpt in his
research paper.
I hope the expedition was a successful one.
The news has not reached you yet, I can see.
Oh yes.
No; there has been a terrible catastrophe about Aziz.
Oh yes. That is all around the college.
Well, the expedition where that occurs can scarcely be called a
successful one, said Fielding, with an amazed stare.
I cannot say, I was not present. (Forster, 155-6)
The tone of Hindu Professor is not just based on racial prejudice but
rather suggests their reluctance to be friend with Muslims, and he does not
even want to comment on the matter. It is also visible that Prof. Godbole
knows everything about Dr. Azizs arrest after the journey from Marabar
Caves, but in spiste of that he calls the expedition as successful one, which
gives a slight hint that he was happy with the arrest of Dr. Aziz, and wanted
to give a massage to Britishers secretly in unsaid words. It is visible with
language and the tone of the colonizer that he is sympathetic to a Muslim,
Forster has ironically tells that the one who comes from far away has
merciful feelings for Muslims, but Hindus being physically close to Muslims
do not consider Muslims as their fellow citizens and have grudge against

Lashari 26
them. But such behavior does not clearly distinguish the hatred of Hindus
against Muslims is either based on Religious grounds or on ethnic
discrimination. But as mentioned earlier that Hindus and Muslims are united
against Englishmen which is visible with comment of Dr. Pannal Lai when he
says They [Englishmen] can damn well comment. (ibid, 49) while
conversing with Dr. Aziz after returning from the Bridge Party. That was the
example for Hindus and for hatred of Muslims, Dr. Aziz shows while Fielding
and he are riding horses and he (Dr. Aziz) utters Down with the English
anyhow. Thats certain. (ibid, 287-88)
Another event could be mentioned here for Forsters portrayal of
Hindus, when he describes the feelings of Dr. Panna Lai, who was in ecstasies
with the idea of going to the Collectors invited party. Though Dr. Aziz was
determined not to go, meanwhile Dr. Panna Lai even Secured someone who
could manage his horse (ibid, 45) as he arrives at the party. This shows
Hindus as sycophants and flatterers, who are very eager to be close with
Englishmen so that they could have incentives. While on other side, Prof.
Godbole feels pleasant because he shows Dr. Aziz lower as than him. Dr. Aziz
is unable to give information and is confused regarding Marabar Caves when
Adela Quested asked him, and Prof. Godbole ridicules Dr. Aziz and says My
dear young sir, the pot and the kettle! Have you ever heard of that useful
proverb? (ibid, 63) and Dr. Aziz feels disgusted because this caused him
some sort of insult, this signifies the relationship between Hindus and
Muslims more subtly. Tufail Chandio and Waseem Hassan interpret the novel

Lashari 27
and opine that The Muslims are portrayed as fatalist, the Hindus are shown
opportunist See, when Dr. Aziz was ill and his boss believes that natives
always fabricated false tales, so he sent Dr. Ram Chand as his spy to check
Dr. Aziz if he is really ill, the Hindu doctor (Dr. Ram Chand) he claims
Gentlemen, you will excuse, I have come to enquire by Major Callendar's
orders.. (ibid, 92), this also solidifies the claim of Hindus to be sycophants
because they are always with those who have powers and this time Major
Callendar has. He pretended to be professional, but indirectly he was spying
and he knew it completely and did his job profoundly.
On the other side Forster has very beautifully depicted Muslims
attitude, thinking approach, racist behavior toward Hindus. For doing that he
gives us a glimpse of a conversation among Muslims for Hindus. Mr.
Hamiduallah, Mr. Haq, and Rafi (the nephew of Mr. Haq) are there for
enquiring the health of Dr. Aziz since he was ill. Forster has shown Muslims
as instable and suspicious of every movement. They believe that Dr. Aziz is ill
because of tea party at Fieldings house and they suspected this sincere
colonizer, and Rafi a school boy fabricates the false story of Prof. Godbole
being seriously ill. Here Muslims started comparing the event of Dr. Azizs
illness with the false news of Prof. Godboles being ill as conspiracy of
Englishmen. When Rafi told them that Dr. Aziz took tea with our Principal
last Thursday afternoon, and Professor Godbole, who also attended, has
sickened too, (ibid, 89) And Muslims are also represented as inconsistent
and emotional, than and there they instantly change their minds. Keeping

Lashari 28
racist ideology in his mind Mr. Haq says All illness proceeds from Hindus
(ibid, 90). Muslims not only consider Hindus and filthy but they also consider
them as conspirator, which is shown when Rafi informs the gathering Dr.
Panna Lai also attains Prof. Godbole, and upon that Dr. Aziz remarks that Oh
yes, both Hindus; there we have it; they hang together like flies and keep
everything dark (ibid, 90). When the gathering was informed that Prof.
Godbole was seriously ill and had serious pains and diarrhea, Muslims being
stereotype and fatalist instantly came to conclusion as Dr. Aziz pronounces
That settles it. In twenty-four hours he will be dead. (ibid, 90) as if they all
wish him to die at earliest, it was not rational attitude but rather emotional
and racist which directly came from their hearts because they hated Hindus.

4.2.

Relationship

among

Colonizers

(Traditional

Colonists

V/S

Newcomers)
Mehmood Ali believes that friendship with Englishmen is only possible
in England not at least in India. He himself had been to England and knew
that a relationship between masters and slaves will not be possible with
colonial ideologies, which restrain Englishmen from friendship with Indians.
Mrs. Moore, Adela Quested and Cyril Fielding truly represented the England
as liberal, equalizer, humanitarian, social, rational, philanthropist and
sympathetic. But in India Britishers being non-traditional Englishmen have
changed their mind sets, values, preferences, and liberal ideologies and have
become prejudice, selfish, narrow minded, and stubborn who are now self-

Lashari 29
centered and cruel. With newcomers, traditional colonizers are very pleasant
and behavior is also friendly which is shown when Collector, Mr. Turton asked
Mrs. Moor and Adela Quested to Have a drink (ibid, 19) as a royal
delegates. On other side Mrs. Turton informs Mrs. Moor You're superior to
everyone in India except one or two of the Ranis, and they're on an equality
(ibid, 33). This shows how much importance traditional colonists give to
people of their race. Traditional colonists turn stern that they cant change
themselves, and can even go against their own race for the support of
colonial agenda. They have so hatred against natives, they dont any
Englishmen being mixed with them. Coming recently from England, Mrs.
Moore and Miss. Adela Quested considered reaching at the party bit early as
an English custom since the time for the party was fixed at five oclock in the
evening, but to their surprise guest also researched earlier than them and
were in tennis lawn doing nothing. And Mrs. Turton informed that it was just
five and My husband will be up from his office in a moment (ibid, 31), it
demonstrates that how careless or how unimportant her husband thought of
native or carless about time were the Englishmen in India, and guests
specially natives did not matter for them. The party of was organized on
request of Mrs. Moore and Ms. Adela Quested, otherwise it wont have been
called because Turton believes that they dont need to be mixed up socially
with Indians.
Mr. Ronny Heaslop is perhaps the best example of traditional colonist
who has recently changed himself from newcomer and has leaned to treat

Lashari 30
natives specially. Forster describes that, Ronny is so obsessed with his
position that unwillingly he changes his tone while talking to his mother and
doesnt know that he was talking to his own mother, and Forster describes
the tone as Scratchy and dictatorial (ibid, 24). In another event Ronny
argues with his mother over unfair treatment of natives, and he also tries to
justify his unusual and rude behavior over Indian. Arguments are not just
limited to logical justification but Ronny being unable to justify gets furious,
which Forster comments that Ronny Trying to recover his temper, he said
India likes gods. (ibid, 41) Abu Bakar also agrees with the idea of Ronny
being working on colonial ideologies and considers the maltreatment of
Indians as a side-issue, but his mother, Mrs. Moore is shocked to see the
thinking approach of her son, because she was not use to of such behavior
like Ronnys, she believed in equality. Ms. Adela Quested being another true
representative of her country is stunned to see the behavior of her
countrymen towards natives, because she is not the one who is accustomed
to the real situation of Englishmen in India, therefore she remarks I think my
countrymen out here must be mad. Fancy inviting guests and not treating
them properly! (ibid, 37) This shows complete difference between the one
who lives in India, and the other comes from England, they have different
values and perception for humanity and she doesnt hesitate to make her
remarks, otherwise the language is notice and conveyed ahead to seniors,
and also considered as betrayed to England. She is ashamed at the behavior

Lashari 31
of her Englishmen. Its normal when someone encounters something which is
unusual to him/her, but for Englishmen it was the part of daily routine.
Fielding also represents exact Englanders; he is the one who is not
affected by corrupt colonial ideologies, and he is also considered as a threat
to current colonial agenda. Fielding passed a comment for Adela Than shes
mad. (ibid, 145) in front of Collector on the accusation of Dr. Aziz for
attempting an assault on her, and the Collector asked him furiously to
withdraw the remark because as if they was betraying to his nation though
the remark was only for one person. This shows that how racist Englishmen
are, without having warrants a native [Dr. Aziz] is arrested, but a single
remark cannot be passed for the fellow English citizen. Colonizers used force
and remain racist to maintain their dominance, which is also shown at the
arrest of Dr. Aziz, the policemen who arrested him was forced not to speak
any single word, but to act as was directed this also gives the glimpse of
power. Fielding is pure of prejudices, racial behavior, and other colonial
ideologies, therefore he sides for truth and reality, and took the side of Dr.
Aziz, because he believed Aziz to be innocent. He did not support blindly as
his fellow colonizers did, because he was more rational than any other
Englishmen in the Chandrapore except Mrs. Moore. Some critics also believe
that Forster himself spoke through the character of Fielding, and condemned
the corrupt and tyrant rule of Britishers that is why he himself was accused
of being on the side of Indians as a conspirator against English nation.
Fielding goes against his people, because he thought that they wont come

Lashari 32
out of the prejudice against natives, and therefore by taking the side of
justice, he announced his resignation from his club (ibid, 169). Not only this,
the traditional strict and stubborn colonizers were so stern they could not
spare their own people, they cannot spare anyone even from their own race
to show their force, even Fieldings way was halted when he was to leave the
club after resignation, and Collector ordered him not to go yet.. (ibid, 168).
Abu Bakar in his research paper introduces us the positive character of
Fielding when McBryde warns Fielding about result of being mix with natives
I have never known anything but disaster result when English people and
Indians attempt to be intimate socially. (ibid, 145-6) Which give a clear
picture that Fielding was going against his own people by not abiding their
prejudiced rules, and he also considered as a threat to their colonial agenda.
Another senior colonial agent, the Collector is also a discriminatory, who
cares for the insult of his fellow colonizers because he believed that respect
is their property on the Indian land and they should be respected by hook or
by crook. He does not only try to dominate Indian but also his own British
people at the club, see how Forster subtly describes his position in the club
while there was panic in the city the Collector sat on the edge of a table, so
that he could dominate without formality and his mind was constantly
working to take revenge for Ms. Quested and to punish Mr. Fielding (ibid,
162) though being one of his own people.

Lashari 33
4.3.

Relationship

of

Colonizers

with

Colonized

(Britishers

V/S

Indians)
Now the real battle of social relations commences at this point which is
completely based on fear, because the bond between master and slave is
based can never be balanced without fear. If fear is removed from the
relationship they will be equal and it is a threat to colonial ideology by which
colonizers try to be dominant. In this novel, the natives fear that colonizers
are tyrants and will harm their cultural norms and values through their force,
on the other hand colonizers fear that natives are uncivilized and savage and
will harm them physically though they are on holy mission to transform these
uncivilized natives into civilized and sophisticated nation as colonizers
themselves are. Were not out here for the purpose of behaving pleasantly!
(ibid, 41) this sentence of Ronny clearly shows the colonial ideology which is
based on fear. If colonists behaved pleasantly it could have spread equality,
and colonizers would have been questioned about their occupation of India,
which they would not have been able to justify. It also gives the reflection of
the attitude which colonizers have maintained in the occupied territory, if it
is not pleasant what else could it have been? Abu Bakar also affirms the
claim that Ronny is a colonizer, but he is not just colonizer, he is
discriminatory as well, because colonization does not make colonizers to be
alien to the land they live in, but Ronny opines that India isn't home, (ibid,
26) it gives the glimpse of his thinking approach to the land he lives in.
Though he tries to be polite, but cannot deny the fact they are colonizers and

Lashari 34
encroachers who occupied others land with force and they hate the land and
their people, the voice come from his heart. Ronnys behavior with natives is
worth noticeable; Forster does not make any mistake while sketching the
true personality of a colonizer, even the behavior with educated Indians.
While Dr. Aziz and Prof. Godbole, and Adela Quested were having
conversation and Ronny comes, he does not bother himself coming inside
the room, which noticeably shows his rude behavior that he doesnt like the
company of Indians. Further he takes no notice of reply which he is given by
Prof. Godbole. Thereafter, Dr. Aziz stood up and requested Ronny to come
inside the room till his mother arrives but Ronny replied by ordering one of
Fielding's servants to fetch his master at once. (ibid, 65) ignoring Dr. Aziz
and Prof. Godbole who are well learned and are educated Indians, so does
Ronny, but what creates unharmonious atmosphere in the mind of Ronny is
his colonial identity which does not allow Ronny to mix-up with Indians.
Role of women is quite prominent in the novel A Passage to India.
Forster has given minute details about racist notion in womens language,
and that is quite explicit. Mrs. Callendar says Why, the kindest thing one
can do to a native is to let him die (ibid, 20) this evidently shows the AntiIndian attitude, she even doesnt like to go closer to native patients though
the job of nurse and patients should be based on sympathetic grounds. She
has extreme hatred against colonized, and she doesnt only want native to
go away, but she wants him to die, this quite bitter behavior. Mrs. Turton
another anti-Indian character who believes Indian women as animals or jailed

Lashari 35
slaves, that is why she didnt even expect that all those women living in their
in India would come, when she was asked to serve the guests and she
replied What do you want me to do? Oh those Purdah women! I never
thought any would come. Oh dear! (ibid, 33) she doesnt like even serving
them, because she considers herself superior to them, and feels insult in
serving. Gulzar Jalal Yousafzai and Qabil Khan also agree with this point and
also mentioned the same example in their research paper to solidify he
claim. Even Forster believes that English people tried to be nice and pleasant
with native, but their women prohibited them from doing so. And he clearly
mentions his commentary in the novel which says The Englishmen had
intended to play up better, but had been prevented from doing so by their
women folk (ibid, 38) Women are not just limited to their houses with their
racist opinions, they are also involved in social activities and there are
corrupt, we come to know with claim of Mehmoud Ali when he says that
Mrs. Turton takes bribes (ibid, 6) Event the member of their community
thought that Englishwomen were actual cause of many problems, as
McBryde thought After all, it's our women who make everything more
difficult out here, was his inmost thought (ibid, 189) The sentence was not
only for Adela Quested but other all Englishwomen. Another event is
described by Forster to give transparent picture Englishwomen, when Dr. Aziz
is interrupted amid lunch and is by his boss Mr. Callendar but has gone out
without informing anyone, and Dr. Aziz rushes to meet his senior on the gate
of the bungalow hi encounters two unthankful English ladies, and they took

Lashari 36
away his Tonga without asking his permission and completely ignoring him.
Even though Dr. Aziz asked Tonga driver that he will pay him money on
another day, and Dr. Aziz greeted ladies in spite of being ignored Go, I will
pay you tomorrow, and You are most welcome, ladies. They did not reply,
being full of their own affairs. (ibid, 11) This makes us visualize the picture
of Englishwomen in the times when India was English colony. In other words,
colonizers did not believe in existence of native or given less importance.
Mr. Turton, the Collector, is another distinct character of Forster who is
not just racist, but also makes sure that all the boundaries between natives
and colonists must be maintained properly. Mrs. Moore asked Collector that
she wanted to meet those natives who are his friends or he meets them
socially, but to her surprise he replies Well, we dont come across them
socially, (ibid, 21) this show the reluctance to have social relations with
natives because in his opinion they are not worthy of respect. Turton while
watching the common people of India, coolies, storekeepers, and beggars, he
whispers I know what you're like at last; you shall pay for this, you shall
squeal. (ibid, 147) this shows his stern and prejudice behavior towards poor
common people who are completely unknown of case of Adela Quested, and
he wanted to take revenge from entire India for the insult (which is believed
was done by an Indian) of fresh English Girl. Even Rama Kundu has the
similar thoughts and expresses the same in his research paper.
Dr. Aziz being a colonized hurried to his boss when he was called, but
upon finding his boss out he wrote a note to his boss, the language and the

Lashari 37
tone, the selection of words by colonized to a colonizer gives us the complete
picture of suppression that even educated Indians were not treated properly,
and they also had fear, fear of being fired or fear of action, and so he writes
Dear Sir, At your express command I have hastened as a subordinate
should (ibid, 12). Mrs. Moore wanted to talk to Indian women, and she
wished if she could speak their language, but while saying these words, and
Indian woman spoke English and surprised Mrs. Moore and Mrs. Turton. When
the Indian woman told that they had been to Eastbourne, Piccadilly, High
Park Corner and Paris (ibid, 34) too. Mrs. Turton tried to justify their
inferiority by informing Mrs. Moore that they might have passed by Paris by
saying They pass Paris on the way, no doubt, said Mrs. Turton, as if she
was describing the movements of migratory birds (ibid, 34) While Dr. Aziz at
the end of the novel has changed himself and now has different opinion,
though he had this belief earlier, but was not confirmed, and says to Clear
out, clear out, I say. Why are we put to so much suffering? We used to blame
you, now we blame ourselves, we grow wiser. (ibid, 287) This attitude
changed after lots of misery caused by Britishers. Now he knows it was not
from Britishers, actually it was from them, because they had to retaliate to
brutalities caused by these imperialists.

4.4. Role of Colonial Ideologies

The following philosophy of Mr. McBryde plainly shows corrupt colonial
mind set of District Police Superintendent, it goes as:

Lashari 38
All unfortunate natives are criminals at heart, for the simple
reason that they live

south of latitude 30 we

should

be

like them if we settled here. (ibid, 148)

It is clear racist notion; the one who thinks like this can do anything,
because he doesnt care about natives. McBryde also claimed that no Indian
ever became prominent to him, because he simply doesnt care about them.
The remark is not only about the people, but it also hints about the land, he
full of hatred that he accuses the land illogically. Although he himself had
been living there and doing his job, but hated people and the land. He
doesnt want to own it, and thinks the land has such power, that it has made
its people like this, and will have effects on colonizers as well. McBryde does
not end here, he also has other worth noticing notions, while case was being
presented in the court, it was courts job to decide, and he only had to
present the case without his personal opinion and beliefs, but being on the
part of colonizers and racist race he claims darker races are physically
attracted by the fairer, but not vice versa-- (ibid, 194) tries to accuse Dr.
Aziz on the basis of physical appearance not on facts and figures.
Ronny cannot be spared from colonial ideologies, he is prejudice like
his fellow colonizers, while he is on the Bridge Party and he expresses his
thoughts through his remarks that he makes while looking at the natives and
says Most of the people you see are seditious at heart. (ibid, 31) Ronny,
despite being an intellectual and an educated Englishman, who has been
influenced by his traditional senior colonizers, thinks like a spiritual believer

Lashari 39
without looking at ground realities. He has been misguided by them, and he
has not accepted their realities. It is also visible by the remarks of Mr. Turton
when he calls Ronny Heaslops a sahib; hes the type we want, hes one of
us (ibid, 19) This is how colonial ideologies are injected in the newcomers,
and they are given special attention, Mr. Turton talks about Ronny because
he has transformed himself from an Englander who had different values and
norms than Anglo-Indian, who is now turned into typical brutal colonizer.
Even Ronny unknowingly has accepted the rule of Britishers as ruthless, this
claim is supported by Abu Bakar in his research paper, when he points out
Ronny accepting the fact when he asked his mother about the Indian who
mate her in the Mosque, and he inquired Did he seem to tolerate us the
brutal conqueror, the sun-dried bureaucrat (ibid, 25) The tone in which he
speaks to her mother clearly shows his concern over his position being a
colonizer in India. This will have an effect on his impression among his
seniors, and wanted to point out any rebellion element in the area, and
would earn more respect and would have saved the colonial corruption from
being exposed.

That is why he is curious to know about the man who

thought Britishers brutal conquerors, and he would pass it to his seniors.

Zoe Lehmann also agrees with the point that the imperial ideologies are
inserted in new Englishmen; they cant avoid it by any means except the
exceptional cases like Fielding, this we also come to know from the talks of
natives in their conversations. Englishmen are asked to behave like this by
their senior fellows, Mr. Mehmoud Ali complains of Ronny for insulting him in

Lashari 40
the court, and he further informs us that it was not his fault; actually he is
instructed to do so by his seniors, which is quite visible from his statement
when he says:
The red-nosed boy has again insulted me in Court. I do not
blame him. He was

told that he ought to insult me. Until

lately he was quite a nice boy, but the others

have got hold of

him. (ibid, 6)
And the following excerpt clearly gives the description of colonial
ideology and how Englishmen change themselves after living sometime in
India. Before entering in India they have different perceptions, they are
humanitarians, believe in equality, but upon reaching in India, they are told
to be behaving like Gods (Reference to Ronnys conversation with his
mother), and English being Gods dont like to be treated like common people
on earth.
Yes, they have no chance here, that is my point. They come out
intending to be gentlemen, and are told it will not doI give any
Englishman two years, be he Turton or Burton. It is only the
difference of a letter.

And I give any Englishwoman six months. (ibid, 6)

While Fielding was in the club with his fellow citizens, because he
missed his train to accompany Adela quested, and Major Callendar indirectly
accused Fielding by saying it was what is to be expected when a man mixes
himself up with natives; always ends in some indignity (ibid, 165) This
notion of mixing up with natives and having failed to fulfill the responsibilities

Lashari 41
does not match in actual sense, because the prejudices were stern, again the
natives were blamed for the mismanagement of Fielding. Neither the follower
of imperialist ideology did want to be friendly with natives not they wanted
someone else from their group to be humble with colonized. To prevent
people getting mixed up with natives they fabricated this ideology, that
natives influence Englishmen and they start behaving like them for example
in case of Fieldings missing the train. And if anyone who started visiting
natives, imperialists were supposed to believe that all this will lead to misery,
mishaps, mismanagement, carelessness, and such other follies. Which is
quite opposite of liberal, intellectual, and sophisticated nation of Englishmen.
Not only this, colonizers also believed that natives were conspirators, and
every moment they have something hidden or they are always busy in
instigating against rulers, to prove this notion Major Callendar makes-up false
story about Dr. Aziz that Aziz paid a herd of natives to suffocate her in a
cave. she got out. Nicely planned, wasn't it? (ibid, 166)

4.5. Role of Official Positions/Power

4.5.1. Description/Designation of Major Characters
#

Colonizer

Description

# Native

Description

1.

Major
Callendar

Civil Surgeon &

Head of Hospital

1. Dr. Aziz

Doctor

Mr. Turton

Collector/
Administrator of
Chandrapore

2. Hamidullah

Uncle & Friend

of Dr. Aziz

2.

Lashari 42
3.

Ronny Heaslop

City Magistrate

3. Mehmoud Ali

Private Advocate
Loyalist,
Wealthy, Faithful
to English

4.

Adela Quested

Fianc of Ronny

Nawab
4.
Bahadur

5.

Mrs. Moore

Mother of Ronny

5.

Professor
Godbole

Professor at
College

Mr. McBryde

Police
Superintendent
of City

6. Dr. Panna Lal

Doctor and
Opportunist

Cyril Fielding

Principal of
College

7. Mr. Das

Magistrate but
Subordinate of
Ronny

6.

7.

The execution starts with power, where there is no power, there is no

execution. So, the theme of power is very prominent in A Passage to India.
Forster has made not mistake to show of power and its oppression by
colonizer over natives. Power either comes directly from the official
designations or from alliance with powerful people. And above chart clearly
shows the power dominion inclination which is directly related to Englanders
not to natives. Power is everywhere, sometimes its spoken in hidden words,
and sometimes its clearly uttered through words of characters.
4.5.2. Reflection of power in the novel
Ronny in an argument with his mother, he questions his mother and
Adela if they wanted him abandon everything which has been given him by
state, the power and support he has gotten from the seniors, and he asks
Lose such power as I have for doing good in this country because my
behaviour isn't pleasant? (ibid, 41) and he himself accepts exploitation the

Lashari 43
resources of native land, they need force to get their agenda fulfilled, which
is not possible through equality and he admits by saying I am out here to
work, mind, to hold this wretched country by force. (ibid, 41) By reading the
following excerpt we come to know, Englishmen feel insulted if they are
questioned, they dont like being questioned because they are masters in
India, and with Dr. Azizs case people started talking about revolt against
colonizers, and colonizers could not afford it. Englishmen shivered and
cannot be rational when it comes to their honor or ego, and they take
decisions purely based on subjectivity, so does Ronny do, he refuses the bail
of Dr. Aziz, though it was his right to take bail. It clearly shows the power
they had, what to do or what not to do they were only to decide. Foster in his
commentary clearly shows the shivering of the bones of Englishmen.
He longed for the good old days when an Englishman could
satisfy his own

honour and no questions asked afterwards.

Poor young Heaslop had taken a step

in

this

direction,

by

refusing bail (ibid, 162)

Gulzar Jalal Yousafzai and Qabil Khan Major also indorse the point that
misuse of power is very frequent in the novel, and they also give the
example of Major Callendar who calls Dr. Aziz at his bungalow to show his
use of power, because Dr. Aziz was not called at any official place, I mean
neither in his office nor at any emergency place like hospital or a clinic, but
instead he called him at his bungalow, and even leaves the place without
informing any one, which is expressed by the words of Dr. Aziz when he says:

Lashari 44
Old Callendar wants to see me at his bungalow. He has found
out our dinner

hour, that's all, and chooses to interrupt us

every time, in order to show his

power. (ibid, 10)

When it comes to colonizers, they use the force according to their

needs no matter what law says. Because they are masters, and are allow to
change laws as they wish. When Dr. Aziz was to be arrested no arrest
warrant was produced as if they was a murderer and was caught on the
scene. Mr. Haq the police inspector was instructed to arrest Dr. Aziz without
uttering any word and without any official written order, in reply to Fielding
on production of warrant he says Sir, excuse me, no warrant is required
under these particular circumstances. Refer to Mr. McBryde. (ibid, 143)
Taking things as exceptional case was the rule of Englishmen in India, they
forced Indian for this personal incentives. Forster condemns rulers with their
judicial system in India, they were not just racist, but also the victim of
superiority complex, they were power obsessed they cannot afford to sit with
natives even in the court and Their chairs preceded them into the Court, for
it was important that they should look dignified. (ibid, 192) It is the power
which is prominent and it lets colonizers to do whatever they want even in
the court, though the court is placed for justice, and in the eyes justice
everyone is equal, but here racist authoritative behavior is noticeable is
criticized by the author.
Upon the restlessness in the city, every colonizer became confuse and
trembled in fear that these uncivilized people may harm their colonizers, that

Lashari 45
is why he wanted to take revenge from people who were (believed to be)
conspiring against imperialists, and they had major threat that could kill
everybody any time, some people were concerned for women and children,
but Major Callendar without observing actual situation, being power
obsessed person started shouting in the club to call the troops, and kill all
those people out there in the city and he calls Its not the time for sitting
down. It's the time for action. Call in the troops and clear the bazaar (ibid,
166) The tone in which he spoke those words was of typical imperialist, who
cant afford to see his ego down, and was willing to use force anytime
without any mercy killing innocent people.

Chapter 5
Conclusion
Through this study, it is claimed that, the influence of imperial power
over social relations was immense. We start at start social relations were at
different point and at the end of the novel they are found in new shape.
Power majorly executed from Colonial Ideologies with support of Official
designations and power or any alliance with them. The other key elements
also played important role for molding social relations and mainly were
colonial ideologies and power oriented such as: personal prejudices, racial
behavior, superiority complex and inferiority complex, personal likes and
dislikes etcetera.

Lashari 46

Lashari 47
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