Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
com
Powered by www.myengg.com
Powered by www.myengg.com
Complex Numbers
ii) z1 – z2 = x1 – x2 + i(y1 + y2)
iii)z1z2 = x1x2 – y1y2 + i(x1y2 + x2y1)
z1 x1x 2 + y1y 2 i( x1y 2 − x 2 y1)
iv) = −
z2 x 22 + y 22 x 22 + y 22
If z1 = r1(cosθ1 + isinθ1); z2 = r2(cosθ2 + isinθ2), then z1z2 = r1r2[cos(θ1 + θ2) + isin(θ1 + θ2)]
z1 r
v) = 1 [cos( θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin( θ1 − θ2 )]
z2 rr2
v) z1z2 = z1z2
⎛z ⎞ z
vi) ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 1 where z2 ≠ 0
⎝ z2 ⎠ z2
z1 |z |
iv) = 1
z2 | z2 |
v) |z| = | z | = |−z| = | – z |
vi) z z = |z|2
vii) | z1 ± z2 |2 =| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 ±2 Re( z1 z2 ) =
| z1 |2 + | z 2 |2 ±2 | z1 || z2 | cos(θ1−θ2) where θ1 =
Powered by www.myengg.com
Powered by www.myengg.com
Complex Numbers
10. Properties of amplitude :
i) arg(z1 z2) = arg z1 + arg z2 + 2nπ
⎛ z1 ⎞
ii) arg ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = arg z1−arg z2 + 2nπ
⎝ z2 ⎠
⎛y⎞
vii) arg z = – π + Tan–1 ⎜ ⎟ , if x < 0, y < 0.
⎝x⎠
ii) x + iy = p + iq ⇒ x − iy = p − iq
iii) − a − b = − 1 a − 1 b = − ab
14. nth roots of unity :
2 πr
i ⎛ 2πr ⎞ ⎛ 2πr ⎞
i) ω =r
e n = cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin⎜ ⎟ where r = 0,
⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
Powered by www.myengg.com
Powered by www.myengg.com
Complex Numbers
v) Also 1 + ω + ω2 = 0, ω3 = 1.
vi) Fourth roots of unity are 1, i, –1, –i.
vii)The n, nth roots of unity are the vertices of an n – sided regular polygon inscribed in the circle
|z| = 1.
viii)The three cube roots of unity are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle
|z| = 1.
15. z1, z2, z3 represent points A, B, C respectively
i) If z12 + z22 − z1z2 = 0 the origin, z1 and z2 form an equilateral triangle
ii) If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of equilateral triangle and z0 is its centroid, then z12 + z22 + z32 = 3z02 .
iii) z, iz, −z, −iz in order form the vertices of a square with center at the origin.
iv) If z1, z2, z3, z4 are the consecutive vertices of a parallelogram, then z1 + z3 = z2 + z4.
λ1z2 + λ 2z1
v) If z divides the join of z1 and z2 in the ratio λ1 : λ2, then z = .
λ1 + λ 2
Powered by www.myengg.com