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9. LIMITS
Synopsis :

1. Let f(x) be a function defined over a deleted neighborhood of ‘a’ and l ∈ R.

i) If for each ∈ > 0 there exists δ>0, such that |f(x)−l|<∈ when ever 0<|x−a|<δ then we say that
Lim f ( x ) = l .
x →a

2. If limit of a function exists then it is unique.

3. If Lim− f ( x ) = Lim+ f ( x ) = l, then Lim f ( x ) = l .
x →a x →a x →a

4. If f(x) = c (constant), then Lim f ( x ) = c .

x →a

⎛f⎞ Lim f ( x )
5. Lim⎜⎜ ⎟⎟( x ) = x →a provided Lim g( x ) ≠ 0 .
x →a ⎝ g ⎠ Lim g( x ) x →a

{ }
x →a
n
6. Lim f n ( x ) = Lim f ( x )
x →a x →a

1
7. Lim f ( x ) = ±∞ ⇒ Lim =0 the converse need not be true.
x →a x →a f(x)
8. If f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) for every x in the deleted neighborhood of a and Lim f ( x ) = l = Lim h( x ) then
x →a x →a

Lim g( x ) = l.
x→ a

9. Lim f ( x ) = l and Lim g( y ) = m, then Lim(gof )( x ) = m .

x →a y →l x →a

10. Lim log[ f ( x )] = log⎛⎜ Lim f ( x ) ⎞⎟ , if Lim f ( x ) exists and is positive.

x →a ⎝ x →a ⎠ x→a

sin θ tan θ
11. Lim = 1 = Lim where θ is in radians.
θ →0 θ θ →0 θ
ax − 1
12. Lim = log e a
x →0 x
ex − 1
13. Lim =1
x →0 x
14. Lim e1 / x = ∞, Lim− e1 / x = 0
x →0 + x →0

15. Lim+ e−1/ x = 0, Lim− e−1/ x = ∞

x →0 x →0

16. Lim x = 0 if |x|<1

n
n→ ∞

17. Lim x n = ∞ if x>1

n→∞

L’Hospials rule :
f (a ) 0 ∞ f (x) f I (a )
18. If is of the form or , Lim = I .
g(a) 0 ∞ x →a g( x ) g (a)
x2 x3
19. e x = 1 + x + + + ....to ∞
∠2 ∠3
x2
a x = 1 + x + (loge a) + (loge a)2 + ...
∠2

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Limits
x2 x3 x 4
log(1+x) = x − + − − .... (−1<x≤1)
2 3 4
x2 x3 x 4
log(1−x) = − x − − − − .... (−1≤x<1)
2 3 4
x3 x5 x7
sinx = x − + − + ....
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
cosx = 1 − + − + ....
2! 4! 6!
x3 2 5
tanx = x + + x + ....
3 15
x n − an
20. If n ∈ Q, then Lim = n.a n−1
x →a x−a
xm − am m m −n
21. If m, n ∈ Q then Lim = .a
x →a x −an n
n
22. If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials such that degree of f(x) = m and degree of g(x) = n then
⎧
⎪0, for m < n
f (x) ⎪⎪
Lim = ⎨± ∞, for m > n
x → ∞ g( x )
⎪ coefficient of xn in (numerator)
⎪ for m = n
⎪⎩ coefficient of xn in (denominator)

23. Lim ⎧⎨ x 2 + ax + b − x ⎫⎬ =
a
x →∞ ⎩ ⎭ 2
−a
24. Lim ⎧⎨x − x 2 + ax + b ⎫⎬ =
x →∞⎩ ⎭ 2
1 + xn − 1 − xn
25. Lim =1
x →0 xn
n n 1
a + xm − a − xm 2 −1
26. Lim = an
x →0 xm n
x
27. Lim(1 + x )1 / x = Lim ⎛⎜1 + ⎞⎟ = e
1
x →0 x → ∞⎝ x⎠
x
28. Lim(1 + ax )1/ x = Lim⎛⎜1 + ⎞⎟ = e a
a
x →0 x → ∞⎝ x⎠

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