Works Cited

Book
Baker, Robert. The American Medical Ethics Revolution: How the AMA's Code of Ethics
Has Transformed Physicians' Relationships to Patients, Professionals, and
Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1999. 440. Print. I used Baker's textbook
was for information on the different ethics issues regarding the AMA (American
Medical Association), specifically with 1847 Code of Ethics. This book
provided complete and extensive knowledge on the impact of certain ethics in
multiple aspects.

Website
"About the USPHS Syphilis Study." About the USPHS Syphilis Study. Tuskegee
University. Web. 28 Dec. 2015. This website gave comprehensive material on
the Tuskegee Study, including the aftermath and legacy of the study today. The
secondary source also included motives behind different points in the study.
"The Nazi Doctors Trial." About.com 20th Century History. Web. 26 Dec. 2015. This
source was used as preliminary background information on the Nuremberg trials,
and specifically the doctors trials. It allowed me to understand the intensity and
seriousness of the heinous crimes, as well as the cases which allowed for the
villains to be put at justice.
"The Embryo Project Encyclopedia." Alexis Carrel's Immortal Chick Heart Tissue
Cultures (1912-1946). Arizona State University. School of Life Sciences. Center
for Biology and Society., 03 July 2012. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. This source
provided information on Alexis Carrel's "immortal" chicken heart, and how it

apparently came to be. It also revealed the hoax related to Carrel's experiment,
thus I was able to further understand the struggle to grow immortal human cells.
Blodgett, Bonnie. "Bonie Blodgett: The Immortal Life of George Gey." Star Tribune. Star
Tribune, 21 Aug. 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2016. This secondary source article
investigated the ethics of George Gey experimenting on Henrietta Lack's cervix
cells without specific permission. Reading the journal entry allowed me to
understand the ethics argument more in depth, and see both sides of the debate.
"The Immortal Henrietta Lacks." CBSNews. CBS Interactive, 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 2 Jan.
2016. This secondary source was imperative in my research, as I was able to
learn new facts from this website that weren't shown in other websites. I also
used a quote from this site (featured on the Henrietta Lacks page). It was used to
explain the need for HeLa cells in the 1940s.
Cantwell, Alan. "Immortal HeLa Cells." Rense.com. 17 Feb. 2010. Web. 06 Feb. 2016.
This website offered a thorough explanation of the introduction of HeLa cells,
their culture, their use and properties. It was incredibly detailed and useful, and
two quotes were used from this source on the "Encounter" page.
"U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee." Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 Sept. 2013. Web.
28 Dec. 2015. This website gave a basic overview of the main points throughout
the Tuskegee Study. Furthermore, not only did the CDC provide the major
milestones, it also gave some information on events that occurred before and
after the experiment, including repercussions and reparation of U.S. medical
reputation.

Costa, Jose. "Cancer / Disease." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia

Britannica. Web. 12 Jan. 2016. The Encyclopedia page has been very helpful in
explaining to audiences the basics of cancer, and treatment of the fatal disease.
This site was used for 2 quotes featured in the Medicine in the 1900's page.
Darnovsky, Marcy. "CGS : Immortal Cells and Persistent Controversies."
CGS : Immortal Cells and Persistent Controversies. Center for Genetics and
Society, 04 Feb. 2010. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. This source provided both an
analysis of Skloot's book, as well as a quote used in the Encounter page.
Doucleff, Michaeleen. "Decades After Henrietta Lacks' Death, Family Gets A Say On Her
Cells." NPR. NPR, 7 Aug. 2013. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. Another website discussing
the ethics of HeLa cells, as well as the Lacks family's opinion on the cells was
mildly helpful in my research. A photo of HeLa cells was also used from this
website, on the home page title.
"Early History of Cancer." Early History of Cancer. American Cancer Society. Web. 22
Dec. 2015. This secondary source was used for a quote regarding the earliest
documentation of cancer, as well as a basic definition of the disease. This
website also provided detailed origin on the name, stating that the word "cancer"
had descended from a Greek physician.
"Henrietta Lacks | American Medical Patient." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 2016. This Encyclopedia Brittanica website was
very helpful in providing both extensive information and quotes, helping me
understand Henrietta Lack's life and her treatment at Johns Hopkins. A quote
from this site describing the "knot" Lacks felt was used in the Henrietta Lacks

page.
"Overview." Epilepsy. The Mayo Clinic, 6 Nov. 2015. Web. 31 Dec. 2015. This
secondary source was used as background information, helping me understand
the basics of epilepsy and an epilepsy diagnosis. Furthermore, I learned about
the dangers of this nervous system disorder.
Epstein, Randi Hutter. "Amherst College." Dr. Howard W. Jones Jr. '31. Amherst College.
Web. 13 Jan. 2016. This source, another one of Randi Hutter Epstein's articles
presented information which surpassed the knowledge given in his previous
entries. With this site, I learned more about Jones Jr.'s work with his wife, and
the prizes associated with Dr. Jones. This source was also used for a quote
shown on the Howard W. Jones page.
Epstein, Randi Hutter. "Howard W. Jones Jr., a Pioneer of Reproductive Medicine, Dies
at 104." The New York Times. The New York Times, 2015. Web. 13 Jan. 2016.
This article was incredibly useful, when collecting information and quotes about
Howard W. Jones Jr.'s life and medical achievements. The site taught me about
Jones's less well known accomplishments, such as studying ambiguous genitalia
in humans.
"Tuskegee Syphilis Study." Exploring the History of Medicine. Science Museum. Web.
28 Dec. 2015. This secondary source website gave some background
information on the Tuskegee Study, as well as provided a quote from President
Bill Clinton, an apology to America for the shameful acts concerning the study.
"Collection Overview." George O. Gey Collection. Alan Mason Chesney Medical
Archives. Web. 12 Jan. 2016. This secondary source allowed me to expand my

knowledge and background regarding the topic of Dr. Gey, the primary
researcher in the HeLa cell discovery. The site was also used for a quote as well
as a photo of Gey shown in the George Gey page
"HOWARD W. JONES, Jr., M.D. - The Howard and Georgeanna Jones Foundation for
Reproductive Medicine." HOWARD W. JONES, Jr., M.D. - The Howard and
Georgeanna Jones Foundation for Reproductive Medicine. Howard and Abby
Milstein Foundation. Web. 18 Jan. 2016. This website was adept, offering a
plethora of the Jones' medical advances. The secondary source was able to
highlight each achievement of the Jones family, giving me a better idea of their
contribution to medicine.
"Henrietta Lacks and the Debate Over the Ethics of Bio-Medical Research | The Black
Past: Remembered and Reclaimed." Henrietta Lacks and the Debate Over the
Ethics of Bio-Medical Research. BlackPast. Web. 30 Dec. 2015. This secondary
source also provided brief background information on Henrietta Lacks's life, as
well as her family. A quote from this site was used to explain Mrs. Lacks's
immediate family.
"Henrietta Lacks, MSA SC 3520-16887." Henrietta Lacks, MSA SC 3520-16887.
Maryland State Archives, 27 June 2014. Web. 2 Jan. 2016. The Maryland State
Archives reinforced my background information, which I had previously
obtained from Rebecca Skloot's book. While supplying facts, the secondary
source also cited several other secondary sources that could be used for further
reference. A quote from this source was used in the Henrietta Lacks page.
"CGU." History of Ethics. Claremont Graduate University. Web. 26 Dec. 2015. This

secondary source was helpful in identifying medical ethics issues throughout the
1900's, allowing me to understand the minimal extent of morals applied in the
therapeutic field at the time. The website specifically presented the general
history of the Nuremberg Code,Tuskegee Study. and Thaliomide in the 1950s,
among others, and how these cases affected society at the time.
"John H. Gibbon, Jr." John H. Gibbon, Jr. Soylent Communications. Web. 06 Feb. 2016.
This source was useful in providing information on John H. Gibbon Jr., and his
achievement with the first lung-heart machine. Two quotes from this source
were used on the "Medicine in the 1900's" page.
Kappel, Hunter. "Henrietta Lacks and Her "Immortal" Cells." Spring 2011. Web.
Another description of HeLa cells origination, this source enhanced my
background of the results of HeLa discovery. I learned that by using HeLa,
scientists were able to learn about chromosomes and birth defects. This source
was also used for a quote on the "Encounter" page.
"Medical Advances Timeline." Medical Advances Timeline. Sandbox Networks. Web. 22
Dec. 2015. This factual website gave a general idea of the medical
advancements up to the time of Henrietta's death. It allowed me to understand
that medicine at the time was far less primitive than initially believed.
"The George O. Gey Collection." Medical Archives. John Hopkins Medical Institutes.
Web. 2016. This secondary source provided incredibly brief background
information on HeLa Researcher Dr. George Gey. However, a quote from this
website was still incorporated into a section of my project, giving readers an idea
of who George Otto Gey was, and his education.

"The Howard W. Jones, Jr. and Georgeanna Seegar Jones Collection." Medical Archives.
The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of The Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions. Web. 13 Jan. 2016. The Alan Mason Chesney archives have been a
great source for basic medical professional biographies. Using the archive, I was
able to uncover information on both George Gey and Howard W. Jones. Was
used for background, as well as a quote.
"The Tuskegee Study on Syphilis." Medical Institute for Sexual Health RSS. Medical
Institute for Sexual Health, 23 Feb. 2015. Web. 27 Dec. 2015. The Medical
Health Institute's article on the Tuskegee Study provided shocking facts during
the experiment. One especially disturbing quote was used in the medical ethics
portion of my website, explaining how treatment for diseased patients was
withheld, even after medication for syphilis was discovered.
"Tracing The 'Immortal' Cells Of Henrietta Lacks." NPR. NPR, 17 Mar. 2011. Web. 31
Jan. 2016. This website provided a brief summary of Rebecca Skloot's book, as
well as a photo of HeLa cells used in the home page title.
"What Is Cancer?" National Cancer Institute. National Institutes of Health. Web. 06 Feb.
2016. This source described and explained in detail how a cell becomes
cancerous, as well as the multiple types of cancer.
"HeLa Cells - The Story of Henrietta Lacks." Newbie Science. 2013. Web. 31 Jan. 2016.
This website allowed me to further understand the gathering of HeLa cells. I
also used a photo from this website of cells placed in the home page title.
"Nuremberg Trials." Nuremberg Trials. Online Highways LLC. Web. 12 Dec. 2015. This
website gave important information regarding the Nuremberg trials and what

influenced the genetic experimentation. It also provided essential knowledge on

the impact of the Nuremberg trials.
Rivard, Laura. "HeLa: Immortal Cells and Enduring Questions." HeLa: Immortal Cells
and Enduring Questions. Center for Ethics in Science and Technology, 7 Sept.
2011. Web. 21 Jan. 2016. This secondary source became adequate information,
again summarizing the HeLa situation. I used this summarization to explain the
miracle of cell culture.
Robertson, Christopher, and Jonathan D. Loe. "Learning the Wrong Lesson on Privacy
from Henrietta Lacks." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 8 Jan. 2016.
Web. 28 Mar. 2016. This secondary website provided an interesting quote used in
the Medical Ethics page. I derived from the site, details of the controversial
privacy breach as well as issues with obtaining the HeLa tissue.
"Medical Ethics: Past, Present and Future." Royal College. Royal College of Physicians
and Surgeons of Canada. Web. 26 Dec. 2015. The Royal College provided
many examples of ethics cases throughout history, ranging from the pre-Christian
era to 2008. Not only was I able to learn about the American Medical
Association's Ethics Code, but I was also given information on Canada's own
medical policies.
"Nuremberg Code." TSMU Bioethics. TSMU - Department of Bioethics. Web. 28 Dec.
2015. This source was mainly used for information (as well as a quote) on the
Nuremberg Code, a document included within the website. The quote allowed
me to determine the scope of power the code actually had on medicine.
Although the Nuremberg code was not a law, it was occasionally adopted as a set

principle in some situations.

"Henrietta Lacks Biography." The Biography.com Website. A&E Networks Television.
Web. 2 Jan. 2016. This source gave a brief overview of Loretta
Pleasant/Henrietta Lacks's life from her birth to death at age 31. It was mostly
used as background information, but also provided a quote used in the "Henrietta
Lacks" page
"Henrietta Lacks' Family, Feds Reach Settlement On Use Of DNA Info." The Huffington
Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 7 Oct. 2013. Web. 31 Dec. 2015. The huffington
post was another important secondary source for my website, as a quote
describing the case of Henrietta Lacks was used to start readers off on my site as
well. I also learned the about legacy of Mrs. Lacks and the positive things
society has done to help her descendants.
"Henrietta Lacks and the Changing Face of Informed Consent." White Coat
Underground. ScienceBlogs, 18 Jan. 2010. Web. 2 Jan. 2016. This was an
important secondary source for comparing the change between the 1940's/1950's
and now. The website also helped me understand what medical consent really
meant. Not only do doctors need to have a written slip, but the most important
aspect of "informed consent" is discussing the matter with a patient. There was
also a quote on the Henrietta Lacks page from this site.

Report
Agarwal, Seema, and David L. Rimm. Making Every Cell Like HeLa A Giant Step for
Cell Culture. 02 Feb. 2012. PDF. This PDF was used to represent the impact of

HeLa and the influence it has on other cell cultures like it. A photo of the PDF
was used in the "Exchange" page.
Alford, Deleso A. HeLa Cells and Unjust Enrichment in the Human Body. Florida A&M
University College of Law, 2012. PDF. This PDF explains the ethical
obligations Johns Hopkins did and did not have. Both a quote and an image from
this file were used.
Hanks, John H., and Federic B. Bang. "Obituary." Cancer Research. American
Association for Cancer Research, Sept. 1971. Web. 21 Jan. 2016. This obituary
of George Otto Gey provided me with a couple more of his discoveries during
his lifetime. I was also able to discern his death date from this secondary article.
A quote was used from the source to explain Gey's death date.
Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. Ethics in International Health Research: A Perspective from the
Developing World. Karachi, 2002. PDF. Digital version of document detailing
ethics put in place in today's medical research society. Used in the "Exchange"
page.
Kass, Nancy E. An Ethics Framework for Public Health. American Journal of Public
Health, Nov. 2001. PDF. Online document discussing the ethical precautions we
should take today in modern medicine and research. Photo of document used in
the "Exchange" page.
Research Involving Human Biological Materials: Ethical Issues and Policy Guidance
Executive Summary. Georgetown: National Bioethics Advisory Commission.
PDF. This policy summary displayed the most recent protocol for human
biological research. Reading the set measures gave me perspective on the

enormous difference between the years, and how HeLa had begun the revolution
Shi, Chong, Guo Bin Zhang, and Shu Wang Yin. Effect of Bortezomib on Migration and
Invasion in Cervical Carcinoma HeLa Cell. Tangshan, 25` June 2015. PDF.
(Photo) Digital research report regarding HeLa cells and their effect on
pharmaceuticals. Used in the "Exploration" page.
"Standards of Conduct and Conflict of Interest." U.S. Government Publishing Office. 1
Apr. 2002. Web. 04 Feb. 2016. This source provided an official government
document, explaining regulations of government workers with ethics related to
human health.
Witkowski, Jan A. Dr. Carrel's Immortal Cells. PubMed, May 1980. PDF. This file was
very useful in my project, as I learned the faults of Carrel's Experiment, and how
his "immortal" cells were most likely a hoax. I used a photo of the first page on
the "Encounter" page.

Images
"Art Is Life Is Art: Susan Reep Photo Art." Art Is Life Is Art Susan Reep Photo Art RSS.
24 May 2010. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. This blog was used for two images of HeLa
cells present on the home page title.
Burnette, Dylan. "Stunning Images from the 2014 Olympus BioScapes International
Digital Imaging Competition [Slideshow]." Scientific American. Scientific
American. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. This site presented a slideshow, with different
images of cells. A photo of HeLa cells from this site was used in the title.
HeLa Cell Culture. Digital image. Microscopy U. Nikon. Web. 19 Jan. 2016. Photo of

HeLa Cell Culture, used in "George Gey" page.

Culpepper Type Microscope with Rack Focusing. Antique Microscopes. Antique
Microscopes. Web. 04 Feb. 2016. Digital image, modern microscopes in the
1800's, used to explore cancer on a microscopic level. Used in the "Medicine in
the 1900's" page.
Cancer Cell Development. Canadian Cancer Society. Canadian Cancer Society. Web. 03
Feb. 2016. Digital image, chart of how cancer develops from a normal to
cancerous cell.
Comeau, Elizabeth. A First for the First. Digital image. The Boston Globe. 06 Aug. 2010.
Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Photo of Elizabeth Carr Comeau on the cover of Life
Magazine, as America's first IVF baby.
Photo of Salk Polio Vaccine Headline. Digital image. Dinge & Goete. 26 Apr. 2012.
Web. 29 Jan. 2016. Photo of newspaper headline from Salk's polio vaccine
success, due to HeLa.
Photo of Polio Vaccine Headline Sucess. Digital image. General Awareness. 28 Oct.
2014. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. A photo of newspaper headline, showing success of
polio vaccine, used in the "Exchange" page.
Chart of Normal vs. Cancer Cell Comparison. HeLa: The Story of Henrietta Lacks. Web.
04 Feb. 2016. Digital image, chart of healthy vs cancerous cells, used in
Medicine in the 1900s page.
Normal and Cancer Cells. 2012. Scan Interpreting Cancer. Ed. Vidhya G. Krishnan and
Pauline Ng. Web. 04 Feb. 2016. Digital image, chart of the division of
cancerous cells compared to that of their healthy counterparts. Used in the

"Medicine in the 1900's" page.

Photos of Articles related to Alexis Carrel. Digital image. Lindbergh Kidnapping Hoax.
Web. 26 Jan. 2016. This source mainly discussed the kidnapping of Charles
Lindbergh's son. Lindbergh was Alexis Carrel's science partner, and together
they were able to create the "immortal" chicken heart. I used the source for 2
photos of headlines which explained the feat Carrel was able to accomplish.
Photo of Alexis Carrel. Digital image. Nobelprize.org. Web. 27 Jan. 2016. Photo of
Alexis Carrel, French surgeon who discovered the "immortal" chicken heart used
in "Encounter" page.
Normal Vs. Cancer Cells. National Institute of Health. Digital image, comparison chart
between normal and cancerous cells, used in "Medicine in 1900's" page. Also
timeline of HeLa usage in history, used in "Exchange" page.
Skloot, Rebecca. Henrietta Lacks Grave Marker. Digital image. Science Blogs. 31 May
2010. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. Photo of Henrietta Lacks's Grave Marker, used in
"Henrietta" page.
Stanfill, Bonnie. Rollerdrums. Digital image. HeLa Term Project. 23 Jan. 2012. Web. 26
Jan. 2016. Photo of modernized version of Gey's Roller Tube/Drum Cell
Culture Technique.
Photo of Howard and Georgeanna Jones. Digital image. The Howard W. Jones, Jr., M.D.
and Georgeanna Seegar Jones, M.D. Professorship. Johns Hopkins University,
2014. Web. 02 Feb. 2016. I used a photo of Drs. Howard Jr. and Georgeanna
Jones from this site, on the "Howard W. Jones" page.

Blog
Cockbill, Louisa. "Synapse Science Magazine: The Controversy of Immortal Cells."
Synapse Science Magazine: The Controversy of Immortal Cells. University of
Bristol, 19 July 2012. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. This blog on Henrietta Lacks and
Skloot's book also provided a photo used in the title.
Collins, Francis. "HeLa Cells: A New Chapter in An Enduring Story." NIH Directors
Blog. National Institutes of Health, 2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2016. After reading the
article written by Dr. Collins, I was able to fact-check my other sources that also
discussed processes involved in the growing of HeLa cells. I also learned about
the diversity of Mrs. Lack's cells, as well as their popularity in the scientific field.
Lewis, Ricki. "A Brief History of DNA Patents | DNA Science Blog." DNA Science Blog.
PLOS.org, 20 June 2013. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. This science blog provided ample
background information on the nature of HeLa cells, as well as a photo of the
cells used on the title.
Racaniello, Vincent. "The Amazing HeLa Cells of Henrietta Lacks." The Amazing HeLa
Cells of Henrietta Lacks. 09 Feb. 2009. Web. 06 Feb. 2016. The scientific blog
helped my basic understanding of virology with HeLa cells. Using the site, I
formulated an early idea of the effectiveness of HeLa. I also used a quote from
this site, shown on the "Exchange" page.

Magazine Article

Neimark, Jill. "The Dirty Little Secret of Cancer Research." Discover Magazine.
Kalmbach Publishing Co., 2 Oct. 2014. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. This article written
about how HeLa cells were used in one researcher's workplace allowed me to
gain perspective on exactly how useful the cell strain was. The site was also
used for a photo in the title.
.
Skloot, Rebecca. "University of Pittsburgh: Pitt Magazine." University of Pittsburgh: Pitt
Magazine. University of Pittsburgh, Mar. 2011. Web. 12 Jan. 2016. The
University of Pittsburg's secondary source website allowed readers (including
myself) to understand more about George Gey's personal life, and his
achievements in medicine. This article showed people more of a personal side to
George Gey, compared to just a genius researcher, often portrayed in other
sources.