1.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

electronvolt is the energy gained (1)

by an electron moved through a p.d of 1 V (1)

1
2 m2 = eV (1)
2 1.6 10 19 6000
2
1
7
9.1 10 31
=
(1) = 4.6 10 ms

(b)

electrons can behave like waves and like particles (1)

4
1
[5]

2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(i)

hf = photon energy (1)

(ii)

f = minimum energy to eject electron from metal surface (1)

(iii)

Ek = maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron (1)

(i)

no photoelectrons are emitted (1)

(ii)

wave theory predicts photoelectrons will be emitted with

red light (or at any frequency) (1)

(iii)

one photon absorbed by one electron (1)

electron emitted from metal if photon energy
[or hf] > f (or not if < f) (1)
red light photon energy < f (1)

max 3

hc
f = (1) k.e.max (1)
6.63 10 34 3.00 10 8
19
3.00 10 7
f=
3.26 10 (1)
19
f = 3.4 10 J (1)

2
[8]

3.

(a)

(b)

2E

2 2.0 10 18
9.1 10 31 (1)
u
=
6
1
= 2.1 10 m s (1)

(i)

2
18

difference between E2 and E0 = 1.94 10 J (1)

which is less than the electron kinetic energy (1)

King Edward VI Five Ways School

(ii)

hc
19
(E2 E1) = 3.06 10 (1) (= )
6.63 10 34 3.0 10 8
7
3.06 10 19
l=
(1) = 6.5 10 m (1)
in visible [or red] region (1)

(c)

21.8 10 19
19
for ionisation, p.d. = 1.6 10
(1) =13.6 V (1)

2
[10]

4.

(a)
(b)

h
u = m (1)

6.63 10 34
9.1 10 31 1.5 10 10

= 4.86 106 ms1 (1)

yes (1)
same order as l (1)

2
[4]

5.

(a)

3
23
23
mean k.e. (= 2 kT = 1.5 1.38 10 2) = 4(.1) 10 J (1)

(b)

0.004

23
27
m 6.02 10 = 6.6 10 (kg)
1
1
2
2 mu (or 2 6.6 1027 u2)= 4.1 1023 J (1)

23
2 4.1 10

6.6 10 27

= 110(ms1)

2 6.6 10 27 4.1 10 23

1
2

= 7.4 1025 kg m s1] (1)

[or mu =
6.6 10 34
6.6 10 34
h
27
25
l = m (or 6.6 10 110 or 7.4 10
) (1)
10
= 8.9 10 m (1)
see below for alternative to (b)
(c)

de Broglie wavelength is of the order of the size of the atom

(at very low temperatures) (1)

King Edward VI Five Ways School

alternative (b):
h

2mE K
l = 2meV or
(1)
23
eV or EK = 4.1 10 (J) (1)
27

m = 6.6 10 (kg) (1)

6.6 10 34
27
23
l = 2 6.6 10 4.1 10
(1)
10
l = 8.9 10 m (1)

[Max 6]

6.

(a)

(b)

only certain energies [or energy changes] allowed (1)

a line [or photon] corresponds to transition between levels (1)
each transition [or energy change]
corresponds to a definite wavelength [or frequency] (1)

(i)

Eion = 10.4 1.6 10

= 1.66 10

18

19

(or10.4 eV) (1)

(J) (1)

(ii)

(iii)

hc
6.6 10 34 3.0 10 8

=
141 10 9
E
(1)
18
= 1.40 10 J (1)
= 8.8 eV (1)
which is from 1.6 to 10.4 (1)

ultra-violet (1)

7
[10]

King Edward VI Five Ways School

7.

(a)

(i)

electrons behave sometimes as particles, sometimes as waves (1)

(ii)

particle example: deflection in electric [or magnetic] field (1)

wave example:

(b)

diffraction (1)

1
2
(kinetic energy) 2 m = eV (1)
p(= m ) =

2eV
m (1) 2meV

h
l = p , gives result (1)

3
[6]

8.

(a)

(b)

f is minimum energy needed to remove electron (1)

Ek is maximum energy of emitted electron (1)
(i)

Ek = hf f

1
c

f = \ Ek = hc f (1)
cf y = mx + c (1)
(ii)
l / nm
Ek 10

19

1
/ nm1

200

300

400

500

600

6.72

3.30

1.68

0.66

0.05

0.0050

0.0033

0.0025

0.0020

0.001
7

1
values correct (1)
both axes correctly labelled (1)
five points correctly plotted (1)
sensible scale and straight line (1)

King Edward VI Five Ways School

graph for question 5

E k 1 0 19 J

0
0 .0 0 1

0 .0 0 2

0 .0 0 3

0 .0 0 4

0 .0 0 5

1
/n m

from intercept, f = 3.3 10

19

J (1) = 2.1 e V (1)

use of large triangle gives gradient

gradient
34
c
h=
= 6.7 10 J s (1)

King Edward VI Five Ways School

6.7 10 19
(5.00 1.65) 10 6

= 2.01 1025
max 9

(c)

(d)

straight line to right of present curve (1)

parallel to it (1)

ultraviolet high frequency (1)

above f0 for emission (1)
[or red light low frequency (1)
below f0 for emission (1)]
[alternative (d)
ultraviolet [red light] photon energy is high [low] (1)
above [below] work function (1)]

2
[15]

9.

(a)

(i)

c o n d e n s e r le n s

o b je c tiv e le n s

th ird m a g n e tic le n s

crossed rays after third lens (1)

image arrow same way round as sample (1)
(b)

(i)

to make a (wide) parallel beam of electrons

[or to direct electrons straight at the sample] (1)
to ensure the beam is uniform across its width
[or across the sample] (1)

(ii)

to form a magnified image (of the sample) (1)

(iii)

to magnify the image further (1)

to form the image on a screen (1)

King Edward VI Five Ways School

max 3

(c)

(i)

resolving power increases with [proportional to]

increase of the accelerating p.d. (1)
electron wavelength becomes smaller the greater the p.d. (1)
resolving power is greater the smaller the wavelength (1)

(ii)

lens aberrations [or defects] (1)

caused by electrons having a range of speeds
[repelling each other] (1)
[or sample thickness (1)
which causes loss of electron speed (1)]

max 4
[9]

10.

(a)

F : work function (1)

minimum energy (1)
required to remove an electron (from the photocathode) (1)
(or energy required to remove electron from surface)
maximum kinetic energy (1)

(b)

Ek

of emitted (photo)electron (leaving the metal) (1)

(i)

4.(0) mA (1)
doubling the intensity doubles the number of photons (per se) (1)
(which) doubles the number of electrons released (per se) (1)
current = rate of flow of charge (1)
assume one photon liberates one electron (1)
(or assume all the photoelectrons are collected) (1)

(ii)

(fo = cllo gives)fo = 3.0 10 /350 10 (1)

= 8.6 10

14

Hz (1)

(F = hfo gives) F = 6.6(3) 10

= 5.7 10

19

34

(8.57 10

8.57 10

14

J (1) (5.68 10

14

Hz) (1)

(allow e.c.f. for fo)

19

J) (1)

max 5
[10]

11.

(a)

need for excitation (1)

electrons in an atom can only exist at definite/discrete energy
levels/orbits (1)
an electron falls from one level to another (1)
photon emitted (1)
photon has definite wavelength (1) QWC

King Edward VI Five Ways School

(b)

(i)

an electron is removed from a (neutral) atom (1)

(ii)

2.2 10

(iii)

(fmin = E/h gives)fmin = 2.2 10 /6.6(3) 10 (1)

(allow e.c.f from result of (b)(ii)) (1)
15
= 3.3(2) 10 Hz (1)

(iv)

ionised electron gains kinetic energy

(or electron breaks free of atom) (1)

(c)

18

(J) (1)
18

34

( E 2 E1 )
5.4 10 19 2.4 10 19

gives f
14
h
6.6(3) 10 34

(1) (= 4.52 10 Hz)

8

(l = c/f gives) l = 3.0 10 /4.52 10

= 6.6(3) 10

14

(1) (allow e.c.f. for f)

m (1)

3
[11]

12.

(a)

(b)

(i)

(wave property)

(electron) diffraction (1)

(ii)

(particle-property)

photoelectric effect (1)

(iii)

(wave property)

interference/diffraction/refraction (1)

(momentum of electron = ) mu = 9.11 10

(= 4.56 10
[(l = h/m u gives) l = 6.6(3) 10

34

24

31

5.0 10 (1)
1

(kg ms ))

/4.56 10

(1)

24(1)

(allow e.c.f for value of mu)

=1.5 10

10

m (1)

(1.45 10

10

m)

3
[6]

13.

(a)

electrons move(or excited) from one energy level(or orbit) to another (1)
emitting or absorbing a definite frequency/wavelength/colour (1)
or photon energy(of electromagnetic radiation) (1)
2
QWC

King Edward VI Five Ways School

(b)

(i)

Ei = 5.2(eV) (1) 1.6 10

= 8.3 10

19

19

(J) (1)
(allow e.c.f. if incorrect value of energy in eV)
8

(ii)

3.0 10
c
7
(f = gives) f = 6.1 10 (1)
14
= 4.9 10 Hz (1)
34

(iii)

(DE = hf gives) E = 6.63 10 4.9 10

19
= 3.2 10 (J) (1)
(allow e.c.f from(ii))

(iv)

line drawn from B to D (1)

(v)

D to E (1)

(vi)

B to C (1)

14

(1)

9
[11]

14.

(a)

(b)

(i)

electromagnetic radiation behaves either as a particle or as a wave (1)

(ii)

(electromagnetic radiation) behaves as a particle (1)

(i)

hf = j + Ek (1)
34

15

j = (6.63 10 1.67 10 ) (3.0 10

19
19
= 8.1 10 (1) J (1) (8.07 10 )

19

) (1)

(ii)

(number per second) doubled (1)

(maximum kinetic energy) remains constant (1)

(iii)

(all) electrons have insufficient energy to leave the (new) metal (1)
the work function of the (new) metal is greater than hf
[or the work function of the (new) metal is greater than
that of the original metal] (1)
8
QWC
[10]

15.

(a)

(b)

the energy of each photon/the light increases with frequency (1)

electrons need a minimum amount of energy to leave the metal (1)
this amount of energy is equal to the work function (1)

(i)

3
QWC

3.00 10 8
14
(use of n = fl gives) l = 9.70 10 (1)
7

= 3.09 10 m (1)

King Edward VI Five Ways School

(ii)

(use of E = hf gives) E = 6.63 10

= 6.43 10

(iii)

(iv)

34

19

9.70 10

14

(1)

(J) (1)

19

(use of hf = f + Ek gives) 6.43 10 = f + 2.49 10

(allow C.E. from (b)(ii))
19
f = 3.94 10 (J) (1)

f=

3.94 10 19

19
1.60 10

19

(1)

= 2.46 (eV) (1) (allow C.E. from (b)(iii)

7
[10]

16.

(i)

an electron is removed from the atom (1)

(ii)

2.18 10

(iii)

(single photon):electron loses energy [or falls] from level n = 3 to n = 1

and emits a single photon (1)

18

(J) (1)

(two photons): electron falls from level n = 3 to n = 2,

emitting a photon (1)
followed by a fall from level n = 2 to n = 1, emitting another photon (1) QWC
(iv)

level n = 5 to the ground state [or E5 E1] (1)

(v)

( 0.54 10 18 2.18 10 18 )
6.63 10 34
(use of hf = E1 E5 gives) f =
(1)
= 2.47 10

15

Hz (1)

8
[8]

17.

(a)

(b)

(i)

a (mercury) atom in which an orbiting electron is raised

to a higher (energy) level or orbit (1)

(ii)

by electron collision (1)

with an electron accelerated by the high voltage (of the tube) (1)

the powder absorbs light/photons (emitted from the mercury) (1)

powder atoms are excited and emit light/photons (1)
of different wavelengths (to those received) (1)
any other relevant statement such as,
electrons cascade down energy levels, emitting many wavelengths,
or the spectral lines are broadened (1)
max 2

King Edward VI Five Ways School

10

(c)

(i)

0.26 10 18 0.59 10 18
6.63 10 34
(use of hf = E1 E2 gives) f =
14

= 5.0 10
(ii)

(1)

Hz (1)

line joining level n = 3 to level n = 2 with arrow pointing down (1)

3
[8]

18.

(a)

(b)

(i)

the energy of a photon does not depend on the intensity (1)

so electron gains no extra energy
[or the energy is dependent on the wavelength/frequency] (1)

(ii)

the intensity of the light determines the number of photons

per second (1)
one photon interacts with one electron
[or hence more interactions with electrons] (1)

(i)

(use of c = fl gives)

3.00 10 8
7
f = 5.10 10
(1)
14

= 5.88 10

(Hz) (1)
14

34

(ii)

(use of E = hf gives) E = 6.63 10 5.88 10 (1)

(allow C.E. for value of f from (i))
19
= 3.9(0) 10 (J) (1)

(iii)

(use of hf = f + Ek gives) 3.9 10 = 3.58 10 + Ek (1)

(allow C.E. for value of E from (ii))
20
Ek = 3.2 10 (J) (1)

(iv)

caesium (1)

19

19

(allow C.E. for value of E from (ii))

7
[10]

19.

(i)

2.00 3.00 10 8
100
speed of electron =

(use of

(1) (=6.00 10 (m s ))

h
6.63 10 34

9.11 10 31 6.00 10 6 (1)

m gives)
10

= 1.21 10

King Edward VI Five Ways School

m (1)

11

(ii)

3.00 10 8
10
(use of c = fl gives) f = 1.21 10
(1)
(allow C.E. for value of l from (i))
18
= 2.48 10 Hz (1)

5
[5]

20.

(a)

electron diffraction or interference (1)

(b)

6.63 10 34
h
31
5
(use of l = mv gives) l = 9.1110 5.0 10 (1)

= 1.46 10

(c)

mm = 207 9.11 10

31

m (1)

(kg) (1) ( = 1.89 10

2
28

(kg))

(use of = meve = mmvm , = when l is constant, gives)

9.1110 13 5.0 10 5

vm=

1.89 10 28
3

(1)
3

= 2.4 10 m s (2.41 10 m s )

6.63 10 34
h

]
28
9
m

1
.
89

10

1
.
46

10
[or recalculate using v =

(d)

gain in energy or work done on particle is the same for both (1)
wavelength is inversely proportional to momentum (1)
gain in momentum is different for both (1)
the smallest mass has the largest acceleration/gain in speed (1)

[or wavelength proportional to m with constant k.e.]

max 2
[8]

21.

(a)

(i)

electrons fall down from orbits or energy levels and emit

light/photons (1)
emitted wavelengths/frequencies/photon energies are
discrete (1)
[or the transitions are between definite/fixed (energy) levels (1)

(ii)

C B (1)

(iii)

between D C and C A (1)

the two arrows must point down (1)

King Edward VI Five Ways School

max 4

12

(b)

(i)

(use of hf = E2 El gives)
2.3 10 19

6.6 10 34
= 3.5 1014 Hz (1)
f=
14
f = 3.2 10 (Hz) (1)
14
f = 0.3 10 (Hz) (1)

(ii)

19

4.6 10 (J) (1)

4.6 10 19

1.6 10 19

= 2.9 (eV) (1)

5
[9]

22.

(a)

(b)

(i)

the minimum energy (1)

energy required to eject a (photo)electron (from the metal surface) (1)

(ii)

changing the metal/cathode (1)

conclusion:
explanation:
[or conclusion:
explanation:

(c)

(i)

light below a threshold frequency does not

release electrons (1)
photons carry quanta of energy (1)
electrons are emitted immediately the
light hits the metal surface (1)
photons carry quanta of energy (1)]
2

6.6310 34 3 10 8
hc
4.8 10 7
(use of E = hf= gives) E =
(1)
4.14 10

(ii)

19

(J)

hf = f + Ek (1)
Ek = 4.14 10

19

1.20 10

19

(1)

19

= 2.94 10 (J) (1)

(allow C.E for value of E from (i))

5
[10]

23.

(a)

there must be a large distance between collisions to allow

electrons to gain enough energy (1)
[or the vapour must not completely absorb the electrons]

King Edward VI Five Ways School

13

(b)

the mercury vapour emits ultra violet (radiation) (1)

the coating absorbs electromagnetic radiation/light from the mercury (1)
emits longer wavelengths/lower frequencies in the visible region (1) max 3
QWC 2
[4]

24.

(a)

(b)

the minimum frequency (of radiation) (1)

required to eject photoelectrons (1)

(i)

(use of f = hf0 gives) f = 6.63 10

34

= 3.22 10

4.85 10
19

14

(1)

(J) (1)

(ii)

19
3.22 10 19
= 2.01 (eV) (1)
f = 1.60 10

(allow C.E. for value of f from (i))

(c)

line parallel to the given line with half the value of the x- intercept

(d)

statement : increase the light intensity/brightness (1)

explanation : more incident photons (per second)
one photon interacts with one electron
more emitted electrons (per second)
greater rate of flow charge

(any two) (1) (1)

3
QWC 2
[10]

25.

(a)

(b)

(i)

an electron moves up from one energy level to another (1)

(ii)

an electron is removed from an atom (1)

(use of hf = E2 E1 gives)

f = (2.56 1.92) 10
= 9.65 10

13

2
19

(1)/6.63 10

34

Hz

(allow C.E. for incorrect DE)

2
[4]

26.

(a)

(i)

electrons behave as both particles and waves (1)

(ii)

particle: deflection in an electromagnetic field

or other suitable examples (1)
wave: electron diffraction (1)

King Edward VI Five Ways School

14

(b)

6.63 10 34
h
v h
31
10
(use of l = m gives) m = 9.11 10 1.7 10
(1)
6
1
= 4.28 10 m s (1)

2
[5]

27.

(a)

(use of hf = f + Ek gives) 3.2 10

f = 1.1 10

(b)

19

(1)

19

= f + 2.1 10

19

J (1)

incident energy of each photon is doubled

19
19
6.4 10 = 1.1 10 + Ek
Ek = 5.3 10

19

J (1)

3
[6]

28.

(a)

(b)

(i)

an electron/atom in an energy level/state or an orbiting electron (1)

is given energy (1)
to move to a higher level or orbit (1)

(ii)

electromagnetic radiation is emitted when an electron falls (1)

from one fixed level to another fixed level (1)
giving the photon a discrete amount of energy (1)
max 5
QWC 2

(i)

9.92 10 19
34
15
(use of E = hf gives) f = 6.63 10
(1) ( =1.5 10 (Hz))
8
1.5 3.0 10 15
(use of c = fl gives) l = 6.63 10
(1)

= 2.0 10

(ii)
(iii)

m (1)

9.92 10 19

19
1
.
60

10

= 6.2 (eV) (1)

energy (in eV)
transition from n = 2 to n = 1 (1)
line between n = 4 and n = 1 (1)
direction from 4 to 1 (1)

7
[12]

King Edward VI Five Ways School

15

29.

electrons diffract [or high energy electron scattering] (1)

showing wave behaviour (1)
electrons are deflected in electric or magnetic fields (1)
showing particle behaviour (1)
interference of electromagnetic waves (1)
showing wave behaviour (1)
photoelectric effect (1)
showing particle behaviour (1)

max 6
QWC 2
[6]

30.

(a)

(b)

electrons in energy levels/orbits (1)

excited to higher levels/orbits (1)
electrons relax/fall down and emit photons/em radiation (1)
photon energies/frequencies are discrete (1)
hence wavelengths are discrete (1)
intensity depends on number of photons per sec

max 4

(ultraviolet) radiation (from mercury vapour) excites/absorbs (1)

the atoms of the powder in the tube (1)
these (atoms) de-excite and produce radiation (1)
radiation is visible light (1)

4
[8]

31.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

h
mv
(use of l =
gives)

6.63 10 34
31
8
v = 9.11 10 3.2 10 .. (1)
1
1
4
4
= 2.3 10 m s (1) (2.27 10 m s )

(use of l inversely proportional to m when v is constant, gives)

8
m

10 31
p e e 3.2 10 9.11

27
mp
1.67 10

(1)
11
=1.7 10
m (1)
6.63 10 34
h
mv 1.67 10 27 2.27 10 4
[or
11
11
= 1.7 10 m (1.746 10 m)]
(allow C.E. for value of v from (a) (i)

(b)

(i)

diffraction (experiments) (1)

(ii)

easier to obtain electrons (to accelerate)

[or easier to get l same size as scattering object] (1)

2
QWC 2
[6]

King Edward VI Five Ways School

16

32.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

4.1 10 18
19
k.e. = 1.6 10
(1)
= 26 (eV) (1) (25.6 eV)

h
6.6 10 34
31
6
(use of ldB = mv gives)ldB = 9.1 10 3.0 10 (1)
= 2.4 10

(b)

10

m (1) (2.42 10

10

m)

(0.90 0.21) 10 18
6.6 10 34
(use of hf = E1 E2 gives) f =
(1)
15

(= 1.05 10 (Hz))
c
3.0 10 8
15
(use of l = f gives) l = 1.05 10 (1)
7
7
= 2.9 10 m (1) (2.86 10 m)

3
[7]

33.

(a)

(b)

(i)

(named force) from weak (nuclear), electromagnetic or gravity (1)

()
uses a mediating/exchange particle, named particle from W (boson),
(g) photon or graviton (1)
to transfer energy/momentum (1)
when electron emits/receives exchange particle,
disappearance/creation of new particle occurs (1)
QWC 1

(ii)

anti proton (1)

(i)

3 (quarks) (1)

(ii)

weak (nuclear) (1)

(iii)

proton (1)

max 4

3
[7]

King Edward VI Five Ways School

17

34.

(a)

(b)

(Ek =) maximum (1)

kinetic energy of the (emitted) (photo) electrons (1)
(i)
(ii)

c
3 10 8
9
(use of f = gives) f = 190 10
15
15
= 1.6 10 Hz (1) (1.58 10 Hz)
34

15

energy of incident photon (= hf) = 6.6 10 1.6 10

18
or 1.1 10 (J) (1)
(allow C.E. for value of f from (i))
18
15
(use of f = 1.58 10 gives energy = 1.04 10 (J))
incident energy is greater than the work function (1)

7.9 10 19
34
[or threshold frequency (= h ) = 6.6 10
15
= 1.2 10 (Hz) (1)
(incident) frequency is greater than the threshold frequency (1)]
(iii)

number of photons per sec is doubled

(maximum) photon/electron (kinetic) energy is constant
number (of photoelectrons) emitted (per second) is increased
(or doubled)
one photon collision with one electron (any three) (1) (1) (1)

6
QWC 1
[8]

35.

(a)

(b)

an electron is excited/promoted to a higher level/orbit (1)

reason for excitation: e.g. electron impact/light/energy externally
applied (1)
electron relaxes/de-excited/falls back emitting a photon/
em radiation (1)
wavelength depends on the energy change (1)

(i)

Max 3
QWC 1

hc
use of E = hf gives) E = (1)
6.6 10 34 3.0 10 8
19
4.0 10 7
=
= 5.0 10 (J) (1)
19

(4.95 10 (J))
6.6 10 34 3.0 10 8

2.0 10 7
and

King Edward VI Five Ways School

= 9.9 1019 (J) (1)

18

(ii)

18

(energy of) level B = 1.5 10 (J) (1)

18
level C = () 1.0 10 (J) (1)

5
[8]

36.

(a)

minimum (energy/work done) (1)

energy required to remove an electron from the surface (of the metal) (1) 2

(b)

(i)

Ek = hf f (1)
f0 = 0.50 10

15

(Hz) (1)
34

0.50 10

19

J (1)

f (= hf0) = 6.6 10
= 3.3 10
(ii)

15

(1)

(use of Ek = hf f gives) Ek = (6.6 10

34

15

2.5 10 ) 3.3 10

19

(1)

18

= 1.3(2) 10 J (1)
(allow C.E. for incorrect value of f from (ii))
[or (using gradient = h = Ek/f)
Ek = 6.6 10

34

= 1.3(2) 10
(c)

2 10
18

15

(1)

J (1) ]

same gradient (1)

drawn above existing line with smaller x intercept (1)

2
[10]

37.

(a)

work function (1)

minimum energy to remove an electron from the surface of a metal (1)

(b)

incident photon energy is fixed

[or photoelectron receives a fixed amount of energy] (1)
photon loses all its energy in a single interaction (1)
electron can lose various amounts of energy to escape from the metal (1)
electrons have a maximum energy = photon energy work function (1)Max 3

(c)

(i)

= hf Ek (1)
= 6.63 10

34

1.8 10

15

4.2 10

19

(1)

= 7.7(3) 1019 (J) (1)

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19

(ii)

f0

7.73 10 19
6.63 10 34 (1)

= 1.2 10

15

Hz (1) (1.17 10

15

Hz)

(allow C.E. for value of from (i))

5
[10]

38.

(i)

h
6.63 10 34

mv 207 9.11 10 31 3.0 10 6 (1)
=1.2 10

(ii)

12

m (1) (1.17 10

m
134.972

m 0.510999 207

12

m)

(1)

= 1.3 (1) (1.28)

(iii)

(same de Broglie wavelength implies same momentum)

m = m (1)
3.0 10 6
1.28

2.3 4 10 6

ms
6

(1)

(use of 1.3 gives 2.3(1) 10 ms )

(allow C.E. from (ii))

6
[6]

39.

(a)

(b)

(i)

when an atom loses an orbiting electron (and becomes charged) (1)

(ii)

4.11 10 17
260
1.6 10 19
(eV) (1) (257 (eV))

(i)

the electron in the ground state leaves the atom (1)

with remaining energy as kinetic energy (0.89 10

(ii)

17

J) (1)

the orbiting electrons fall down (1)

to fill the vacancy in the lower levels (1)
various routes down are possible (1)
photons emitted (1)
taking away energy (1)

King Edward VI Five Ways School

Max 4
20

(c)

E to D and D to B (1)
both in correct order (1)

2
[8]

40.

(a)

(b)

(c)

intensity determines the number of photons per second (1)

fewer photoelectrons per second (1)
(individual) photon energies are not changed (1)
with no change in the (kinetic) energy/speed (1)
one photon interacts with one electron (1)

energy of a photon is proportional to frequency (or E = hj) (1)

photon of red light has less energy than a photon of blue light
[or/fred </fblue or lred > lblue] (1)
the energy is insufficient to overcome the work function of the metal
[or the frequency is below the threshold frequency] (1)

(i)

3.0 10 8
f
9
200 10

(ii)

2.3 10 19

f0
34
h 6.63 10
(1)

1.5 1015

Hz (1)

14

=3.5 10 Hz (1)
14

(3.47 10 Hz)

(iii)

(use of hf E k gives)
E k 6.63 10 34 1.5 1015 2.3 10 19 (1)

7.6 10

19

(J) (1)
19

(7.645 10 (J))
(allow C.E for value of f from (i))

5
[11]

41.

(a)

(i)

(3.40-1.51 = 1.89)
DE= 1.89 1.60 10
(= 3.02 10

19

(J) (1)

19

(J))

19
E 3.02 10
f

h 6.63 10 34 (1)

14

(=4.56 10 Hz)
King Edward VI Five Ways School

21

(ii)

(b)

(c)

c 3.00 10 8

f 4.56 1014

(use of f = 4.6 10

14

6.5(8) 10 7 m

(1)
7

gives l = 6.5 10 m)

(i)

6 (wavelengths) (1)

(ii)

(1.510.85) = 0.66(eV) (1)

mercury vapour at low pressure is conducting (1)

atoms of mercury are excited by electron impact (1)
producing (mainly) ultra violet radiation (1)
which is absorbed/ excites the coating (1)
which, upon relaxing, produces visible light (1)
electrons cascade down energy levels (1)

3
[8]

42.

(a)

hf = photon energy (1)

f = work function (1)
Ek = maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons (1)

(b)

hc
6.6 10 34 3 10 8

19
=
3.8 10 7
= 5.23 10 J (1)

(i)

(ii)

energy on surface = 6.0 10 J mm s

6.0 10 12
16
4 1
N = 5.23 10
= 1.1(5) 10 s (1)

12

(iii)

Ek

2 1

(1)

hc

=(5.2(3)3.2) (1) 1019 = 2.0 1019 J (1)

5
[8]

43.

(a)

(b)

inelastic collisions between electrons and atoms (1)

energy of atom increases (1)
atom emits photon, returns to original state (1)

photon energy related to wavelength (1)

discrete wavelengths suggest fixed energy states of atom (1)

2
[5]

King Edward VI Five Ways School

22

44.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(i)

electrons behave sometimes as particles (1)

and sometimes as waves (1)

(ii)

mu 1/l (or mu = h/l) (1)

For (crystal) diffraction, electron wavelength must be of order of

atom spacing (1)
10
hence l 10 m (1)

6.6 10 34
h
31
10
1
6
u = m (1) = 9.1 10 10
= 7.2(5) 10 m s (1)

deflection in E-field
(or deflection in B-field, or any other correct evidence) (1)

1
[8]

King Edward VI Five Ways School

23