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Examples:
pn ( z ) x n ;
pn ( z) sinh(nz);
pn ( z) sin(nz);...
limn pn z Pz
EXAMPLE 1 For the sequence pn(z) = 1+e-nz, show that the limit is P(z) = 1 if x = Re(z) > 0.
Solution. Observe 0 1 1 e nz 1 e nz
or
e nz e nx
n N and Rez 0
Complex Variables
Some useful properties. Let: pn z vn x, y iwx, y ; Pz V x, y iW x, y
Then:
And:
(ex)
nz
1
1
n
Re z 0
Solution. The sequence rn(z) = 1+e-nz has a limit 1. The sequence qn(z) = 1+1/n has a
limit e1 . Thus pn z rn ( z)qn ( z) has a limit:
limn pn z limn rn ( z)qn ( z) 1 e e
2
Complex Variables
Complex sequences and their convergence.
Let uj(z) exists for each positive integer j and we define a series with infinite number of
terms:
and
Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 3 Show that
Solution. The nth partial sum: Sn z 1 z z 2 z 3 ... z n1
Observe:
1 zn
S n z zS n ( z ) 1 z 1 z S n z 1 z S n z
1 z
n
n
1
1 z
z
S z S n ( z )
1 z 1 z
1 z
n
Now we try
When
S ( z ) S n z
z 1
Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 4 Use EXAMPLE 3 for
convergence.
Solution. Let z eiz we have:
Use
For the convergence we need
eiz 1 e y 1 y 0
If
and
,where
is a
and
converge to the functions R(x, y) and I(x, y), respectively, then
converges to S(z) = R(x, y) + iI(x,y). Conversely, if
converges to S(z) =
R(x, y) + iI(x, y), then
converges to R(x, y) and
converges to I(x, y).
Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 5 Consider the series
of
Find the sum.
Solution.
So,
Re(
And
1
) Re
iz
1 e
Use
Finally:
sinh y
1
2cosh y cos x 2
6
Complex Variables
THEOREM 2 (nth Term Test) The series
u n z 0 .
if nlim
is called
Complex Variables
Two absolutely convergent in some region:
S z j 1 u j z and T z j 1 v j z
Product converges:
S z T z
j 1;i 1
u j z vi z u1 z v1 z u1 z v2 z u2 z v1 z u1 z v3 z u2 z v2 z u3 z v1 z ....
Cauchy product:
S z T z
c z ;
n n
cn z
j 1
u j z vn j 1 z
, consider
z lim
u j 1 z
u j z
Then:
a) the series converges if (z) < 1, and the convergence is absolute;
b) the series diverges if (z) > 1;
c) no information about the convergence of the series if the indicated limit fails to exist or
if (z) =1.
EXAMPLE 7 Use the ratio test and the nth term test to investigate the convergence of
Complex Variables
Solution. Observe:
So:
And
z lim
u j 1 z
u j z
2 z2
z 2 z 2 1 z
c) On |z|=1/2 : z 1 we observe
u j z
z 1
1
j 2 j 1
2j
2 j 1
j j 2j
j
2