007 Deck Drains

Kansas Department of Transportation
Design Manual
3.8 BRIDGE DECK DRAINAGE

Table of Contents
3.8.1 General ..................................................................................................................1
3.8.2 Design/Procedures .................................................................................................3
3.8.2.1 Design Spread and Rainfall Frequency .....................................................................3
3.8.2.2 Design Q and Rainfall Intensity ................................................................................ 3
3.8.2.3 Drain Location ...........................................................................................................4
3.8.2.4 Top Width .................................................................................................................5
3.8.3 Design Example #1 - Scuppers on Vertical Curves ..............................................6

3.8.4 Design Example #2 - Grates on vertical curve ....................................................16
3.8.5 Drain Details .......................................................................................................26
List of Figures
Figure 3.8.1-1 Prestress Beam Protection. .....................................................................................2
Figure 3.8.3-1 Kinematic wave formulation Chart #1 ....................................................................9
Figure 3.8.3-2 Scupper Requirement Nomograph ........................................................................10
Figure 3.8.3-3 Bridge Deck Drainage (8" x 6" Scuppers) ............................................................15
Figure 3.8.4-1 Chart #2 - Velocity in triangular gutter sections ...................................................19
Figure 3.8.4-2 Chart #7 - Grate inlet frontal flow interception efficiency ...................................20
Figure 3.8.4-3 Chart #8 - Grate inlet side flow interception efficiency ........................................21
Figure 3.8.4-4 P-1-7/8 and P-1-7/8-4 grates .................................................................................22
Figure 3.8.4-5 Example #2 - Grate Inlet Capacity ........................................................................24
Figure 3.8.4-6 Bridge Deck Drainage (1x 3 Grates) ..................................................................25
Figure 3.8.5-1 Inlet detail showing formed blockout under inlet box ..........................................27
Figure 3.8.5-2 Example: Grate Inlet on Steel Girder Bridge ........................................................28
Figure 3.8.5-5 Example: Grate Inlet on Prestressed Girder Bridge ..............................................31
Figure 3.3.5-6 Example: Scupper on Steel Box Girder Bridge ....................................................32
Figure 3.3.5-7 Example: Scupper on Prestressed Bridge .............................................................33
Figure 3.3.5-8 Example: Scupper on Steel Girder Bridge ............................................................34
Figure 3.3.5-9 Example: Scupper on T-Girder Bridge .................................................................35
Figure 3.3.5-10 Typical Drainage System Details ........................................................................36
Volume III US (LRFD)

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Disclaimer:ThisdocumentisprovidedforusebypersonsoutsideoftheKansasDepartmentof
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U
TypographicConventions:
Thetypographicalconventionforthismanualisasfollows:

NonitalicreferencesrefertolocationswithintheKDOTBridgeDesignManuals(eithertheLRFDorLFD),
orHyperlinksshowninred,asexamples:
x
x
Section3.2.9.12Transportation
Table3.9.21DeckProtection

ItalicreferencesandtextrefertolocationswithintheAASHTOLRFDDesignManual,forexample:
x
Article5.7.3.4

ItalicreferenceswithaLFDlabelandtextrefertolocationswithintheAASHTOLFDStandard
Specifications,forexample:
x
LFDArticle3.5.1

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3.8 BRIDGE DECK DRAINAGE

3.8.1 General
Effective bridge deck drainage is important since poor drainage may lead to the following
problems:
a)
b)
c)
Increased corrosion of structural and reinforcing steel by deicing chemicals.

Ice forming on the deck.
Hydroplaning.
Bridge-deck drainage systems are a continual maintenance problem; therefore, the designer
should eliminate drains on bridges when they are unnecessary. A drain-free bridge may be
achieved by using open bridge rails. Where curbs are required, the designer can take advantage of
the shoulder section provided on most of todays bridges by using it as a gutter. If the runoff coming to the bridge is removed before it runs onto the bridge, the hydraulic capacity of the shoulder
may be great enough to eliminate the need for bridge drains on short bridges.
Inlet structures located immediately off the end of the bridge should be designed in collaboration
with the road section to determine when and where they are needed. This coordination also helps
to avoid conflicts with other bridge or roadway structures such as guard fence posts which could
interfere with the drainage flow.
Short continuous span bridges, particularly overpasses, may be built without inlets on the bridge
and the water carried downslope by a flume or inlet structure near the end of the bridge. An open
flume down the sideslope or foreslope is preferred because the concrete flume is more accessible
for maintenance and repair.
On long bridges, drainage should be provided by scuppers or grates of sufficient size and number
to adequately drain the gutters and limit the encroachment of water in the driving lanes.
On bridges containing open-type expansion devices, drains should be located to pick up as much
drainage as possible before it crosses the device. Glands shall be placed in finger devices to carry
drainage; however maintenance cleaning of these troughs and other inlets and grates may be
limited. Drainage design and details should provide the necessary hydraulic capacity with a
minimum of required maintenance. Conservative assumptions of hydraulic capacity is encouraged to provide drainage operation based on limited maintenance. (50% inlet efficiency is a good
rule.)
Coat the top of Prestressed Beams with Substructure Waterproofing Membrane where the deck
drains are located to prevent leaks from compromising the member.

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Figure 3.8.1-1 Prestress Beam Protection.

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3.8.2 Design/Procedures
3.8.2.1 Design Spread and Rainfall Frequency
The purpose of the bridge-deck drainage system is to remove rainfall-generated runoff from the
bridge deck before it encroaches onto the traveled roadway to the limit of the design spread, (T).
For Kansas Interstates and Freeways (A and B routes) with two or more lanes in one direction,
drains may be spaced so the top width of flooding (T) is preferably not more than 10 feet but in no
case shall encroach more than one half of a thru lane. For urban areas where high volume rush
hour traffic must be considered, the designer should consider a design spread (T) which will
exclude all lanes from flooding. For two lane B, C, D and E routes, the traffic lanes in each
direction should not be restricted to less than 10 feet. On superelevated bridges, the depth of flow
in the gutter should be restricted to 9 inches.
The design of A and B routes should be based on a 10 year frequency storm. ForC, D
andE routes, a 5 year frequency storm is adequate.
Use a 50-year frequency storm for all bridges located in the sag vertical curve where ponded
water can be removed only through the storm-drain system.
3.8.2.2 Design Q and Rainfall Intensity

The design flow for determining the size and spacing of bridge grates or scuppers is calculated
using the Rational Method. In most cases, the flow will consist of water from the approach, rail
and bridge deck. The Rational Equation is:
Q
cia
Q
c
i
a
=
=
=
=
peak runoff rate (cu.ft./sec.)

runoff coefficient (0.9 for bridge pavement)
average rainfall intensity (in./hr.)
drainage area (acres)
The rainfall intensity used in the Rational Equation is selected for a duration equal to the time of
concentration for a particular drain. The time of concentration ( t c ) is the time required for the
runoff to reach the drain from the furthest point of the drainage area.
To estimate t c , apply the Kinematic Wave equation:
0.6 n 0.6
t c = 56L
-------------------------i 0.4 S 0.3

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Where:
tc
L
n
i
S
=
=
=
=
=
time of overland flow, seconds

overland flow length, ft.
Manning roughness coefficient (.016 for bridge decks)
rainfall rate, in./hr.
average slope of the overland area, ft./ft.
The solution is one of trial and error. Estimate the location of a drain to get L and select i for an
assumed 5 minute storm from the Rainfall Intensity Tables for Kansas. (If Kansas Rainfall Intensity Tables are not available, refer to Appendix A of HEC 12 (1984) for development of intensityduration-frequency curves using NWS HYDRO-35 maps.) Reiterate until the assumed storm
duration equals the computed t c . If t c is less than 5 minutes it is KDOT policy to use the 5 minute storm for the design of bridge drains. The maximum intensity need not exceed 6 inches per
hour. (Experience has shown when the intensity of rainfall exceeds 6 inches per hour, a drivers
vision becomes substantially obscured because the capacity of the windshield wipers is exceeded.
Operational speed is therefore voluntarily reduced and the probability of hydroplaning is
less.)(Ref.1)
3.8.2.3 Drain Location

Many factors are involved in determining the location of drains on bridges. It is KDOT Policy not
to let drainage fall within the width of railroad ballast or to fall on the shoulder to shoulder width
of road under a highway overpass. Drains for overpasses can be placed near abutments to drop on
protected berms. For locations susceptible to erosion, consider widening the shadow line riprap or
the use of crushed stone splash blocks. Locate drains far enough away from Bridge Seats to prevent drainage (especially wind blown drainage with deicer chemicals) from falling on the concrete.
Where discharge from the inlets cannot be allowed to fall freely on to underlying areas, locate
inlets directly above the downspouts attached to the substructure. Avoid midspan locations resulting in complex, lengthy piping whenever it is possible.
For bridges located in a sag vertical curve, place a drain at the low point of the curve. Since there
is a tendency for grates to become clogged, consideration should be given to using a combined
grate and curb opening inlet. Place inlets on both sides of the low point inlet. Place these flanking
inlets so they will limit the spread of water on low gradient approaches and also act in relief of the
inlet at the low point if it should become clogged. HEC 12 (1984) should serve as a guide to these
designs.
At superelevation transitions where the cross slope reverses from full crown to full superelevation, exercise care to avoid impoundments and to eliminate cross road flow.

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3.8.2.4 Top Width

The design top flood width should not be greater than widths given under Section 3.8.2.1 Design
Spread and Rainfall Frequency above for the class of road.
A modified Mannings equation which compensates for gutter flow may be used in calculation of
the capacity of the gutter.
5/3
1/2
8/3
K Sx S T
Q = ----------------------------------------n
Where
K
Sx
S
T
n
Q
=
=
=
=
=
=
a constant (0.56)
cross slope (road crown slope), ft./ft.
road grade, ft./ft.
top width of flow, feet
0.016
flow rate, cubic feet/second
and
nQ
T = -------------------------------5/3 1/2
K Sx
S
3/8
References:
For additional information on pavement drainage refer to:
1)
FHWA, Bridge Deck Drainage Guidelines, Final Report, December, 1986.
2)
FHWA, Drainage of Highway Pavements, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No.

12, March 1984.
3)
Transportation Research Board, Bridge Drainage Systems NCHRP Synthesis of

Highway Practice 67, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., December
1979, pp. 1-44.
4)
FHWA, Design of Bridge Deck Drainage, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No.

21, May 1993.

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3.8.3 Design Example #1 - Scuppers on Vertical Curves

References:
1)
Bridge Deck Drainage Guidelines FHWA December, 1986
2)
HEC 12, 1984
Problem:

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Design scuppers in Area I for a 500-foot interstate bridge located in Johnson County, Kansas, based upon the following information:
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1.
Design Manual
Find the distance from the PC to the high point of the curve.
a)
compute algebraic difference A = g1-(g2)

(g1,g2 in%)
= + 10-(-0.5)
= + 1.5
b)
k (a constant) =
A- = ------------1.5 - = 0.075
-----2L
2 ( 10 )
(L in stations)
c)
r = rate of change (constant) =
d)
slope at a point = g1 - r(x)
A
---- = 1.5
------- = 0.150
L
10
g
+ 1.00 - = 6.667 Sta.
Location of high point: xt = -----1- = -------------------2k
2 ( 0.075 )
P.C. Sta. =
95 + 00
+ 6 + 66.7
101 + 66.7 = Sta. of high point
Elevation of high point: Elev. P.C. + g1 (xt) - k(xt)2

=
=
820.00 + (10 x 6.667) - (0.075)(6.667)2

823.33
Allowable spread:
Urban area, high volume traffic - Use 10 right shoulder

(T = 10-0)
W = 35.33 (width of lane + curb)

S (slope) @ high point = 0.0
S @ end of bridge
= + 10 - (0.150)(97.50 - 95.0)
= 0.625% = .00625 ft./ft.
Sx (transverse slope) =.0156 ft./ft. = 3/16 / ft.

Distance from high point to end of bridge = 416.7

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Design Manual
Determine if drains are needed by nomograph or calculation.

a)
Need to determine Rainfall Intensity (i) which depends on the storm duration
(which is equal to the time of concentration) and to the recurrence interval.
The time of concentration may be estimated from Chart 1, Figure 3.8.3-1 Kinematic wave
formulation Chart #1or from the Kinematic Wave Equation:
0.6 n 0.6
t c = 56L
-----------------------i 0.4 s 0.3
Assume tc = 5 min., then for Johnson Co. and a 10-year storm, i = 9.11 in/hr. (from Kansas
Rainfall Intensity tables. 1981)
@EWS:
0.6
0.6
( 416.7 ) ( 0.016 ) - = 331 secs.

t c = 56
-----------------------------------------------------0.3
0.4
( 9.11 ) ( 0.00625 )
= 5.52 min.
(close enough)
Use Max. i = 6 in/hr. See Section 3.8.2.2 Design Q and Rainfall Intensity
b)
Determine L.
L by nomograph = 250 See Figure 3.8.3-2 Scupper Requirement Nomograph
L by calculation:
L=
=
=
24393.6
------------------Cn
1.67 0.5 2.67
Sx S T
--------------------------------iw
24393.6 -----------------------------( 0.9 ) ( 0.016 )
1.67
0.5
2.67
( 0.0156 ) ( 0.00625 ) ( 10 )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------6(35.33)
284 < 416.7 therefore need drains in Area I to intercept flow.

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Figure 3.8.3-1 Kinematic wave formulation Chart #1

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Figure 3.8.3-2 Scupper Requirement Nomograph

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Design Manual
Find scupper efficiency.

Use 8" x 6" scupper (W = 8", L = 6")
W
E = Scupper interception efficiency = 1 - 1- ----T
2.67
(A good approximation for small grates and low gutter velocities.)

0.67
E = 1 - 1- ---------10
4.
2.67
= 0.169 (approximately 17%)
Find distance to first scupper from high point (where spread reaches 10-0).
Since S is variable;
L = (16.94 x
105 )
1.67
2.67
(------------------------------------------------0.0156 )
( 10 ) - 0.5
S
212
L = 3,590 S0.5
Use trial and error to get distance from high point equal toL from formula.
Station
100+66.7
100+16.7
99+66.7
Distance from
High Point
100
150
200
Computed L
0.0015
0.00225
0.0030
139
170
197
0.0028
190
(Close enough)
L is near Sta 99 + 66.7

Try:
99+80
187
Distance to 1st scupper = 187

Gutter flow at 1st scupper =
35.33 ( 187 )
QR1 = c i a = 0.9(6.0) x --------------------------- = 0.819 cfs
43, 560

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Where:
c=
i=
a=
Design Manual
0.9
6.0 in./hr.
WL----------------= drainage area in acres
43, 560
Intercepted flow at 1st scupper:

q1 = E QR1 = 0.169 (0.819) = 0.14 cfs
5.
Determine distance (l1) to 2nd scupper.

QR2
35.33 (L + l 1 )
0.9 (6.0) x ---------------------------------- - 0.14 cfs
43, 560
0.00438 (L + l1) - 0.14
0.56
also, QR2 = ---------- Sx 1.67 S2 0.5 t2.67
n
=
0.56
------------- (0.0156)1.67 S2 0.5 t2.67
0.016
29.745Q R2
solving for t = -------------------------0.5
S2
0.375
(for trial values of t)
Trials to get t = T = 100:

try l1 = 50 L + l1 = 187 + 50 = 237 (Sta. 99+30);
S2 = 0.00355
QR2 = 0.00438(237) - 0.14 = 0.898 cfs
29.745 ( 0.898 )t = ---------------------------------0.5
( 0.00355 )
0.375
= 13.075 is not less than 10.0
too much spread, try l1 = 35

L + l1 = 222 (Sta. 99+45); S2 = 0.003325
QR2 = 0.00438(222) - 0.14 = 0.832 cfs

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29.745 ( 0.832 ) 0.375

t = ---------------------------------= 9.71 < 10.0 (close enough)
0.5
( 0.003355 )
distance to 2nd scupper = 35 (Sta. 99 + 45)
Intercepted flow at second scupper:
q2 = E QR2 = 0.169 x 0.832 = 0.14 cfs
6.
Determine distance, l2, to 3rd scupper.

try l2 = 50: L + l1 + l2 = 187 +35 + 50
= 272 (Sta. 98 + 95)
S3 = 0.0041
QR3 = 0.00438(272 - 0.14 - 0.14) = 0.911 cfs
29.745 (0.911)t = ---------------------------------0.5
( 0.0041 )
0.375
= 9.7 < 10.0" (close enough)
q3 = 0.169 x 0.911 = 0.154 cfs

7.
Determine distance, l3, to 4th scupper.

Try l3 = 75: L + l1 + l2 + l3 = 347 (Sta. 98 + 20)
S4 = 0.0052
QR4 = 0.00438(347) - 0.14 - 0.14 - 0.154 = 186 cfs
29.745 (1.086)t = ---------------------------------0.5
( 0.0052 )
0.375
= 9.9 < 10.0 (close enough)
q4 = 0.169 x 186 = 0.184 cfs

(locate 5th scupper near end of bridge)
8.
The number of scuppers required by the above procedure should be considered a minimum. The final scupper spacing still requires some engineering judgement.
Allowance should be made for the inevitable clogging of scuppers with debris. A factor of
safety of two has been suggested. Scuppers should also be spaced to clear piers and facilitate construction.

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Drainage from scuppers in the end span would fall on the berm so the berm are to be
protected by slope paving, dumped rock or drain troughs.
If drainage cannot be discharged thru vertical downspouts, and a drainage system is
required, it may be more economical to use grates located near piers supporting the downspouts.
Drainage off the end of the bridge needs to be picked up by a grate inlet or by a concrete
flume directing the flow down the side slope.
See Bridge Deck Drainage (8" x 6" Scuppers) sheet, Figure 3.8.3-3 Bridge Deck Drainage
(8" x 6" Scuppers) for final scupper spacing.

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Figure 3.8.3-3 Bridge Deck Drainage (8" x 6" Scuppers)

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Design Manual
3.8.4 Design Example #2 - Grates on vertical curve

(Ref. HEC #12, March 1984, p.53)
Problem: Re-design Example #1 using grates instead of scuppers. In addition, design for
all drainage to be removed before reaching the expansion joint.
1.
Determine efficiencies for various grate sizes.

Using: T(max) = 10.0
c = 0.9
n = 0.016
Sx = 0.015625 ft./ft.
S = 0.00625 ft./ft. (grade at EWS)
The efficiency, E, of a grate is expressed as:
E = Rf Eo + Rs (1 - Eo)
The first term on the right side of the above equation is the ratio of intercepted frontal flow
to total gutter flow, and the second term is the ratio of intercepted side flow to total side
flow. The second term is insignificant with high velocities and short grates.
The interception capacity of a grate inlet on grade is equal to the efficiency of the grate
multiplied by a total gutter flow:
Qi = Interception capacity = E Q
a)
Compute Eo:
Eo
Eo
Qw
Q
W
T
=
=
=
=
=
=
for
b)
Qw / Q = 1 - (1 - W/T) 2.67
ratio of frontal flow (flow passing over the grate) to total gutter flow.
flow in width W, cfs
total gutter flow, cfs
width of depressed gutter or grate, ft.
total spread of water in gutter, ft. (max. 10)
W = 2,
W = 3,
W = 4,
Eo = 0.449
Eo = 0.614
Eo = 0.744
Find Rf factor, which is the ratio of frontal flow intercepted to total frontal flow.
Rf = 1 - 0.09 (V - Vo)
V = Velocity of flow in gutter

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Design Manual
Vo = Velocity where splash-over first occurs

(Note: If Vo > V, then Rf = 1)
V can be determined from Chart 2, see or from the equation:
1.12
V = ---------- S0.5 Sx0.67 T0.67
n
Vo can be determined from Chart 7, see Figure 3.8.4-2 Chart #7 - Grate inlet frontal flow interception efficiency
Assume a grate similar to P-1-7/8-4. This grate is not as efficient as P-1-7/8, but is
bicycle safe. see Figure 3.8.4-4 P-1-7/8 and P-1-7/8-4 grates
For this example:
1.12
V = ------------- (0.00625)0.5 (0.015625)0.67 (10)0.67
0.016
V = 1.60 ft./sec.
Find Vo (Chart 7): for L = 1,
L = 1.5,
L = 2.0,
Vo = 3.0
Vo = 3.8
Vo = 4.7
L = length of grate along the gutter

Since Vo is greater than V in all cases, Rf will be equal to 1 for this example.
c)
Find Rs factor, which is the ratio of side flow intercepted to the total side flow.
Rs =
1
1 + 0.15 V1.8
Sx L2.3
(Rs can also be determined from Chart 8)

Assuming V = 1.60 ft./sec. and Sx = 0.015625, find Rs:
For
For
For

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L = 1,
L = 1.5,
L = 2.0,
Rs = 0.043
Rs = 0.102
Rs = 0.180
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Design Manual
Compute efficiencies for the various grate sizes listed below: E = Rf Eo + Rs (1 - Eo)
L
1
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rf
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
Eo
Rs
0.449
0.614
0.449
0.614
0.449
0.614
0.043
0.043
0.102
0.102
0.180
0.180
0.473
0.631
0.505
0.653
0.548
0.684
Due to the rather flat grades with resulting low gutter velocities, the more efficient grates
are wider, narrow ones. Even though the chart shows the 2 x 3 grate to be the most efficient for this particular example, the 1 x 3 grate appears to be the most cost effective since
reducing the inlet size by 200 percent, only decreases the grate efficiency by 8 percent.

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Figure 3.8.4-1 Chart #2 - Velocity in triangular gutter sections

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Figure 3.8.4-2 Chart #7 - Grate inlet frontal flow interception efficiency

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Figure 3.8.4-3 Chart #8 - Grate inlet side flow interception efficiency

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Figure 3.8.4-4 P-1-7/8 and P-1-7/8-4 grates

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2.
Design Manual
Determine grate spacing required using 1 x 3 grates.

Space inlets to keep the pavement spread (T) to a maximum of 10-0, then add extra
grates at the end of bridge as needed to remove all runoff.
From Example #1, the width of flow approaches 10 feet at 187 feet from the high point.
Therefore locate the first drain at Sta. 99 + 80.
At Sta. 99+80, Q = 0.83 cfs (from Ex. #1). From the chart showing grate efficiencies (par.
1.C), E for 1 x 3 grate is 0.631.
Qi = E Q = 0.631 x 0.82 = 0.517 cfs
Find approximate grate spacing allowed if inlet capacity is 0.517 cfs.
q (43,560)
L = ------------------------ciw
0.517 x 43,560
L = ------------------------------------ = 118 feet
0.9 x 6 x 35.33
Try grate spacing of 100 feet.
See next page for table computing interception capacities of grates on variable grade.
The side flow of a 1 foot long grate could probably be disregarded with negligible error;
however, for illustration purposes it will be included.
As shown on the next page, five drains are sufficient to remove the runoff from the bridge.
However, additional drains should be added to account for the possibility of drains plugging up. Based on the recommendation of a 50% clogging potential, reduce spacing from
100 feet to 50 feet.
See Bridge Deck Drainage (1 x 3 Grates) sheet, Figure 3.8.4-6 Bridge Deck Drainage (1x
3 Grates) for final grate spacing.

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Design Manual
Figure 3.8.4-5 Example #2 - Grate Inlet Capacity

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Figure 3.8.4-6 Bridge Deck Drainage (1x 3 Grates)

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3.8.5 Drain Details

Drains not only need to be hydraulically efficient, they also need to be safe, strong and maintainable.
Grates generally work most efficiently when the slots parallel the water flow. However, crossbars
should be placed in the grate perpendicular to traffic to prevent a bicycle tire from falling in.
Grates should be strong enough to carry all highway loads and must be securely fastened to prevent traffic from flipping them out. Positive bolted hold-downs should be used to allow removal
of grates for maintenance purposes.
Inlets on deck-girder bridges should be designed to prohibit concrete from getting under the inlet
box The bottom of the inlets taper to near the bottom of the deck, creating a small sliver of concrete under the inlet which is susceptible to spalling. Use a formed block-out to prevent this. See
detail on the next sheet.
Short, vertical downspouts should be made of rigid corrosive-resistant material not less than 6
inches in the least dimension and should be provided with cleanouts. All drain downspouts shall
be located at the curb line and shall extend a minimum of 12 inches below the bottom flange of
steel girders.
Where collection systems are required, pipes should not be smaller than 10 inches in diameter.
Mild steel, wrought iron as well as fiberglass pipes should be considered for use. Slopes of all
pipes should be as steep as possible and runs should be as short as practical. A minimum slope of
1 in./ft. for horizontal runs is recommended.
Detail elbows with a minimum 12 inch inside radius on bend angles greater than 22 degrees.
At "ys", the outgoing pipe should be larger than either of the incoming pipes to minimize clogging. Provide accessible cleanouts at all bends.

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Figure 3.8.5-1 Inlet detail showing formed blockout under inlet box

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Figure 3.8.5-2 Example: Grate Inlet on Steel Girder Bridge

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Figure 3.8.5-5 Example: Grate Inlet on Prestressed Girder Bridge

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Figure 3.3.5-6 Example: Scupper on Steel Box Girder Bridge

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Figure 3.3.5-7 Example: Scupper on Prestressed Bridge

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Figure 3.3.5-8 Example: Scupper on Steel Girder Bridge

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Figure 3.3.5-9 Example: Scupper on T-Girder Bridge

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Figure 3.3.5-10 Typical Drainage System Details

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007 Deck Drains

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Kansas Department of Transportation

3.8 BRIDGE DECK DRAINAGE

3.8.3 Design Example #1 - Scuppers on Vertical Curves ..............................................6

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3.8 BRIDGE DECK DRAINAGE

Increased corrosion of structural and reinforcing steel by deicing chemicals.

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Figure 3.8.1-1 Prestress Beam Protection.

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3.8.2.2 Design Q and Rainfall Intensity

peak runoff rate (cu.ft./sec.)

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time of overland flow, seconds

3.8.2.3 Drain Location

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3.8.2.4 Top Width

FHWA, Bridge Deck Drainage Guidelines, Final Report, December, 1986.

FHWA, Drainage of Highway Pavements, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No.

Transportation Research Board, Bridge Drainage Systems NCHRP Synthesis of

FHWA, Design of Bridge Deck Drainage, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No.

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3.8.3 Design Example #1 - Scuppers on Vertical Curves

Bridge Deck Drainage Guidelines FHWA December, 1986

HEC 12, 1984

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compute algebraic difference A = g1-(g2)

r = rate of change (constant) =

slope at a point = g1 - r(x)

Elevation of high point: Elev. P.C. + g1 (xt) - k(xt)2

820.00 + (10 x 6.667) - (0.075)(6.667)2

Urban area, high volume traffic - Use 10 right shoulder

W = 35.33 (width of lane + curb)

Sx (transverse slope) =.0156 ft./ft. = 3/16 / ft.

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Determine if drains are needed by nomograph or calculation.

( 416.7 ) ( 0.016 ) - = 331 secs.

1.67 0.5 2.67

24393.6 -----------------------------( 0.9 ) ( 0.016 )

284 < 416.7 therefore need drains in Area I to intercept flow.

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Figure 3.8.3-1 Kinematic wave formulation Chart #1

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Figure 3.8.3-2 Scupper Requirement Nomograph

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Find scupper efficiency.

(A good approximation for small grates and low gutter velocities.)

= 0.169 (approximately 17%)

L is near Sta 99 + 66.7

Distance to 1st scupper = 187

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