UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL

TECHNOLOGY
No 100, KANDAWALA ROAD, RATMALANA

National Diploma in Quantity Surveying

Construction Technology II - Plumbing
ASSIGNMENT -01

RESOURCE PERSON:

Mr. Malaka Rathnayaka.

G.P.S. Nishan
NDQS/14/16/18
1st SEMESTER
2nd Year
2/9/16

Acknowledgement
I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported me during the
completing of this assignment.

My deepest thanks to our lecturer, Mr. Malaka Rathnayaka For teaching, guiding and
correcting various documents related to the assignment with attention and care.

He has taken more effort to convince us about the assignment and what would he expect from
us through this project.

Thanks and appreciation to the helpful people at the industry / construction field for their
support.

P
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TASK
Assume you are a senior Quantity Surveyor in MEP Engineering Consultant (Pvt) Ltd. Your
General Manager informed you that there is a workshop will be conducted by your company
for newly appointed Quantity Surveyors to transfer the basic knowledge about mechanical
and electrical. Your General Manager hand over to you to conduct a lecture relating to the
Plumbing and Sanitary System in this workshop.
Task 01
Comprehensively describe following aspects of Plumbing System for your lecture
preparation. Use shall use diagrams to describe the each aspect)

What is Plumbing System?

What is the Cold Water System?

Major Equipment involved in Cold Water System and function of each equipment.

Type of pipes which are used to Cold Water System and purpose of using each pipe
(You shall identify all type of cold water supply pipes)

Cold water pipe supports.

Type of valves which are used to Cold Water System and purpose of using each valve
(You shall identify all type of valves)

What is the Hot Water System?

Major equipments involved in Hot Water System and function of each equipment.

Type of pipes which are used to Hot Water System and purpose of using each pipe
(You shall identify all type of hot water supply pipes)

Type of valves which are used to Hot Water System and purpose of using each valve
(You shall identify all type of valves)

Types of water purification systems.

Task 02

Comprehensively describe following aspects of Sanitary System for your lecture

preparation. Use shall use diagrams to describe the each aspect)

What is the Sanitary System?

Main components of sanitary system.

Major Equipments involved in Sanitary System and functions of each Equipment.

Type of pipes which are used to Sanitary System and purpose of using each pipe (You
shall identify all type of sanitary supply pipes)

External Sanitary System

f
3

 What is Plumbing System?

Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves, and fixtures installed for the
distribution of potable water for drinking, heating and washing, and waterborne waste
removal.

What is the Cold Water System?

Cold water system is Distributing a cold water for drinking, cooking, sanitary, washing
purposes and gardening. For these purposes distribution a cold water is called a called water
system.

Major Equipment involved in Cold Water System and function of

each equipment.
Plumbing equipment includes devices often hidden behind walls or in utility spaces which
are not seen by the general public. It includes water meters, pumps, tanks, valves, many kinds
of pipes, and control systems.
Water meters
In many developed countries water meters are used to measure the volume of water used by
residential and commercial building that are supplied with water by a public water supply
system. Water meters can also be used at the water source, well, or throughout a water system
to determine flow through a particular portion of the system. In most of the world water
meters measure flow in cubic meters (m3) or liters
Pumps
Pumps are used to pump water. The pump is used for water supply. Because of the wide
variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from very large to very
small, handling water to, from high pressure to low pressure, and from high volume to low
volume.
Valves
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of water by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually
discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, water flows in a direction from higher
pressure to lower pressure.
Water tanks
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A water tank is a container for storing water. The need for a water tank is as old as
civilization, to provide storage of water for use in many applications, drinking water,
irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock,
chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other uses. Water tank parameters
include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials, linings. Various
materials are used for making a water tank: plastics, fiberglass, concrete, stone and steel
function as water storage.
Pipes
A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular crosssection, used mainly to convey substances which can flow water.

Type of pipes which are used to Cold Water System and purpose of
using each pipe

Cast Iron (CI) Pipes

Steel Pipes
Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes
Copper Pipes
Plastic or Polythene or PVC pipes
Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes
Concrete Pipes

Cast Iron (CI) Pipes

Cast iron pipe is a pipe which has had historic use as a pressure pipe for transmission of
water, gas and sewage, and as a water drainage pipe during the 19th and 20th centuries.

They are cheaper in cost

It has high resistance to corrosion
It is highly durable

Steel pipes
Use of steel pipes in water supply system is suggested when, pipes are
subjected to very high pressure (i.e. above 7 kg/cm2),large diameter pipes are
required, Steel pipes are used because they are stronger and lighter in weight as
compared to C.I. pipes. These pipes, however, require adequate preventive
measure to sustain adverse atmospheric conditions. When steel pipes are
encased in cement mortar or cement concrete, they are called Hume Steel pipes.

Galvanized iron (gi) pipes

This type of pipe is used for water supply work inside the building. These pipes are
wrought steel pipes provided with zinc coating. They are available in light, medium and
heavy grades depending on the thickness of the metal. For a 15 mm GI pipe, the thicknesses
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are 2.0, 2.65 & 3.25 for the light, medium and heavy grades, respectively. Generally the
medium grade pipes are used for internal plumbing in building. Mostly screw and socket
joints are used for G.I. pipes.
Copper pipes
These pipes are used in hot water installation. They have high tensile strength and can
therefore have thin walls and they can be bent easily. Copper pipes are sometimes coated with
chromium to enhance its appearance.
Plastic or polythene or pvc pipes
These pipes are being used increasingly these days for supply of cold water in external and
internal plumbing work. They are light in weight, non-corrosive, lower in cost and do not
require any threading for connections.
There are 3 common types of plastic pipes are available in market, as given below.
1. Un plasticized PVC (UPVC) or rigid pipes for use with cold water
2. Plasticized PVC pipes which are plasticized with addition of rubber. It has lower
strength and lower working temperature than UPVC pipes.
3. Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) pipes which can withstand higher temperatures up to 1200
(used to carry hot water)
For pipes used in soil and waste water discharge systems, the thickness of the wall will be
larger than that of used for roof drainage. Rigid PVC pipes are used for distribution of water
with temperature below 450C.At higher temperature, the strength of the pipes decreases.
Similarly ultraviolet radiation from sunlight as well as frequent changes in temperature
reduces the life of PVC pipes. These pipes are costlier than AC pipes but cheaper than GI
pipes.
Asbestos cement (ac) pipes
These pipes are used for drainage of rainwater from roofs, soil and waste and also for
ventilation. They come in two profiles one with beading around socket (WB) and the other
without beading around socket (WOB). The latter type is more common than the former. The
pipes come in lengths of 3 meters. The principal defects of these pipes are that they are heavy
and they break easily. These pipes are cheaper than PVC pipes.
Concrete pipes
Unreinforced pipes of small diameters as well as reinforced and pre stressed concrete pipes of
large diameters are available for water supply and other uses. Small unreinforced concrete
pipes are very much used for drainage of rain water. Large diameter pipes are generally used
for major water supply works.

 Cold water pipe supports

A pipe support or pipe hanger is a designed element that transfer the load from the Pipe to
the supporting structures. The load includes the weight of pipe proper, the content the pipe
carries, all the pipe fittings attached to pipe & the pipe covering such as insulation. The four
main functions of a pipe support are to anchor, guide, absorb shock and support a specified
load. Pipe supports used in high or low temperature applications may contain insulation
materials. The overall design configuration of a pipe support assembly is dependent on the
loading and operating conditions.

Type of valves which are used to Cold Water System and purpose of
using each valve
Valves in pipe lines are provided to control supply of water. They are used to stop supply
when any repair is carried in pipe line. There are fourteen types of valves for plumbing.

Stop Valve

This valve is suitable means of connections for inserting and controlling the flow of water.
Nominal size of valve is designated by nominal bore of the pipe to which the valve is
normally fitted. The body and bonnet of this valve is made from cast brass.
In large buildings sufficient numbers of stop valves are fixed on branch pipes to minimize
interruption of supply during repairs. A stop valve is also called stopcock. There are two
types
of
stop
valves.
1).
Internally
threaded
2). Externally threaded

Fancy

Stop

Valve

These valves are available in normal sizes of 15 mm and 20 mm. These are also called open
stopcock valves.

Angle Stop Valve

This valve has inlet and outlet at right angles to each other. This is used to stop supply of
water to geyser, flushing cistern and wash basin etc. This valve is also used for servicing of
water fitting to be carried out without shut off complete water supply of the house.

Concealed Stop Valve

It is used to regulate supply of hot and cold water to shower, mixer etc. in concealed
plumbing line.

Gate Valve

Gate valve is full way valve which is inserted into a pipeline for controlling or stopping the
flow of water. This valve offers low resistance to the flow of water. The valve is closed by
turning hand wheel into clock wise direction. Nominal sizes of valves are 15 mm to 100
mm.

Ball Valve

Ball valve is an automatic flow control device. Regulating principle is the level of some free
water surface.

Foot Valve

This valve is placed at the bottom of suction pipe of pump. This valve lets the water to enter
suction pipe when it is opened and prevents the water from flowing back when it is closed.

Air Relief Valve

This valve is an integral part of a pool of pumping and filtration system. When the pump of
pool pumps out water from the pool, the water is forced through a filter. Then the water is
forced through air-relief valve.

Pressure Relief Valve

This valve protects pipe from sudden increase in pressure. It is a device attached with a boiler
or other vessel for relieving the pressure of steam automatically before it becomes enough to
cause burst.

Scour Valve or Washout Valve

This valve is used at valley point of a pipe line to clean pipe line.
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Sluice Valve or Globe Valve

These valves are used to control the flow and for frequent operation. These are normally used
in CI main line.

Butterfly Valve

This valve contains a circular disc which rotates in the direction of flow in pipe. It is a type of
flow control device that is used to regulate flow of fluid through a section of pipe. This valve
is similar to ball valve in operation. A flat circular plate is fixed in the center of pipe.

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Float Valve or Ball Cock

This valve is used in water tanks and cisterns to maintain constant water level and to prevent
overflow. It is activated by means of a lever and float (ball). The rise and fall of ball controls
the flow of water. This valve is generally made for high, medium and low pressure.

Bib cock/bib tap

A Bib cock/Bib tap is fitted horizontally to the pipe as in kitchen, bath etc. This valve is used
to obtain water from direct water supply or from storage tank.

What is the hot water system

Water heating is a thermodynamic process that uses an energy source to heat water above
its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing,
and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.
Domestically, water
is
traditionally heated
in
vessels
known
as water
heaters, kettles, cauldrons, pots, or coppers. These metal vessels that heat a batch of water do
not produce a continual supply of heated water at a preset temperature. Rarely, hot water
occurs naturally, usually from natural hot springs. The temperature varies based on the
consumption rate, becoming cooler as flow increases.
Appliances that provide a continual supply of hot water are called water heaters, hot water
heaters, hot water tanks, boilers, heat exchangers, geysers, or calorifiers. These names depend
on region, and whether they heat potable or non-potable water, are in domestic or industrial
use, and their energy source. In domestic installations, potable water heated for uses other
than space heating is also called domestic hot water
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 Major Equipments involved in Hot Water System and function of

each equipment.
Storage water heaters (tank-type)
These consist of a cylindrical vessel or container that keeps water
continuously hot and ready to use. Typical sizes for household use
range from 75 to 400 liters
Thankless heaters
These high-power water heaters instantly heat water as it flows
through the device, and do not retain any water internally except for
what is in the heat exchanger coil. Copper heat exchangers are
preferred in these units because of their high thermal conductivity
and ease of fabrication.
Electric shower heads
As the name implies, an electric heating element is incorporated
into such shower heads to instantly heat the water as it flows
through. These self-heating shower heads are specialized point-ofuse (POU) thankless water heaters, and are widely used in some
countries.
Residential Hot Water Boilers
A residential hot water boiler is used to heat water for a hydronic heating system.
A hydronic heating system maintains comfort in your home with hot water circulating
to every room. The system consists of a boiler, pump and baseboards connected by
water piping. The boiler heats water to temperatures between 120 and 210, and the
water is then pumped through the piping in the baseboards located around the outer
perimeter of the home for a curtain of warmth, or in the floor in radiant systems.

Types of hot water pipes

CPVC
CPVC stands for Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride. This type of pipe can stand temperatures up
to about 180 degrees (this depends on the schedule) or so and can be used for hot and cold
water inside of a house
Copper Pipe
This type of pipe is mostly used for hot and cold water distribution as well as being regularly
used in HVAC systems for refrigerant lines. Copper piping works in both underground and
aboveground applications, but copper can be affected by some soils and should be sleeved if
used underground.
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PEX
PEX stands for Cross-linked polyethylene or XLPEl but, PEX is much easier to remember
and say. PEX is commonly used for hot and cold water in homes and as hydronic heating due
to its resistance to hot and cold temperatures. PEX is widely used now for its competitive
pricing, ease of use, and the long rolls of piping that it can come in.
POLYBUTYLENE
The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water
distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems.
ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems. The most striking
features are weld ability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure
resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS)
of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no
corrosion and calcification.

PP-R
PP-R pipe is known of polypropylene pipes, polypropylene random copolymer with a pipe by
extrusion, injection molding a tube. PPR Pipe PP-formally named pipe is used in most home
improvement projects a water supply pipeline.PPR pipe interface with hot-melt technology,
are completely integrated into the pipe together, so once installed pressure tested and will not
be further leakage, high reliability. This does not mean there is no defect ppr pipes water
pipes, heat resistance, a less pressure more long-term working temperature should not exceed
70 ; each piece of limited length, and cannot bend construction, long distance or if the
pipeline the corner and more should be used in the construction of a large number of joints;
pipe fittings cheap but relatively high prices. Speaking from the overall performance, PPR
pipe is the high cost of pipe, water pipe so as decoration material of choice for
transformation.

Types of pipes which are used to hot water system and purposes of
using each valve
LF1170, LFL1170 Hot Water Temperature Control Valves

Series LF1170, LFL1170 Lead Free* Hot Water Temperature Control Valves are specifically
designed for mixing hot and cold water on hot water supply systems. They can be used for a
variety of applications to reduce the temperature of the hot water from the system, and are
ideal for radiant heat applications. This series features a "double throttling" design which
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combines the control of the hot and cold water to provide a sensitive response to changes in
water temperature passing through the mixing chamber.
LF70A, LFL70A

Series LF70A, LFL70A Hot Water Extender Tempering Valves are used in residential water
supply applications to mix cold and hot water to extend capacity of water heater storage tanks
and hot water boiler tankless heaters. It features Lead Free* brass body construction, dial
adjustment cap, replaceable thermostat, stainless steel spring and is available with either
threaded or solder end connections .
LFCS Check Stop Valves

Model LFCS check stop valves are designed for use at the hot and
cold water inlet supplies for mixing and temper ing valves. Model LFCS valves perform
triple duty as: 1) isolation valves, 2) check valves, and 3) strainers. The union connections
facilitate service and maintenance of both the valve and the strainer.
Model LFCS valve protects against cross flow of hot and cold water in the system and
provide isolation of the mixing or tempering valve during servicing and maintenance of the
valve and strainer.

MTCV

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The MTCV is a thermostatic, self-acting, proportional valve. It provides thermostatic

balancing of hot-water systems within the temperature range of 35 - 60 degrees C. It enables
temperature measurement and is designed to prevent unwanted tampering. A shut-off function
of the circulation riser is possible by means of optional fittings with a built-in ball valve. The
valves metal parts consist of lead free brass components and an Rg5 bronze valve body in
accordance with the regulations of the European Drinking Water Directive. Modular
upgrading of the MTCV valve is possible during operation under pressurized conditions.

Types Of water purification System

1.

Distillation

The process of distillation essentially purifies water by heating it until only the water
molecules evaporate and condense in another part of the filter, leaving impurities behind in
the original water source.
Water distillation system is inexpensive one.

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Figure Distillation

2.

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse osmosis works by drawing water through a very fine membrane under high pressure.
While the process is comparatively slow, this type of purification system can rid water of
almost any contaminant, including radioactive particulates. Once again, minerals are also
removed and routinely re-added to improve the healthy nature of the water.

Figure Reverse osmosis

3.

Filtration

A process in which water passes through a water system that may include one or more filters
for the purpose of removing turbidity, taste, color, iron or odor. The design can be loose
media tank-type systems or cartridge devices.
In general the process may include mechanical, adsorptive, neutralizing and
catalyst/oxidizing filters.

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Figure Filtration

4.

Chemical Disinfection

In most developed countries the standard process of filtrating water is speeded up with
chemicals, in some instances, with less turbid water, chemicals can be used alone.
The most common chemical used to disinfect water is chlorine (Cl). Chlorine is a very
effective disinfectant.

Chemical Disinfection

5.

Sedimentation

A process in which contaminants that are heavier than water sink to the bottom of a basin and
the water is then led out of the basin above the sediment layer.

6.

Flocculation

Elements such as Aluminium (Al) can be used in a process called flocculation.

18

Flocculation is a process where colloids come out of suspension in a solute, such as water.
Aluminium, which is positively charged attracts negatively charged bacteria and viruses, all
this then sinks to the bottom (Sedimentation) and can then be filtered out.

Flocculation

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Task 02

What is the sanitary system

A sanitary system is an underground carriage system specifically for transporting sewage

from houses and commercial buildings through pipes to treatment or disposal. Sanitary
sewers serving industrial areas also carry industrial wastewater. The system of sewers is
called sewerage.
Sanitary sewers are distinguished from open sewers in that the sanitary system is closed off
from its surroundings to limit interaction between the waste and the landscape that it travels
through. They are also usually distinguished from combined sewers, which handle not only
sewage but also surface runoff. Open sewers, consisting of gutters and urban streambeds,
were common worldwide before the 20th century. In the majority of developed countries,
large efforts were made during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to cover the formerly
open sewers, converting them to closed systems with cast iron, steel, or concrete pipes,
masonry, and concrete arches. Open sewers are not used in developed countries today, but
they remain in use in many developing countries.

Main COMPONENTS OF SANITORY SYSTEM

House sewer
House drain
House trap
Fresh air inlet
Fixture branches
Soil & Waste stacks
Traps
Vents

Major equipments involved in sanitary system and function of each

equipment

Cisterns
Faucets (valves)
Flushing Systems
Waste Fittings
Traps
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 Cisterns
The modern water closet or toilet utilizes a cistern to reserve and hold the correct amount of
water required to flush the toilet bowl. In earlier toilets, the cistern was located high above
the toilet bowl and connected to it by a long pipe. It was necessary to pull a hanging chain
connected to a release valve located inside the cistern in order to flush the toilet. Modern
toilets may be close coupled, with the cistern mounted directly on the toilet bowl and no
intermediate pipe. In this arrangement, the flush mechanism (lever or push button) is usually
mounted on the cistern. Concealed cistern toilets, where the cistern is built into the wall
behind the toilet, are also available. A flushing trough is a type of cistern used to serve more
than one WC pan at one time. These cisterns are becoming less common however. The cistern
was the genesis of the modern bidet.
Faucets (valves)
Backwater sanitary valves (also known as "check valves" or "backwater valves") are also
often referred to as "backflow preventers They are intended to prevent backflow of sewage
on the sanitary sewer line during a flood or sewer blockage, and have no connection with
potable water.
Flushing Systems
Modern low flush toilet designs allow the use of much less water per flush 1.6 to 1.2 U.S.
gallons (6.1 to 4.5 L) per flush. Dual flush toilets allow the user to select between a flush for
urine or feces saving a significant amount of water over conventional units. The flush handle
on these toilets is pushed up for one kind of flush and down for the other. In some places
users are encouraged not to flush after urination. Flush toilets, if plumbed for it, may also use
grey water (water previously used for washing dishes, laundry and bathing) for flushing
rather than potable water (drinking water). Some modern toilets pressurize the water in the
tank which initiates flushing action with less water usage. Heads (on ships) are typically
flushed with seawater.
Waste Fittings

Bathtubs
Bidets
Channel drains
Janitor sinks
Kitchen sinks
Lavatories
Showers
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 Tap ware - an industry term for that sub-category of plumbing fixtures consisting of
tap valves, also called water taps (British English) or faucets (American English), and
their accessories, such as water spouts and shower heads.
Urinals
Utility sinks
Water closets (WC)
Traps
A trap is a depressed or bent sanitary fitting which always remains full of water. Its function
in a drainage system is to prevent the passage of foul gases or air through it. The
effectiveness of the trap usually depends on the water seal.
P trap
S trap
Q trap
These traps are named according to the shape of the letter they resemble. These traps can be
broadly summarized according to their various functions.
Classification Of Traps According To Use
Floor Trap
Gully Trap
Intercepting Trap
Intercepting Trap
The floor trap is provided in floors to collect used water from floors of bathrooms, kitchens
or washing floors.
Grease Trap
The grease trap is provided in large hotels restaurants or other industries producing large
quantity of grease waste with the primary aim of removing the grease content of waste water
before discharging into the drain.
Silt Trap
The silt trap is provided only in situations where the waste water carries large amount of silt,
sand, coarse particles etc.

22

 Types of pipes which are used to sanitary system and purpose of

using each pipe.
Asbestos Cement Sewer PIPES
These pipes are used for vertical transport of water. For example, transport of rainwater from
roofs in multistoried buildings, for transport of sewage to grounds, and for transport of less
foul sullage i.e., wastewater from kitchen and bathroom.
Plain Cement Concrete or Reinforced Cement Concrete PIPES
These pipes are available in wide range of size and the trench can be opened and backfilled
rapidly during maintenance of sewers.
Vitrified Clay or Stoneware Sewer PIPES
These pipes are used for house connections as well as lateral sewers. The pipe material does
not absorb water more than 5% of their own weight, when immersed in water for 24 h.
Resistant to corrosion, hence fit for carrying polluted water such as sewage.
Brick Sewer PIPES
This material is used for construction of large size combined sewer or particularly for storm
water drains. The pipes are plastered from outside to avoid entry of tree roots and
groundwater through brick joints. These are lined from inside with stone ware or ceramic
block to make them smooth and hydraulically efficient. Lining also makes the pipe resistant
to corrosion.
Cast Iron Sewer PIPES
These pipes are stronger and capable to withstand greater tensile, compressive, as well as
bending stresses. However, these are costly. Cast iron pipes are used for outfall sewers, rising
mains of pumping stations, and inverted siphons, where pipes are running under pressure.
These are also suitable for sewers under heavy traffic load, such as sewers below railways
and highways. They are used for carried over piers in case of low lying areas. They form
100% leak proof sewer line to avoid groundwater contamination. They are less resistant to
corrosion; hence, generally lined from inside with cement concrete, coal tar paint, epoxy, etc.
These are joined together by bell and spigot joint.
Steel Pipes These are used under the situations such as pressure main sewers, under water
crossing, bridge crossing, necessary connections for pumping stations, laying pipes over self
supporting spans, railway crossings, etc. They can withstand internal pressure, impact load
and vibrations much better than CI pipes. They are more ductile and can withstand water
hammer pressure better. These pipes cannot withstand high external load and these pipes may
collapse when negative pressure is developed in pipes. They are susceptible to corrosion and
are not generally used for partially flowing sewers. They are protected internally and
externally against the action of corrosion.

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Ductile Iron Pipes

Ductile iron pipes can also be used for conveying the sewers. They demonstrate higher
capacity to withstand water hammer. Ductile iron has proven to be a better pipe material than
cast iron but they are costly. Ductile iron is still believed to be stronger and more fracture
resistant material. However, like most ferrous materials it is susceptible to corrosion.
Plastic sewers (PVC pipes)
Plastic is recent material used for sewer pipes. These are used for internal drainage works in
house. These are available in sizes 75 to 315 mm external diameter and used in drainage
works. They offer smooth internal surface. The additional advantages they offer are resistant
to corrosion, light weight of pipe, economical in laying, jointing and maintenance, the pipe is
tough and rigid, and ease in fabrication and transport of these pipes.
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) PIPES
Pipes Use of these pipes for sewers is recent development. They are not brittle like AC pipes
and other pipes and hence hard fall during loading, unloading and handling do not cause any
damage to the pipes. They can be joined by welding or can be jointed with detachable joints
up to 630 mm diameter (IS:4984-1987). These are commonly used for conveyance of
industrial wastewater. They offer all the advantages offered by PVC pipes. PVC pipes offer
very little flexibility and normally considered rigid; whereas, HDPE pipes are flexible hence
best suited for laying in hilly and uneven terrain. Flexibility allows simple handling and
installation of HDPE pipes. Because of low density, these pipes are very light in weight. Due
to light in weight, they are easy for handling, this reduces transportation and installation cost.
HDPE pipes are non corrosive and offer very smooth inside surface due to which pressure
losses are minimal and also this material resist scale formation.

External Sanitary System

External works

1.

Pipes
Man holes

Man holes
Manholes are structures designed to provide access to a sewer.
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Manholes are usually provided at heads of runs, at locations where there is changes in
direction, changes in gradient; changes in size, at major junctions with other sewers and at
every 90 to 200 meter intervals depending on the size of the sewer pipes.
The diameter of the manhole will depend on the size of sewer and the orientation and number
of inlets.

Figure Man hole

The following are some additional considerations related to manhole location
Street intersections are common locations for manholes
A terminal manhole should be located at the upper end of a sanitary sewer to
provide access for maintenance.
Manholes should not be placed in a location that allows surface water to enter

Ex-: One of the example of Code of practice for sewer man hole
For manholes that exceed 10.5m in depth, special reinforced concrete chambers shall be
constructed.
The design of these chambers shall be carried out by a Qualified Person and the details shall
be submitted to the Department for approval prior to commencement of work.
The minimum depth of manholes, measured from the top of their covers to their inverts, shall
be 1.5 metres.
The distance between manholes shall not be more than 120m.
The underside of all intermediate platforms and roof slabs of manholes/ chambers shall be
lined with PVC or HDPE lining.
All manhole frames and covers shall be of the type approved by the Department and shall
comply with SS 30.
25

2.

Pipes

26

Figure -Pipes

UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

SRI LANKA
Assignment Template & Feedback Form

Course Title
Student Name
Reg.No.
Resource Person

National Diploma In Quantity

Surveying
G.P.S. Nishan
NDQS/4/16/18
Mr. Malaka Rathnayaka

Issued on
27

Module

Construction Technology II
(Plumbing)

Batch No.
Semester
Assignment
No.

05
01st semester 2nd Year
01

Submission on

14/02/2016

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UNIVERSITY OF VOCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT RECEIPT
Attach this form to your assignment when submitting it to the UNIVOTEC Programme Office. Both
sections require a signature from the student and an officer from the UNIVOTEC Programme Office.
Tear off the bottom half and retain for your records until you receive your final results confirmed by the
UNIVOTEC.
The UNIVOTEC Programme Office accepts no responsibility for assignments submitted after hours,
submitted to other staff members or without an Assignment Receipt. This form is not valid without a
UNIVOTEC Programme Office stamp and signature.

SECTION 1 Campus Copy, Attach to the Assignment

Student
Number

NDQS/14/16/18

Students
Name

G.P.S.Nishan

Phone No

0776071146

Email

sgsnishan@gmail.com

Batch No

05

Semester

2nd year, 1st Semester

Unit No

F45T008M16

Unit Title

Construction
Technology II

28

(Plumbing)
Description of work being submitted
Report
Others

Floppy

CD

Student
Signature

Date

Received By

Signature

SECTION 2 Students Copy

Program: NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN QUANTITY SURVEYING
G.P.S.Nishan

Student
Number

NDQS/14/16/18

Students Name

Phone No

0776071146

Email

sgsnishan@gmail.com

Batch No

05

Semester

2nd year, 1st Semester

Unit Title

Construction
Technology II
(Plumbing)

Unit No

F45T008M16

Description of work being submitted

Report
Others

Floppy

CD

Student
Signature
Received By

Date
Signature

29