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Types of single phase motors: Single phase motors are generally built in the fractional horsepower range. As a 1ph I.M.
has no inherent starting torque and therefore special means must be used to make it self
starting.
There are 4 types / methods: Single phase Induction Motor
a) Split Phase Type
b) Capacitor Type
c) Shaded pole type
A.C. Series motor or Universal motor
Repulsion Motors
I.
Repulsion start induction run motor
II. Repulsion Induction motor
Synchronous Motors
A. Reluctance motor
B. Hysteresis motor
Single phase Induction motor: 1phase motors works only on 1phase power supply.
1ph motor is similar to a 3phase squirrel cage induction motor except that the stator has
distributed 1ph winding.
Basic Construction of 1phase I.M. : Rotor:- A rotating cylindrical part is called as Rotor.
Stator:- A stationary part is called as Stator.
The single phase stator winding produces a magnetic field that pulsates in strength in a
sinusoidal manner.
The field polarity reverses after each half cycle but the field does not rotate.
Consequently, the alternating flux cannot produce rotation in a stationary squirrel cage
rotor.
If the rotor of 1phase motor rotates by applying some mechanical force then rotor rotates
and quickly accelerates upto below the synchronous speed.
When it reached synchronous speed then motor runs continuously after receiving 1phase.
Hence, 1phase motor is not self starting.
To make a single phase motor self-starting then we have to produce a revolving stator
magnetic field.
This can be achieved by converting a single phase supply into two phase supply through
additional winding.
After getting sufficient speed, this additional winding removed depending upon type of
motor.
Single phase motor can be classified as,
1) Split phase motors started by starting winding/ auxiliary winding
2) Capacitor motors started by starting winding and capacitor.
3) Shaded pole motors motion of magnetic field produced by means of a shading coil
around a portion of the structure.
1) Split phase Induction motors:-
Introduction: The stator of a Split phase induction motor is provided with an auxiliary or starting
winding S in addition to the main or running winding M.
The starting winding is located 90 degree electrical from the main winding.
This main winding operates during the brief period when the motor starts up.
Starting winding has high resistance and relatively small reactance.
Main winding has low resistance and relatively high reactance.
Consequently, there is 25 to 30 degree phase shift between two windings.
Construction of Split Phase Induction Motor: Stator it is made up of silicon steel.
There are two windings called running (Main) winding & Starting winding.
Rotor is made up of silicon steel and rotor windings are round copper bars embedded in the
rotor slots and permanently short circuited.
3) Lathe machine
4) Pumps
5) Printing press
6) Compressor
7) Large fans
8) High-inertia Loads
b) Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Induction Motor: This motor is identical to a capacitor start motor except that starting winding is not opened
after starting.
So that both the windings remain connected to the supply when running as well as at
starting.
There are two designs. Constructions of both the designs are same as Capacitor start but
difference is as follows.
i.
D.O.R. DOR can be changed by making starting winding as running and vice versa.
Application:Permanent Capacitor Induction Motors are used Where low torque is required Ceiling Fan, Table
fan etc
ii.
The shaded pole motor is very popular for ratings below 0.05H.P. (app. 40W).
Because of its simple construction.
It has salient poles on the stator excited by single phase supply and squirrel cage rotor.
A portion of each pole is surrounded by a short circuited turn of copper strip called Shading
Coil and made up of copper (cu coil).
Because of small starting torque developed in the motor and relatively large power loss in
the shading coil.
Construction of Shaded Pole Motor: Stator:- it is made up of silicon steel stamping having salient poles.
(A)
(B)
(C)
According to transformer action emf is induced in the shading coil and heavy current
circulate it (according to Lenzs law) which opposes the magnetic flux. Hence, Magnetic
Axis (M.A.) shifts towards the unshaded part.
Further current in the shading coil decreases, hence opposition to the MA decreases.
Hence, MA shifts towards the center of the pole.
The polarity of the induced voltage is such as to produce m.m.f. that opposes the change in
the flux linkage of the coil.
Thus when the flux in the pole is increases then shading coil current produces an m.m.f.
opposing the increases.
When the pole flux increases, Flux density of the unshaded portion of the pole is greater
than that of the shaded portion.
When the pole flux decreases, Flux density of the unshaded portion of the pole is less
than that of the shaded portion.
Thus, the effect of the shading coil is to produce a shift in the flux from the unshaded
portion to shaded portion.
This shift in flux may be considered to be a partially rotating field and is sufficient to
produce a small starting torque.
D.O.R.:- it is not possible to change the DOR of these motor as the position of the copper rings
are fixed. To change DOR position of either shading design should changed in the construction.
Application:- This type of motor is built in small size.
Small fans, Toys, Hair Dryers etc
3. Electric shavers
4. Sewing machines
5. High-speed vacuum cleaner
Some changes must be in a d.c. motor that is to operate satisfactorily on a.c. supply.
The changes effected are: The entire magnetic circuit is laminated in order to reduce the eddy current loss.
Hence, a.c. series motor requires a more expensive construction than d.c. series motors.
Few turns in field winding to reduce the reactance of the field winding to minimum which
reduces the voltage drops across field winding.
There is sparking between brushes and commutator when a.c. supply given.
Alternating flux establishes high currents in the coils short-circuited by brushes. When
short-circuited coils break contact high-resistance leads to connect the coils to the
commutator segments.
A high field flux is obtained by using a low-reluctance magnetic circuit.
4) Repulsion Motor:-
1.
2.
rotor slots the end of which are connected to the carbon brush and shorted by a
jumper.
Commutator consists of alternate layers of copper and mica segments.
Carbon or graphite brushes are used.
Working of Repulsion Motor: When supply given to stator winding then field is produced.
Considered N-pole at top and S-pole at bottom, Magnetic axis is vertical.
Brush axis is at an angle alpha between two axis as shown in figure.
Alpha angle between two brush axis.
The like poles of rotor and stator repel each other then motor start rotating.
Due to this repulsion force motor start rotates hence called as repulsion motor.
D.O.R.:- DOR can change by shifting the brushes in reversed direction.
Application:Refrigerator, compressor, mixing machine, floor polishing machine etc.