Find the perimeter of the following figures:

When the sum of the measures of two angles is 90, the angles are called
complementary angles.
1. Which pairs of following angles are complementary?
When the sum of the measures of two angles is 90, the angles are called
complementary angles.

Supplementary Angles

when two lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles so formed are equal.

y +55=180 (supplementary angles ie 180)

y=18055=125
x=55, z = y=125

( x & 55, y & z are opposite angles)

40+ x +25=180, x=18065=115

z=40 ( z , 40 are opposite )
y + z=180= y=180z=18040=140

Angles made by a Transversal

Lines l and m cut by transversal p

Interior angles
Exterior angles

3, 4, 5, 6
1, 2, 7, 8

Pairs of Corresponding angles 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 7, 4 and 8

Pairs of Alternate interior angles 3 and 6, 4 and 5
Pairs of Alternate exterior angles 1 and 8, 2 and 7
Pairs of interior angles on the 3 and 5, 4 and 6 same side of the
transversal
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, each pair of corresponding angles
are
equal in measure.

1 = in i and 3= 4 in ii

5 = 6 in iii and 7 = 8
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, each pair of alternate interior angles
are equal.

When t cuts the parallel lines, l, m, we get, 3 = 7 (vertically opposite

angles).

But 7 = 8 (corresponding angles). Therefore, 3 = 8 similarly 1 = 6.

5=1=6=2 & 7=3=8=4
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each pair of interior angles on
the same side of the transversal are supplementary
3+1=180 (3 & 1 form a linear pair)
But 1=6 (A pair of alternate interior angles)
Therefore 3+6=180 similarly 1+8=180

x=60 y=55

z+ 60=180= z =120 x=120

a=120 a= d =120 0 , c=b=600

x=70 x+2 x=180 = x=60 x=100

Triangles
Find the value of the unknown interior angle x in the following figures:

x+ 50+ 60=180= x=70 x+ 90+30=180= x=60 x+ 30+110=180= x=4 0

x+ x +50=180= x=65 x + x + x=180= x=60 x +2 x+ 90=180= x=30

y=180120=60 y =80 y+ 50+60=180= y=70

x+ 50+ 60=180= x=70 x+ 80+50=180= x=50 x=50+60=110

x=60 y=90 y =x

30+60+ y =180= y=90 x+ x +90=180= x=45 x+ x + x=180= x=60

2 32+ 4 2=2 9+16=2 25=5

2 82 +62= 2 64 +36= 2 100=10

2 82 +152=2 64+ 225=2 289=17

=>35+35=70

2 72 +242= 2 49+576=2 625=25

2 5232= 2 259=2 16=4

2 372122= 2 1369144= 2 1225=35

A 15 m long ladder reached a window 12 m high from the ground on placing it

against a wall at a distance a. Find the distance of the foot of the ladder from
the wall.

2 152122=2 225144= 2 81=9

Angles Q and R of a PQR are 25 and 65.

PQ + RP =QR
1.

Find the values of

x+ 50=180> x=130

x y

and then show that AB||CD

of lines opposite angles are equal=130

2. If AB||CD, CD||EF and y:z= 3:7 then find x

AB||CD & CD || EF must be AB||EF

Alternate Interior angles are equal

x= y

y 3
y : z =3:7= =
z 7
CD & EF are parallel Corresponding angles are equal = y + z=180= z =180 y

z=180

3z
= 7 z =12603 z= 7 z +3 z=1260= 10 z=1260= z=126
7

x=z= x=126

Alternate interior angles are equal

3.

If

and
AFE =90 (

find

and

FED =90
GED =126
GED= AEF+ FED=>126= GEF+ FED=>126= GEF+90=> GEF=3
6
In

GEF of t h e angles are180

FGE=180- GEF- AFE=180-90-56=54

AGE=180- FGE =180-54=126

4.

if

and

5.

If

and

Find

, find

x y

7. If

and

Find

x y

In

QTR , QTR=90, TQR=40 of t h e angles a triangle QRT =180( 90+ 40 )=50

In

PSR , SPR=30, SRP=50 of t h e anglesa triangle RPS=180( 50+30 ) =100

Sum of the adjacent angles in a straight line
1.

Sides QP and RQ of
and

2.

180= y +100=180= y =80

are produced to points S and T respectively. IF

, find

If YO and ZO are the bisectors of

respectively of

, find

and

and

3.

4.

If

and

find

If lines PQ and RS intersect at point T, such that

and

find

5.

If

and

then find the values of

x y

6.

The Side of QR of
and

is produced to a point S. If the bisectors of

meet at point T, then prove that

QPR=180( x+ y)
x
y
x y 1
1
QTR=180 y(90+ )=90 = ( 180 ( x + y ) ) = QPR
2
2
2 2 2
2

A,B,C -> points

a,b,c -> sides
x,y,z -> angles
Perimeter of triangle = a+b+c
Sum of all the angles is always 180 degress
x+y+z=180
Classification of Triangles
Scalene Triangle: No side of triangle is equal
Isosceles Triangle: Two sides of triangle are equal
Equilateral Triangle: All sides of triangle are equal

Properties of External angles of Triangle:

1. Sum of all exterior angles is 360

a,b,c-> Interior angles

p,q,r and s, t, u -> Exterior angles
So, sum of exterior angles =360 degrees

i.e p+q+r=360 and s+t+u=360

2. Next Property of exterior angle which is important in paper point of view
External angle=sum of two internal angles
For example: in the above figures r= a+b
q=a+c
s=b+c and so on
Right angle Triangle
Following triangle is a right angle triangle i.e, a triangle with one out of three 90
degrees angle

Area of right angle triangle

1
Area= Base Perpendicular
2
0

Example:In following figure, CE is perpendicular to AB ACE = 20

0

ABD = 50

. Find BDA:

Sol: To find BDA

For this what we need---BAD
Because, sum of all angles=
Consider , triangle ECA.
CEA+EAC+ACE= 180
Ie,

900 +200 + EAC =1800

1800

and

Therefore EAC= 70

Now , come to triangle ABD

ABD + BDA+ BAD=1800

700 +500 + BAD=1800
T h erefore BAD=600
Example: In given figure BC is produced to D and angle
0

BAC =40 angle ABC =70 . Find angle ACD

Sol:In above figure ACD is an exerior angle, and according to property

Exterior angle= sum of interior angles
There fore

ACD=700 + 400=110 0

IMORTANT EXAMPLES
Example: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AB and CD are produced to meet P. If
angle ADC= 70

and DAB= 60

, then what will be PBC+ PCB?

Sol: First Step: make an appropriate figure using statements provided in

questions

Cyclic quadrilateral has all its vertices on circle and sum of all angles is
Sum of opposite angles= 180

External angle = opposite internal angle

There fore

PBC=700

3600

PCB = 70

So PBC+PCB= 130

Example 2 ABCD is a parallel gram and P is any point within it. If area of
parallelogram is 20 units, then what will be the sum areas of PAB and PCD?

Properties of this question

Area of parallelogram = Base x Height
Area of triangle =

1
Base altitude
2

Given that Area of parallelogram = 20

Ie Base x Height = 20
b x h = 20
To find = Area of (PAB+PCD)

( 12 ) b+( PY )+( 12 ) b+( PX )

=>

= b(PX+PY)
= bh

= 2

20=20units

Example 3: ABCD is a cyclic trapezium with AB parallel DC and AB diameter of

circle. If CAB= 30

, then ADC will be?

Sol:

Angle subtended by diameter is always

90

180

Sum of angles of triangle =

Sum of opposite angles

ACB=

90

BAC=

900

ACB=

600

ABC+ADC=

1800

60 + ADC=
ADC=

180

180

1200

Example:4 Two side of plot measures 30m and 22 m and angle between them is

90

. The other two sides measures 24m and the three remaining angles are

not right angles. Find the area of plot

Center point BD=O

ABD is a right angle triangle, therefore, Pythagoras theorem tollowed

=>BD=40
Given that BC=CD
Therefore , line drawn from C to BD given right angles
Also, this will lead to DO=BO
So DO=BO=20
Similarly, using Pythagoras theorem OC=15m
Now, are of triangles (ABD+BOC+COD)

= 2

( 24+32 ) +2

( 12 ) 20 15 =684 m

Congruency of Triangles

Two triangles are said to congruent if They overlap each other when placed on
over the other They have same area
Identical in all aspects
When two triangles are congruent
Now, the question is how we can detect that whether the given two triangles are
congruent or not.
They are 5 rules or I can say ways by which we decide whether the triangles are
congruent are not
1. S-S-S(side-side-side)
When two given triangles have same three sides, then both are said to be
congruent triangle
MARKED WITH BLUE COLOUR->EQUAL TERMS

For example, following two triangles have equal sides.

congruent triangles

Therefore, these are

2. S-A-S (Side-Angle-Side)
When two sides and included angle is same ( A is in between two Ss), then also
both triangles are congruent.

Following two triangles are congruent

3. A-S-A (Angle-Side-Angle)
When two angles and included side of both triangles are equal ( S is in between
two A), then triangles are congruent.

Following two triangles are similar

4. A-A-S (Angle-Angle-Side)
When two angles and non-included side (not the included side) is equal, then
both triangles are congruent

Following two triangles are congruent

5. R-H-S ( Right angle-Hypotenuse-Side)

This rule is just for right angle triangles. For congruency, there must be one
right angle and hypotenuse and any one side must be equal.

Following two right angle triangles are congruent

A-A-A (Angle-Angle-Angle)
Two triangle having all three same angles are NOT congruent because you cant
assume that they will have same sides, i.e. same angles does not mean sides
will be the same
Similarity of triangles
Two triangles are said to be similar if
Sides of both triangles are in same proportion
Corresponding angle are same
Different size and area
When two triangles are similar?
To check whether two angles are similar or not, there are only 3 rules.
Discussed as follows
1. A-A (Angle-Angle)
If any two angles of triangles are equal, then they are said to be similar. For
example, following triangles are similar triangles

2 S-A-S (Side-Angle-Side)
If two side of triangles are proportionate and include angle is same, then both
triangles are similar.
Consider the following triangle:
i.e. proportionate sides. Also one angle is same. Therefore, these are
similar triangles

3. S-S-S (Side-Side_Side)
If three sides of one triangle is proportionate to three side of other triangle, then
they are said to be similar triangle

All the three sides are proportional

Therefore, triangles are similar

All congruent triangles are similar. But all similar triangles are not congruent
Geometry: Circles and their properties
Basic Terminologies

Centre: O is a centre of the cirle i.e. fixed point in the circle

Radius: OM is a radius of circle i.e., from centre to the boundary of circle
Diameter: Double of radius. IN figure, XY is a diameter
Circumferencea:

i.e. distance around the circle

Secant: A line which intersect the circle at two points. In figure, line PQ
intersect circle at AB, So PQ is a secant.
Tangent : any line which touches the circles at only one point is tangent of circle.
TU is a tangent of circle.
Chord: Line whose end points touches the circle. RS is a chord of circle.
Segment: Chord divides the circle into two parts. One major and other minor.
Both parts are known as Segments. In figure, yellow region is a minor segment.
Area of Circle
If r is radius of circle, then are of circle
Example1: if area of circle is 314, then what will be the radius of circle?
Solution:

Secants
In a figure given below, PA is a tangent and PRS is a secant, then
(Result for one tangent and one secant)

If there are two secants for example in figure, PRS and PTU are secants, then
result followed will be :
Angles of Same segment

Yellow part is a segment of circle

Always remember that:
Angles subtended by same segments are always equal. In figure, angle P and Q
are equal, as they are subtended by the same segment.
Angle subtended by segment at the centre is twice the angle subtended at the
boundary Angle O =2 angle P =2 angle Q.
Study the following figure

Above figure shows that, if OC is a perpenedicular to AB, C will be the mid-point

of AB
If AC=CB and vice-versa
Alternate segment theorem

If AB is tangent, then alternate angles will be equal in given figure