Progress report of the project.

In First sem:

Components used in making the project digital temperature sensor.

1. Input supply 220 volts through ac
step down transformer having its value centre taping its capacity is of
750 mili volt
2. Rectifier in4007 pn juction diode will recieve 9 volt dc supply
3.electrolytic capacitor 1000 micro farad 25 volt is used so that unpurify
signal get saturated and give constant output
4.voltage regulator ic 7805 it regulate the voltage we can use is at 18
..after is we get 5 volt output one led is used which work at 1.5 volt to 3
We used resistance to give proper supply to led

In 2nd sem:
5.one capacitance is used for the 9th pin of microcontroller to reset it
manually through micro switch which give positive 5v to the 9th pinkiink
6.18 19 is for frequency andd 20 is for ground
7. Crystal oscillator 3. Mega hertz it oscilate the frequency at 18 and 19
are connected to ceramic disc and pf of 22 pf
In 3rd sem:
8. 31 and 40 is positive
9. Lcd 16 *2 is used at 1 and 16 pin is ground 2 pin is fof positive and 3
is of contrast a fixed resistance is used at 3 pin
15 pin is positive rectifier diode
In 4th sem:

10. One resistance is used at port 0 in which 10 kilo ohm k 8

resistances are used and we can call it pull up resistance.
11.a rellay is used for switching
12. A temperature sensor is used lm 335
In 5th sem:
13. One op amp ic is used
14.one adc is used analogg digital converter and it will convert the
analog to digital
In 6th sem:
15. pnp transistor is used and after it npn transistor is used and after
that and diode is used from back emf.
16.0 pcb printed corcuit board

Digital temperature sensor

Description.
Here is a straight forward, yet effective digital temperature controller that can
be used with temperature control systems.
The circuit uses IC LM 35 (IC3) to as the temperature sensor. The output of LM
35 is given to the IC ADC 0804 (IC4) which converts the analog output of the
LM 35 to digital output. The ADC 0804 is a 8 bit ADC. Eight LEDs are
connected to the output of ADC to show the output logic. If needed the LEDs
can be avoided and the output can be connected to any suitable external circuit
like temperature controller etc. A 5V fixed voltage regulator based on 7805
(IC1) powers the circuit. Another variable voltage regulator based on LM317
(IC2) is used to provide the reference voltage to the ADC 0804.
Circuit diagram with Parts list.

Digital Temperature Sensor Circuit

Step-Down Tranformer Considerations

It is possible to operate either of these transformer types

backwards (powering the secondary winding with an AC source and letting the
primary winding power a load) to perform the opposite function: a step-up can
function as a step-down and visa-versa. One convention used in the electric
power industry is the use of H designations for the higher-voltage winding
(the primary winding in a step-down unit; the secondary winding in a step-up)
and X designations for the lower-voltage winding.
you can buy transformers at very low prices from here
One of the most important considerations to increase transformer efficiency and
reduce heat is choosing the metal type of the windings. Copper windings are
much more efficient than aluminum and many other winding metal choices, but
it also costs more. Transformers with copper windings cost more to purchase
initially, but save on electrical cost over time as the efficiency more than makes
up for the initial cost.
Step-down transformers are commonly used to convert the 220 volt
electricity found in most parts of the world to the 110 volts required by
North American equipment.
How to Wire a Step Down Transformer
1. Observe and identify the schematic and rating of the step down
transformer to be installed. Remove the terminal connection box cover
placed at the lower side of the transformer. Only the high amperage types
will have this enclosure, while lower powered transformers will have an
exposed screw terminal.
2. Know termination identification follows for all step down transformers:
H1, H2, H3 and H4 signify the high voltage side or power feed end of the
transformer. This holds true regardless of the size of the transformer.
Interconnection of the transformer will vary depending on the
manufacturer and voltage used for feeding the transformer.
3. Terminate the feed power wires first by cutting the wires to length. If you
are using large wire lugs be sure to take into consideration the length of

the lug and the amount of wire that can be inserted into the female crimp
area.
4. Strip back the outer insulating of the wires with the pocketknife or wire
strippers. Insert the eye ring or wire lug over the bare copper wire and
crimp the connection device, using the appropriate-size crimper,
permanently to the wire.
5. Terminate the high side, high voltage of the step down transformer. If the
high side terminals are bolts, be sure to follow any torque requirements
that are listed by the manufacturer.
6. Terminate the low side, low voltage of the transformer. Note these
terminals will be identified by X1, X2, X3 and X4. Again follow the
manufacturers individual schematics for that particular type of
transformer. Note that on small control transformers there will only be an
X1 and X2. X1 is the power or hot side and X2 is generally the
grounding and neutral portion of the low voltage.
7. Terminate the small control transformer for X1 and X2. X1 will go
directly to the control circuit after passing through a small fuse that is
rated for the circuit. X2 will be terminated not only to the neutral side of
the control circuit, but the grounding safety as well. In other words, the
X2 side of the small control transformer must be tied to the grounding
system of the electrical circuit.
8. Replace all covers on the transformer and any enclosures that protect you
from electricity. Apply the high voltage to the transformer by switching
on the feeder power circuit. Turn on the low side safety circuit control.
9. Use a volt meter to test for proper voltage on the step down side of the
transformer. It should be the same that is listed on the specs tag provided
by the manufacturer.
How to Check a Step Down Transformer
1. Remove all wires from the transformer terminals using the screwdriver.
Identify the wires if they are not already identified. Use a clear tape and
pen. Write the terminal that the wires are attached to and place the
identified tape on the wires end.
2. Turn the volt ohmmeter to the Ohms position and place the red lead
into the connector identified as Ohms. Touch the black lead to the metal
frame of the transformer.

3. Touch the red lead to the transformers terminals in the following order:
H1, H2, X1 and then X2. The meter should read infinite ohms or wide
open. Infinite ohms on a digital meter will be identified as a blank screen
or a wide open will have the word Open displayed. If the meter
registers any form of resistance, there is an internal problem with the
windings. The copper coils may be shorted to the metal frame of the
transformer. The transformer will have to be replaced.
4. Check the continuity of each separate coil using the ohmmeter. Touch the
black lead to H1 and the red lead to H2. The meter should give a
resistance reading. Generally, it should read in the range of 3 to 100
ohms, depending on the style and type of transformer. Perform the same
test to the X1 and X2 terminals. You should receive the same results. If
the meter reads infinite ohms or a wide open when checking between the
terminals of the same coil, the wires are broken. Replace the transformer.
5. Use the ohmmeter to conduct the transformers isolation circuit. Touch the
red lead to H1 and the black lead to X1. The meter should read infinite
ohms or a wide-open circuit. Perform the same test, but to H2 and X2
respectively. If any resistance at all is read on the meter other than a
wide-open circuit, the isolation of the transformer has been compromised
and must be replaced.

Various component used in our project

Bridge rectifier used:

Bridge Rectifier Circuit
The bridge rectifier is one of the most widely used rectifier circuits. It offers a
high level of performance when compared to other rectifier circuits.
In view of the high level of use of the bridge rectifier circuit, bridge rectifiers
are available as blocks containing all the diodes contained in a single
"component" for use within the target circuit assembly.
The use of these bridge rectifiers simplifies their use and the assembly of the
final equipment as well as reducing the overall component count.

Bridge rectifier circuits

A diagram of the basic bridge rectifier circuit is shown below. The circuit has
the advantage over the full wave rectifier using a centre tapped transformer that
there is no centre tapped transformer requirement and that the both halves of the
cycle are used in the winding.

Full wave bridge rectifier

The diagram shows the current flow for the different halves of the cycle and in
the different arms of the bridge rectifier circuit.

Full wave bridge rectifier with transformer input

Split supply bridge rectifier circuit

For many circuits like operational amplifiers, split supplies may be needed. It is
possible to create a split supply for these and other applications very easily
using a full wave bridge rectifier.

Full wave bridge rectifier providing dual polarity / split supply

The circuit operates effectively and efficiently because both halves of the input
waveform are sued in each section of the transformer secondary winding.

Various IC used in project

IC1=7805
IC2=LM317
IC3=LM35
IC4=ADC0804

IC 7805(voltage regulator):
A regulated power supply is very much essential for several electronic devices
due to the semiconductor material employed in them have a fixed rate of current
as well as voltage. The device may get damaged if there is any deviation from
the fixed rate. The AC power supply gets converted into constant DC by this
circuit. By the help of a voltage regulator DC, unregulated output will be fixed
to a constant voltage. The circuit is made up of linear voltage regulator 7805
along with capacitors and resistors with bridge rectifier made up from diodes.
From giving an unchanging voltage supply to building confident that output
reaches uninterrupted to the appliance, the diodes along with capacitors handle
elevated efficient signal conveyal.
Description:
As we have previously talked about that regulated power supply is a device that
mechanized on DC voltages and also it can uphold its output accurately at a
fixed voltage all the time although if there is a significant alteration in the DC
input voltage.
ICs regulator is mainly used in the circuit to maintain the exact voltage which is
followed by the power supply. A regulator is mainly employed with the
capacitor connected in parallel to the input terminal and the output terminal of
the IC regulator. For the checking of gigantic alterations in the input as well as
in the output filter, capacitors are used. While the bypass capacitors are used to
check the small period spikes on the input and output level. Bypass capacitors
are mainly of small values that are used to bypass the small period pulses
straightly into the Earth.
A circuit diagram having regulator IC and all the above discussed components
arrangement revealed in the figure below.

Regulated Power Supply Circuit ElectronicsHub.Org

The working of the components coupled in the circuit above is revealed in the
following table:
COMPONENT
C1

FUNCTION
This capacitor is known as bypass capacitor and is employed to bypass
extremely tiny duration spikes to the ground with no distress the other
components.

C2

C2 is the filter capacitor employed to steady the slow changes in the

voltage applied at the input of the circuit. Escalating the value of the
capacitor amplify the stabilization as well as the declining value of the
capacitor reduces the stabilization. Moreover this capacitor is not alone
capable to ensure very constricted period spikes emerge at the input.

C3

C3 is known as a filter capacitor employed in the circuit to steady the

slow alterations in the output voltage. Raising the value of the capacitor
enlarges the stabilization furthermore declining the value of the
capacitor declined the stabilization. Moreover this capacitor is not alone

COMPONENT

FUNCTION
capable to ensure very fine duration spikes happen at the output.

C4

C4 is known as bypass capacitor and worked to bypass very small

period spikes to the earth with no influence the other components.

U1

U1 is the IC with positive DC and it upholds the output voltage steady

exactly at a constant value even although there are major deviation in
the input voltage.

As we have made the whole circuit till now to be operated on the 5V DC supply,
so we have to use an IC regulator for 5V DC. And the most generally used IC
regulators get into the market for 5V DC regulation use is 7805. So we are
connecting the similar IC in the circuit as U1.
IC 7805 is a DC regulated IC of 5V. This IC is very flexible and is widely
employed in all types of circuit like a voltage regulator. It is a three terminal
device and mainly called input , output and ground. Pin diagram of the IC 7805
is shown in the diagram below.

LM317:
Specifications[edit]

Part pinout of LM317T showing its constant voltage reference

Attribute

Value

Vout range

1.25 V 37 V

Vin Vout difference

3 V 40 V

Operation ambient temperature

0 C 125 C

Output Imax

1.5 A

Minimum Load Current

3.5 mA typical, 12 mA maximum[1]

Operation[edit]
Main article: Linear regulator
As linear regulators, the LM317 and LM337 are used in DC to DC
converter applications.
Linear regulators inherently draw as much current as they supply. When this
current is multiplied by the voltage difference between input and output, a
significant amount of heat results. Therefore the use of an LM317 commonly
also requires a heat sink. For large voltage differences, the energy lost as heat

can ultimately be greater than that provided by the circuit. This is the trade-off
for using linear regulators which are a simple way to provide a stable voltage
with few additional components. The alternative is to use a switching voltage
regulator which is usually more efficient but has a larger footprint and requires a
larger number of associated components.
In packages with a heat-dissipating mounting tab, such as TO-220, the tab is
connected internally to the output pin which may make it necessary to
electrically isolate the tab or the heat sink from other parts of the application
circuit. Failure to do this may cause the circuit to short.
Voltage regulator[edit]

Schematic of LM317 in a typical voltage regulator configuration,

includingdecoupling capacitors to address input noise and output transients.
The LM317 has three pins: INput, OUTput, and ADJustment. The device is
conceptually an op amp with a relatively high output current capacity. The noninverting input of the amp is the adjustment pin, while the inverting input is set
by an internal bandgap voltage reference which produces a stable reference
voltage of 1.25 V.
A resistive voltage divider between the output and ground configures the op
amp as a non-inverting amplifier so that the voltage of the output pin is
continuously adjusted to be a fixed amount, the reference voltage, above that of
the adjustment pin. Ideally, this makes the output voltage:
Vout = Vref (1 + RL/RH)
Because some quiescent current flows from the adjustment pin of the device,
an error term is added:
Vout = Vref (1 + RL/RH) + IQRL

To make the output more stable, the device is designed to keep the
quiescent current at or below 100A, making it possible to ignore the
error term in nearly all practical cases.[2]
Current regulator[edit]

A constant current source circuit constructed with LM317

The device can be configured to regulate the current to a load, rather than
the voltage, by replacing the low-side resistor of the divider with the load
itself. The output current is that resulting from dropping the reference
voltage across the resistor. Ideally, this is:
Iout = Vref/RH
Accounting for quiescent current, this becomes:
Iout = (Vref/RH) + IQ
LM317 can also be used to design various other circuits like 0 V
to 30 V regulator circuit, adjustable regulator circuit with
improved ripple rejection, precision current limiter circuit,
tracking pre-regulator circuit, 1.25 V to 20 V regulator circuit with
minimum program current, adjustable multiple on-card regulators
with single control, battery charger circuit, 50 mA constant current
battery charger circuit, slow turn-on 15 V regulator circuit, ac
voltage regulator circuit, current-limited 6 V charger circuit,
adjustable 4 V regulator circuit, high-current adjustable regulator
circuit and many more. [3]

Temperature Sensor - The LM35:

The LM35 - An Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor

Why Use LM35s To Measure Temperature?
o You can measure temperature more accurately than a using a
thermistor.
o The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc.
o The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples
and may not require that the output voltage be amplified.
What Does An LM35 Look Like?
o Here it is.

 What Does an LM35 Do? How does it work?

o It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius
temperature.
o The scale factor is .01V/oC
o The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming
and maintains an accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and
+/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100 oC.
o Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws
only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a low selfheating capability. The sensor self-heating causes less than 0.1 oC
temperature rise in still air.
The LM35 comes in many different packages, including the following.
TO-92 plastic transistor-like package,
T0-46 metal can transistor-like package
8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package
TO-202 package. (Shown in the picture above)
How Do You Use An LM35? (Electrical Connections)
o Here is a commonly used circuit. For connections refer to the
picture above.
o In this circuit, parameter values commonly used are:

 Vc = 4 to 30v
5v or 12 v are typical values used.
Ra = Vc /10-6
Actually, it can range from 80 KW to 600 KW , but most
just use 80 KW.

o Here is a photo of the LM 35 wired on a circuit board.

The white wire in the photo goes to the power supply.
Both the resistor and the black wire go to ground.
The output voltage is measured from the middle pin to
ground.l
ADC0804:

Key Features

80C48 and 80C80/85 Bus Compatible - No Interfacing Logic Required

Conversion Time <100s

Easy Interface to Most Microprocessors

Will Operate in a "Stand Alone" Mode

Differential Analog Voltage Inputs

Works with Bandgap Voltage References

TTL Compatible Inputs and Outputs

On-Chip Clock Generator

Analog Voltage Input Range (Single + 5V Supply) 0V to 5V

No Zero-Adjust Required

80C48 and 80C80/85 Bus Compatible - No Interfacing Logic Required

Description
The ADC080X family are CMOS 8-Bit, successiveapproximation A/D
converters which use a modified potentiometric ladder and are designed to

operate with the 8080A control bus via three-state outputs. These converters
appear to the processor as memory locations or I/O ports, and hence no
interfacing logic is required. The differential analog voltage input has good
common- mode-rejection and permits offsetting the analog zero-inputvoltage
value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be adjusted to allow encoding
any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution.
ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital convertor. It is
a single channel IC, i.e., it can take only one analog signal as input. The
digital outputs vary from 0 to a maximum of 255. The step size can be
adjusted by setting the reference voltage at pin9. When this pin is not
connected, the default reference voltage is the operating voltage, i.e., Vcc.
The step size at 5V is 19.53mV (5V/255), i.e., for every 19.53mV rise in
the analog input, the output varies by 1 unit. To set a particular voltage
level as the reference value, this pin is connected to half the voltage. For
example, to set a reference of 4V (Vref), pin9 is connected to 2V (Vref/2),
thereby reducing the step size to 15.62mV (4V/255).
16X2 LCD USED:

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a
wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is

very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are
preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons
being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of
displaying
special
&
even custom
characters (unlike
in
seven
segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has
two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing
it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The
data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII
value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about
internal structure of a LCD.

Advantages of digital temperature:

Has no effect on the medium it measures
Is precisely accurate
Responds instantly (in most cases)
Has an easily conditioned output
Application of digital temperature:
Used in transformer
Used in thermometers
Used in Automobiles