Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
This is just the start, once you start digging, you'll find lots of others. Like
Hucka & Das's (1974) round-up I wrote about last time, one thing they
have in common is that they capture some characteristic of rock failure.
That is, they do not rely on implicit rock properties.
Another point to note. Baant & Kazemi (1990) gave a way to de-scale
empirical brittleness measures to account for sample size not
surprisingly, this sort of 'real world adjustment' starts to make things quite
complicated. Not so linear after all.
What not to do
The prevailing view among many interpreters is that brittleness is
proportional to Young's modulus and/or Poisson's ratio, and/or a linear
combination of these. We've reported a couple of times on what Lev
Vernik (Marathon) thinks of the prevailing view: we need to question our
assumptions about isotropy and linear strain, and computing shale
brittleness from elastic properties is not physically meaningful. For one
thing, you'll note that elastic moduli don't have anything to do with rock
failure.
The YoungPoisson brittleness myth started with Rickman et al. 2008, SPE
115258, who presented a rather ugly representation of a linear
relationship (I gather this is how petrophysicists like to write equations).
You can see the tightness of the relationship for yourself in the data.
What's left?
Here's Altindag (2003) again:
Brittleness, defined differently from author to author, is an important
mechanical property of rocks, but there is no universally accepted
brittleness concept or measurement method...
This leaves us free to worry less about brittleness, whatever it is, and
focus on things we really care about, like organic matter content or
frackability (not unrelated). The thing is to collect good data, examine it
carefully with proper tools (Spotfire,Tableau, R, Python...) and find
relationships you can use, and prove, in your rocks.
References
Altindag, R (2003). Correlation of specific energy with rock brittleness concepts on rock
cutting. The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. April 2003, p
163ff. Available online.
Hucka V, B Das (1974). Brittleness determination of rocks by different methods. Int J Rock
Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 10 (11), 38992. DOI:10.1016/0148-9062(74)91109-7.
Rickman, R, M Mullen, E Petre, B Grieser, and D Kundert (2008). A practical use of shale
petrophysics for stimulation design optimization: all shale plays are not clones of the Barnett
Shale. SPE 115258, DOI: 10.2118/115258-MS.