Mango Crop in Pakistan

http://edu.par.com.pk/wiki/mango/

Mango Overview

Mango Introduction

History and Origin of Mango

Production Technology

Climate and Soil

Propagation

Pruning

Harvesting
Mango Varieties

Chaunsa Mango

Sindhri Mango
Other Varieties of Mango

Langra

Amman Dusehri

Alphanso, Bombay

Sammar Bahisht

Fajrikalan

Muhammadwala

Sammar Bahisht Chausa

Rataul (Anwar)

Bangapali

Neelam
Pests and Diseases of Mango

Aphids

Fruitflies

Mango Borer

Mango Scales

Mango Malformation

Mango Blight

Mango production worldwide

World Top 10 Mango Producing Countries 2011

Health Benefits of Mangoes

Introduction

Benefits of Mangoes Are,

Keeps Blood Pressure Under Control

Cancer Prevention and Heart Health

Weight Gain

Aids Digestion

Cures Anemia & Helps in Pregnancy

Cures Acne

Slows the Signs of Aging

Promotes Brain Health

Boosts Body Immunity

Diabetes Management and Prevention

A Few Final Facts About Mangoes

Mango Overview
Mango (Mangifera indica L Family Anacardiaceae) is the most delicious fruit of
summer season which is liked by all. It is the second major fruit-crop of
Pakistan with high international value. It is more popularly called the king of
all fruits because of its delicious taste, fragrance and high dietetic value. The
insatiable temptation for Pakis- tani mango lovers is its peculiar aroma and
rich sweetness which is found nowhere else in the world. Pakistan ranks fifth
in the mango producing countries of the world.
The main mango growing districts in the Punjab province are Multan,
Bahawalpur, Muzzaffargarh and Rahimyar Khan. In the province of Sindh it is
mainly grown in Mirpur Khas, Hyderabad and Thatta in the province of NWFP

it is grown in Peshawar and Mardan. The climate of Sindh gets warmer about
one month earlier than the Punjab which has given the province the privilege
to grow early varieties of mango.

Mango Introduction
The word Mango is the British pronunciation of the Mankay, the Tamil word for
the fruit, because it is found in most abundance in Southern India, around
Madras. The mango is held in high esteem all over the world and is
considered to be native of Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent and eastern Asia.
They are to be found in nearly all over the tropical regions of the World,
therefore known as The King of all fruits. Mango is cultivated around
February/early March, when the cold weather begins to subside and the
danger of destruction through frost disappears. It comes in market early in the
May and remains in market till August/September. There are more than 1300
varieties of the mango, which are cultivated in the Indo-Pak Sub-continent. In
Sindh, there are more than 125 varieties of mango. As we get mangoes from
Balochistan and NWFP, but the main source are Sindh and Punjab. In
Pakistan we get more than 10 lacs tons production, out of which Sindh
provides 50% i.e. more than 5 lacs tons. Multan and Mirpurkhas are the main
regions, where we get mangoes in large quantity. The maximum production,
we get from Rahim Yar Khan, where mangoes are cultivated on more than 26
thousand acres.
The main field of mango is obtained from District Rahim Yar Khan,
Rahimabad, Jamaldin wali, Sadiqabad, Shaikh Wahan, Mianwali Qureshan
Zahirpur, Bagho Bahar, Tirandah Mohammad Panah of district Rahim Yar
Khan are very famous for mango production. Whereas, Hyderabad, Tandojam,
Tando Allahyar, Tando Jan Muhammad, Digri, Nawab Shah, Naushero Feroz,
Khairpur Mirus, Ghotki, Bahawalpur, Shuja abad, MuzzaffarGarh, KoatAddu,
Khanewal, Sahiwal, Vihari, Okara, Faisalabad, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh and

Sargodha are also very famous for mango production. There are many
varieties which are famous in Pakistan, but some varieties which are very
common are: Sindhri, Langra, Chaunsa, Fajri, Samar Bahist, Anwar Ratole,
Dasehri, Saroli, Tuta Pari, Neelam, Maldah, Collector, Bengan Phali, etc.
As mango is named as King of the Fruits similarly, Sindhri is said to be The
King of Mango, because this variety is top in Pakistan. Sindhri is yellow in
colour, and test is very sweet. Sindhri mangoes were first brought by father of
late Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo from Bombay and then cultivated
at Sindhri and it was named by his father Din Muhammad Junejo as Sindhri.
Since 1996-97, Pakistan was on 4th position, but according to Jang Midweek
Magazine dated 12th July 2000, Pakistan is on 5th rank. India is still on top on
the production of 12 million tons.

History and Origin of Mango

The mango has been known in India since very early times. It is referred to in
Sanskrit literature as Amra and has been under cultivation by man for over
4000 years. It appears, however, that Hsiian-tsang, one of the early travelers
to India (632-645), was the first person to bring mango to the notice of people
outside India. This fruit occupied an important place in horticulture during the
rule of the Mogul emperors in India, and Akbar the Great (1556-1605) planted
an orchard of 100,000 mango trees. The origin of most o the improved
varieties in India have been traced to those days, and the encyclopedia Ain-eAkbari (1590 AD) contains a good account of the mango regarding its quality
and

varietal

characteristics.

Phytogeographical

data

studies

of

the

phylogenetic taxonomy of species of Mangifera indicate that this genus

originated in the Indo-Burma region. Most of the cultivated varieties have
arisen from four main species Mangifera indica, Mangifera sylvatica,
Mangifera odorata, and Mangifera zeylanica. Mango cultivation is found in
many countries of Southeast Asia the Philippines, Indonesia, Java,

Thailand, Burma, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. Introduction of the mango to East
and West Africa and subsequently to Brazil is said to have occurred in the
sixteenth century. Mexico acquired the mango in the nineteenth century, and it
entered Florida in 1833. The cultivated mango varieties are the result of
constant selection by man from original wild plants for over 4000 years. The
wild progenies are still available in India in two species, Mangifera indica and
Mangifera sylvatica, which have small fruits with a big stone, thin acidic flesh
and long fibers. The knowledge of vegetative preparation gained in the
sixteenth century made it possible to produce a large number of cultivars
which were far superior to the wild forms. This fruit have little fiber, and are
sweet in taste with more flesh.

Production Technology
Climate and Soil
The ecological conditions suitable for mango cultivation
are:

Elevations ranging from 200 to 300 meters.

Suitable temperature range is 15 to 40 Low temperatures are

o

extremely harmful. Frosts and hot winds cause great damage to

the trees. Young plants need protection against frost and hot
winds.

A hot and humid climate is suitable. In areas with heavy

rainfall, the quality of fruit may be affected.

Mango can be grown in a wide range of soils but well drained,

deep and fertile soils are most suitable. Salt affected soil are not
good for its cultivation.

Propagation

Propagation is done by various means of grafting on local

seedlings.

Suitable age of nursery plant for transplanting: 1.5 to 2.0

year

Time for transplanting: In spring: Feb/March, In Autumn:

Sept/Oct

Time to start of bearing: 4-5 years

Time to full bearing: 6-7 years

Normal economic bearing life: 30-50 years

Time of flowering: Feb/Mar

Pruning
Mango usually assumes a graceful dome shape shading the main trunk. No
pruning is practiced however, annually after fruit harvest diseased, dried,
broken branches and those touching the ground should be pruned off. To
rejuvenate the orchard after every 3-4 years it is advisable that 15-20% of old
wood should be removed.

Harvesting
Picking should be done when the fruit is fully developed and mature. Natural
drop of the fruit is the main indication that the fruit is ready for picking.
Different varieties in different areas ripe at different times. In Sindh, mango
varieties start ripening from May to June. In Punjab ripening starts from June
and continues upto mid August. In NWFP, the harvest is a later which helps to
extend the period that mangoes are available. Expected yields vary from 40 to
100 kg per tree.

Mango Varieties
Chaunsa Mango
Flesh firm, fibreless with pleasant flavour and sweet taste. Juice moderately
adundant. Fruit quality good, keeping good quality. Ripening season in
August.

Sindhri Mango

Leading variety of Sind. Fruit shape ovalish long, size large, skin colour lemon
yellow when ripe, pulp colour yellowish cadium, texture fine and firm fibreless,
stone medium sized, flavour pleasantly aromatic and taste sweet.

Other Varieties of Mango

Langra
It has originated as a superior chance seedling near Benares. Size medium to
large, ovate, base round to slightly flatten, shoulders equal. Beak minute but
distinct, sinus slight to absence, skin green and thin, flesh fibre less, yellowish
brown in color, scented, highly melting, very sweet. Stone very small,
flattened, oval. Weight of an average fruit is about kg. Fruit quality very
good, bearing heavy. Season (Early to mid Season). 1st to 3rd week of July.
Heavy yielder.

Amman Dusehri
It derives its name form village between Lucknow and Malihabad where it was
originated as a superior chance seedling. Size small to medium, oblong,
ventral, shoulder higher than dorsal, beak and sinus absent, color yellow
when ripe, skin thin, pulp fibre less, flesh firm, very sweet, flavor nice. Stone
very small, oblong, variety good to very best, bearing heavy, mid season
(July), keeping and peeling quality good.

Alphanso, Bombay
This is a leading commercial variety of Bombay State and is one of the best in
India. Because of its better adaptability to humid climate it has not been able
to maintain its esteemed position in the dry districts of Pakistan. The Alphanso
is successful in some districts of Sindh. Size medium, ovate, oblique, base
obliquely flattened, Ventral structure boarder and much higher than dorsal,
beak just a point, sinus not prominent, color of the ripe fruit yellow or brownish
yellow, skin thin, pulp yellowish brown, flesh firm, taste very sweet, flavor
excellent, almost fibre less. Fruit quality is good. Mid season variety harvested
in July.

Sammar Bahisht
It has originated as a superior chance seedling in Muzaffernager U.P. It got its
name because of its pleasant flavor. Fruit medium, base slightly flattened,
shoulders equal, sinus very light, beak point prominent, skin greenish yellow,
thin, pulp yellow, very sweet, sparsely fibrous, flavor pleasant to delicious.
Stone medium and oblong, oval. Quality of the fruit is very good, keeping and
peeling qualities well. Ripening season July-August.

Fajrikalan
It has originated as superior chance seedling in Bihar and gor its name after
the name of lady Fajri who selected and brought up its trees. Size big, oblong,
obliquely oval, base rounded, shoulder unequal, with ventral higher than the
dorsal, beak distinct, sinus very shallow with rounded apex. Skin thin, pulp
color pale, fibreless, taste sweet with pleasant flavor. Juice moderate to
abundant. Stone large, oblong. Fruit quality good to very good bearing late
season August, Keeping quality good.

Muhammadwala
Size small to medium, skin thick, yellow brown, pulp sweet, juicy, stone
medium sized, fiber very little. Very hard variety. Season early August.

Sammar Bahisht Chausa

It is originated as choicest seedling in a village Chausa in Malihabad, Tehsil of
Lucknow. It is also known as Kajri or Khajri. There is resemblance between
the foliage of Fajri and this variety but there are marked difference in fruit
shape and quality. Fruit medium to large ovate to oval, base obliquely
flattened, ventral shoulder raised than the dorsal, beak distinct, sinus shallow,
apex round, skin medium in thickness, smooth, flesh firm, fibre less with
pleasant flavor and sweet taste. Juice moderately abundant. Stone somewhat
large oblong. Fruit quality good, bearing heavy, keeping quality medium to
good. Ripening season in August (late).

Rataul (Anwar)
It has originated as a chance seedling in Shohra-e-Afaq Garden in Rataul.
Now is has become popular in mango growing areas of Punjab because of its
high flavor. Fruit medium, ovate, base flattened with equal shoulders, which
are rounded, beak not prominent, absent in some cases, sinus absent, and
apex round. Skin medium thick. Flesh firm, fibre less, flavor very pleasant,
with very sweet taste. Juice moderately abundant. Some medium oval. Fruit
quality very good. Ripening season in July (Mid-Season). Keeps well in
storage.

Bangapali
Another variety of Sindh. Fruit shape is obliquely oval, Size is big, length
about 14 cm. Breadth 9.1 cm Thickness 8.2 cm. Weight 22.0 oz. Base
obliquely flattened. Cavity not prominent. Stalk inserted obliquely. Shoulders
ventral typically razed, broader and much more higher than dorsal. Back
almost rounded. Skin color dark green and glazy when unripe. Yellowish light
green with very light crimson patches when ripe. Surface smooth, shining.
Dots small distinct. Glands small, crowded.

Neelam
Quality variety of Sindh. Fruit shape ovate, size small, length 7.7cm breath
5.9cm thickness 5.6cm weight 5.0oz. The base is rounded. Stalk inserted
squarely. Cavity slight to absent, Shoulders unequal. Ventral is higher than
dorsal, back rounded. Sinus slight to shallow, Beak acute to obtuse. Apex
rounded, Skin color sea green when unripe & yellow with reddish tinge when
ripe. Surface smooth. Small dots with numerous small glands.

Pests and Diseases of Mango

Aphids
These suck the sap of the leaves and attack the plant during Feb/Aug. Use
Folido 50% EC at the rate of 0.45 litres 450 litres of water per acre.

Fruitflies
These attack mango fruits throughout the season. They have three
generations and multiply very rapidly. For effective control collect all the fallen
and affected fruits and bury them deep into the soil. Pheromone traps can
also be used for trapping the male population. Use Dioptries 80% at the rate
of 1 litre in 450 litres of water or Malathion 57% at the rate of 0.5 litre to 450
litres of water per acre.

Mango Borer
These cause damage to shoots and stems between May and Oct. To protect
the stems, cover them with a cloth or Jute and paste charcoal over it. Fostoxin
tablets can also be placed and sealed in the holes made by the borers.

Mango Scales
These suck the sap from the leaves as a results of which the tree starts
drying. Collect the affected leaves and burn them to check further spread. Use
Metasystox 25% EC at the rate of 0.3 litre in 450 litres of water of Fotidal 50
EC at the rate of 0.5 litre in 450 litres of water per acre1.

Mango Malformation
This is a very serious disease of mango in which the leaves and inflorescence
are badly deformed and gradually dry up. There is no fruit setting and no
production is obtained. There is no effective control yet, however, with better
cultural measures incidence can be rudeced.

Mango Blight
This is caused by Erwinia bacteria. Many spots appear on the leaves which
cause a reduction in growth and yield. Use Dithane M 45 at the rate of 750
gram in 450 litres of water per acre.

Mango production worldwide

The rapid growth of mango production in recent years has been due to its
expansion into new growing regions of the New Worlds, China and parts of

Africa; the planting of regular bearing selections; and the adoption of modern
field practices, which include irrigation management, control of flowering, etc.
There is an estimated 3.7 million ha of mango worldwide.
Mangoes form a regular part of the diet of people in areas where the fruit is
easily grown; it may be eaten ripe or green.
The mango is the most important fruit of Asia, and currently ranks fifth in the
total production among major fruit crops worldwide after bananas and
plantain, citrus, grapes and apples. The top five largest mango exporting
countries are Mexico, India, Brazil, Peru and the Philippines with export world
value at US$560.4 million.
The largest mango producing country is India, where this crop has been
cultivated for 4000 to 6000 years. India produces approximately 10 million
metric tons of mangoes annually, which is more than 35% of the worlds
production. In 2012 India produced mango about 15.25 million metric tons out
of worldwide production at 42 million metric tons.
The top five mango importing countries are the USA, the Netherlands, the
United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Bangladesh with import valued at
US$703.9 million.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
world mango production has increased from 16,903,407 tons in 1990 to
28,221,510 tons in 2005.
Approximately 1% of mango production is utilized for processing for juice,
nectars, preserves, fruit leather, dried fruit slices, frozen pulp, and as a
flavoring for baked goods, ice cream, yoghurt, etc.

World Top 10 Mango Producing Countries 2011

Rank

Country

Production (Tonnes)

India

15,188,000

China, Mainland

4,350,000

Thailand

2,600,000

Indonesia

2,131,139

Pakistan

1,888,449

Mexico

1,827,314

Brazil

1,249,521

Bangladesh

889,176

Nigeria

850,000

10

Philippines

800,551

Health Benefits of Mangoes

Introduction
Mangoes are very low in saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium. They are also
an excellent source of dietary fiber and vitamin B6, as well as a good source
of vitamin A and vitamin C. Mangoes are rich in minerals like potassium,
magnesium and copper, and they are one of the best sources of
quercetin,betacarotene, and astragalin. These powerful antioxidants have the
power to neutralize free radicals throughout the body. Ailments like heart
disease, premature aging, cancer and degenerative diseases are due to these
free radicals that damage the cells.
In China, mangoes are sweet and sour and offer a cooling sensation. The
tonic made from mangoes in Chinese herbal medicine is known as yin tonic,
and it is used to treat bleeding gums, anemia, cough, constipation, nausea,
fever, sea sickness and as a cure for weak digestion.

Benefits of Mangoes Are,

Keeps Blood Pressure Under Control
Mangoes have an impressive vitamin content that assures overall health.
They are rich in potassium (4% in 156 mg) and magnesium (2% in 9 mg), and
mangoes are great natural remedies for high blood pressure patients. They
also contain selenium, calcium, iron and phosphorus. Mangoes are said to be
vitamin powerhouses as they are rich in riboflavin, vitamin B6, A, C, E, K,
niacin, folate, thiamin and panthothenic acid. These components help you to
avoid a host of diseases that can come from deficiencies of these vitamins

and minerals. The vitamin E content in mangoes can even help to boost your
sex life by triggering the activity of your sex hormones.

Cancer Prevention and Heart Health

Mangoes have high amounts of pectin, a soluble dietary fiber that efficiently
contributes to lower cholesterol levels in the blood. Pectin can also help
prevent you from developing prostate cancer. Recently, studies at The
Institute for Food Research discovered that a compound within pectin
combines with galectin 3 (a protein playing significant role in all the stages of
cancer). The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer also has come up
with a strong association between eating mango and lowering the risk of
cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.

Weight Gain
Mango consumption is one of the easiest ways to gain weight. 150g of mango
has around 86 calories, which can be absorbed easily by the body. Moreover,
mangoes contain starch, which transforms into sugar that aids in gaining
weight. Some people work hard to put on weight for a variety of reasons, and
mango should definitely be a part of their diet. Mango milkshakes will
accelerate the process of gaining weight since they also contain milk, and are
notoriously delicious!

Aids Digestion
Mangoes play a prominent role in eliminating problems such as indigestion
and excess acidity. The digestive enzymes in mangoes help to promote
natural, efficient digestion. The bioactive ingredients in mangoes like esters,
terpenes and aldehydes contribute in enhancing appetite and also improve
the function of the digestive system.

Cures Anemia & Helps in Pregnancy

Mangoes are rich in iron, which makes them beneficial for people suffering
from anemia. A regular, moderated intake of mangoes can help eliminate
anemia by increasing the red blood cell count in the body.
Mangoes are also very beneficial for pregnant woman, since the iron
requirements during pregnant is extremely essential. Doctors often prescribe
iron tablets during pregnancy, but instead of supplementation, you can enjoy a
healthy iron-rich diet with juicy mangoes. The taste buds during pregnancy
usually lose some of their sensitivity, so mangoes will surely prove to be the
delight of your day, for more than just its health benefits.

Cures Acne
Perhaps you are surprised to know that mangoes are closely related to skin
health. Other than bringing a healthy glow to your face, mangoes also help to
lighten skin color. You can easily enhance your beauty by including this tasty
fruit in your diet on a regular basis.
Mangoes effectively treat acne by opening the clogged pores of the skin.
Once these pores are opened, acne formation will eventually stop. Unclogging
the pores of the skin is the most effective way to eliminate acne. To enjoy this
benefit, there is no need to eat mangoes every day; you need to remove the
mango pulp and apply it on the skin for around 10 minutes, then rinse it off.

Slows the Signs of Aging

Mangoes contain high amounts of vitamin A and vitamin C, which both help to
produce collagen proteins inside the body. Collagen helps to protect blood
vessels and the bodys connective tissues, thereby slowing down the skins
natural aging process. Therefore, mangoes can rightly be called an anti-aging
food. Dietary supplementation is the best way to restore your youth in a
natural and delicious way.

Promotes Brain Health

Mangoes have abundant quantities of vitamin B-6, which is vital for

maintaining and improving the brains function. These vitamins aid in the
amalgamation of the major neurotransmitters that contributes in determining
mood and the modification of sleeping patterns. Mangoes naturally provide
significant quantities of this vitamin. With mangoes as a part of your diet, you
can be assured of a healthy brain and effective nerve functioning. You will also
be avoiding medicinal supplements, which have a long list of possible side
effects. The Glutamine acid content in mangoes also improves concentration
and the power of your memory.

Boosts Body Immunity

As mentioned earlier, similar to carrots, mangoes are rich in beta-carotene, a
powerful carotenoid. This element of mango helps in to enhance the immune
system of the body and make it impervious to bacteria and toxins. Excess
beta-carotene is also transformed into vitamin A inside the body. Vitamin A is
another antioxidant vitamin and gives you additional protection against the
free radicals that can harm your internal systems. Thus, mangoes are great
choice for food items to add into your regular diet. They not only increase your
chances of living a disease-free life, but is also a pleasure to eat due to its
magnificent taste.

Diabetes Management and Prevention

Further research is still ongoing, but some studies have already revealed that
mangoes are a great natural remedy for diabetes. It was a long-told myth that
diabetic patients should avoid mangoes because of its sweet taste; now it is
being shown that other than the fruit, the mango leaves are also helpful in
curing diabetes. Place 10 or 15 mango leaves in warm water and close it with
a lid before going to bed. In the morning, drink the water on an empty stomach
after filtering the leaves. Regular practice of this method has shown positive
results for diabetic patients in the management of their blood sugar levels.

A Few Final Facts About Mangoes

Mangoes are found in two varieties, one from India and the other from the
Philippines and Southeast Asia. Indian mangoes have a bright yellow or red
color, while the Philippines species has a pale green color. The mango plant
requires a frost-free climate, because the flowers and fruits will be damaged if
the temperatures drop below 40 F. The fruits are favored in warm, dry
weather.
Mango trees create a scenic landscape and grow up to 65 feet. Mango trees
are also known for their longevity; some specimens are known to live for more
than 300 years and continue to bear fruit. The leaves of mango trees are
usually pale green in color, which darkens as they grow and increase in
height. The young leaves are usually red in color. The flowers appear on a
mango tree at the branch terminals. The reddish flowers are found in dense
panicles of up to 2,000 tiny flowers. These flowers emit a volatile substance
that may be an allergen to some people and potentially cause respiratory
trouble.
The fruiting bodies of a mango tree grow at the rear end of the string-like stem
(the former panicle). The size of the fruit is usually 2 to 9 inches long and
shape may vary between being kidney shaped, oval or round. The flesh of
mangoes is a similar consistency to peaches. The flesh is excessively juicy
and radiates from the husk of a singular oval shaped seed. Mango fruit takes
100 to 150 days after flowering to fully mature.
Proper growth of mango trees is possible only in dense shade and good
drainage. Mango trees grow in any well-drained soil with a pH between 5.5
and 7.5. The plant needs a deep area of soil to spread its extensive root
network, and the tree requires frost protection when it is at its youngest,
tender age. Bacterial spots, pests and other plant diseases can develop, and
there are many known treatments to keep the trees healthy.

Mangoes are mainly grown in tropical countries, but California, Florida,

Central America and Mexico have developed their mango cultivation greatly
and have become major suppliers to U.S. markets.