GLAND/ORGAN

PITUITARY
ANTERIOR LOBE
(adenophysis)

HORMONE(S)
SECRETED/
RELEASED
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone- stimulated
by CRH from
hypothalamus

HYPERSECRETION

Stimulates adrenal cortex to

produce cortisol,
corticosteroids, and
androgens; can stimulate
melanocytes
Controls bone and tissue
growth and regulates
metabolism (influences
secretion of insulin-like
growth factor I from liver)

HYPOSECRETION

Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion or

(Cushing Disease)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Gigantism (preadult)- abnormall

tall (~ 8ft)
Acromegaly (mature adult)

dwarfism (pre-adult)
adults with growth hormone
deficiency feel tired to a level
that impairs their wellbeing

Regulates thyroid hormone

(via secretion of thyroxine
[T4] and triiodothyronine
[T3])

Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease

Hypothyroidism
Myxedema- Physical and
mental sluggishness (not
retardation), puffines of face,
fatigue, poor muscle tone,
low body temperature,
obesity, dry skin

Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
stimulated by GnRH

Stimulates growth and

secretion of eggs in ovaries
(female) and sperm in testes
(male)

Understimulation of adrenal
cortex hormones
Kallmann syndrome

Luteinizing hormone
(in females)

Helps control ovulation and

menstruation; important in
sustaining pregnancy

Causes infertility and miscarriage

Multiple births (for women)

Isolated FSH deficiency

bPartial follicle stimulating
hormone deficiency in men can
cause delayed puberty and
limited sperm production
(oligozoospermia), but fathering
a child may still be possible.
lack of sexual development and
sterility
Hypogonadism

Growth Hormone
(GH or hGH),
somatotropic
hormone stimulated by GRH,
GHRH from
hypothalamus
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)stimulated by TRH
from hypothalamus

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ACTIONS

Adrenocorticotropic
hormone deficiency (ACTH
deficiency)
Cushing's syndrome

HORMONE(S)
GLAND/ORGAN
SECRETED/
RELEASED
Pituitary Anterior
Prolactin, lactogenic
lobe
hormone (PRL) (adenohypophysis) stimulated by PRH
from hypothalamus
LH (in males)
Interstitial cellstimulating hormone
(ICSH)(males)
Lipotropin

Posterior lobe
(neurohypophysis)

Oxtocin

Vasopressin
(antidiuretic
hormone ADH)
Middle lobe

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Melanocytestimulating hormone
(MSH) - stimulated
by CRH from
hypothalamus

ACTIONS
Stimulates mammary glands
to produce milk (after
pregnancy); influences
sexual gratification
Stimulates Leydig cells to
produce testosterone;
stimulates secretion of male
hormones (androgens)
Influences breakdown of
lipids (fats), production of
steroids, and melanin
production
Causes uterine contractions;
contractions of cervix and
vagina; influences orgasm;
stimulates milk production
Raises blood pressure (some
vasoconstriction); promotes
water reabsorption in kidney
tubules; influences uterus
Increases skin and hair
pigmentation

HYPERSECRETION

HYPOSECRETION

Prolactinoma
Hypoestrogenism with
anovulatory infertility

Hypoprolactinemia
Puerperal alactogenesis

Premature menopause (female)

Testicular failure (male)

Pasqualini syndrome
Hypoganidism

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Hyponatremia

For nursing mothers- prevent the

milk ejection reflex and
breastfeeding
Depression
Hypernatremia
Polyuria

Hyponatremia
Syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone(SIADH)

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome:

causes chronic pain and lethargy
Albinism: Hypopigmentation and
lack of melanin

Darkening of skin
Causes skin pigmentation (dark
blotches)

GLAND/ORGAN
Thyroid

HORMONE(S)
SECRETED/
RELEASED
Thyroxine
(tetraiodothyronine
T$)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

ACTIONS
Regulates body metabolism
(requires iodine) and growth
and development; affects
protein synthesis; affects
sensitivity to catecholamines

HYPERSECRETION

Calcitonin (CT
thyrocalcitonin)

Parathyroid

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Parathormone/
Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)

Stimulates calcium to leave

plasma and allows it to enter
bones
Speeds calcium absorption
from blood; promotes
calcium deposits in bone;
inhibits osteocalsts, thereby
promoting bone formation;
stimulates bone to release
calcium into blood; regulates
phosphorus balance; assists
in reabsorption of
magnesium
Promotes formation of
calcitriol and assists in
release of calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorus
into blood; activates vitamin
D

HYPOSECRETION

Hypothyroidism: low
metabolism, chills, constipation,
thick/dry skin, puffy eyes,
edema, lethargy, and mental
sluggishness
Goiter: enlarged thyroid due to
buildup of TSH
High calcium levels
No effect that may cause
physiological damage

Hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease: high
metabolism, sweating, rapid
heartbeat, nervousness, weight
loss, exophthalmos (bulging
eyes)

Excessive bone deposition of Ca+

would cause decreased blood
Ca+ level
Can be a marker for a rare
thyroid cancer.

Hypocalcimea: low blood Ca+

Hypoparathyroidism- loss of
sensation, muscle twitches,
convulsions; can eventually lead
to paralysis and death

Excessive bone degradation

would cause high blood Ca+
levels
Hyperparathyroidism:
depression of nervous system,
abnormal reflexes, weakness in
skeletal muscles, deformed
fragile bones, kidney stones

GLAND/ORGAN
Adrenals (Suprarenals) Adrenal
medulla

Adrenal cortex

HORMONE(S)
SECRETED/
RELEASED
Catecholamines
Epinephrine
(adrenaline)
Norepinephrine
Corticosteroids/
corticoids
Mineralocorticoids
(mainly aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids
(mostly cortisol)

Male sex hormones

Androgens (males)
including dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA) and
testosterone Female
sex hormones
(estrogens)very
small amount
Dopamine
Enkephalins

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ACTIONS

HYPERSECRETION

HYPOSECRETION

Adaptation to stress
fight or flight response
Suppresses the immune
system and nonemergency
functions
Increase blood volume
reabsorption of Na and
secretion of K
Regulates electrolyte levels
in extracellular fluid
Influence glucose, amino
acid, and fat synthesis in
metabolism
Decrease inflammatory
responses and promote
immunosuppression
Produce male sex
characteristics (anabolic
steroidsdevelop muscle
mass and strength, increase
bone mass and strength)
Produce female sex
characteristics

Addisons disease
Hypotension, dehydration,
hypoglycemia

Addisons Disease: dizziness, loss

of appetite, lethargy
High potassium levels, low
sodium levels

Addisons disease
Fatigue, dizziness upon standing,
weight loss, muscle weakness,
mood changes and the darkening
of regions of skin

Androgenital Syndrome
(masculinization in women),
hirsutism
Precocious puberty, muscle
atrophy and breast growth (in
male)

Low libido, fatigue, menopause

Infertility; Osteoporosis

Increases heart rate and

blood pressure
Regulate pain, mood,
behavior
Serve as neurotransmitters

Exacerbated anxiety, agitation,

nervousness, tension, high
feeling of pleasure, high energy
and libido, insomnia

Impaired mental performance;

Attention deficits-ADHD,
blunted effect, depression,
fatigue

Cushings Syndrome
Hypertension, water-retension,
hyperglycemia, sweating,
nervousness, complete
exhaustion
Primary Aldosteronism: fatigue,
numbness, headaches
Hypertension and edema due to
Na+ and water retention,
accelerated secretion of K
Cushings syndrome
Lack of sex drive and irregular
periods for women

GLAND/ORGAN
Gonads Testes
(male)

HORMONE(S)
SECRETED/
RELEASED
Testosterone

ACTIONS

HYPERSECRETION

Develops male sex

characteristics (also
influenced by androgens)

Thymus

Thymosin (thymic
hormone)

Stimulates production of T
cells for cellular immunity

Pineal body

Melatonin (an
antioxidant)

Ovaries (female)from ovarian

follicle of corpus
luteum

Estrogen and
progestins
(progesterone is the
primary progestin)

Regulates sleep-wake cycles;

may play a role in
influencing reproductive
processes
Regulate female sex
characteristics, functions,
menstruation, allow sperm
penetration, maintain
pregnancy (inhibit
premature onset of labor,
suppress lactation, inhibit
immune response toward
embryo, anti-inflammatory)
Reduces gall bladder activity,
regulates levels of certain
minerals, assists thyroid
function, promotes healing,
promotes nerve functioning,
prevents endometrial cancer
in women

Progesterone

5|Page

HYPOSECRETION

Precocious puberty; muscle

hypertrophy; amenorrhea,
virilism, hirsutism, missed
periods (in women)
Elevated metabolic rate,
nervousness

Lack of sexual development;

Addisons disease

Excessive sleepiness, decreased

reproductive behavior,
depressed mood, Seasonal
Affective Disorder (SAD)
It males, it can cause
feminization (breast
development)
Premature sexual development
(female)
Infertility

Failure of immune system;

Lowered resistance to infections
and/or stress
Jet-lagged feeling, insomnia

Some may experience acne, fluid

retention, headaches, and mood
changes
Nausea and vomiting
Risk of bone loss which can cause
osteoporosis

Lack of female secondary sex

characteristics
"Hot flashes", vaginal dryness,
libido changes, sleep disorders,
anxiety sensation, depression,
changes in skin, mood and
overall sense of wellness
Infertility
Osteoporosis
Lesser alkalinity of the uterus
Lesser or no chance of becoming
pregnant (sterility)

GLAND/ORGAN
Ovaries (female)from ovarian
follicle of corpus
luteum

HORMONE(S)
SECRETED/
RELEASED
Estradiol

Inhibin

Pancreas Alpha
cells (islets)

Glucagon

Beta cells (islets)

Insulin

Amylin
.

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ACTIONS
HYPERSECRETION

HYPOSECRETION

Prevents apoptosis
(destruction) of germ cells,
increases liver function,
promotes blood coagulation,
assists in fluid and
electrolyte balance
Inhibits FSH production

Precocious puberty

Infertility
Menopause

Risk of certain bone-related

conditions

Speeds glycogenolysis; raises

blood sugar; stimulates
breakdown of fats and
proteins
Regulator of carbohydrate,
protein, and fat metabolism.
Enables cells to use glucose;
lowers blood sugar;
facilitates synthesis of
triglycerides; suppresses
exocrine secretions of
pancreas

In a pregnant woman, an
increased chance the baby may
have Down syndrome
diabetes mellitus
venous thrombosis

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia
Diabetes (if the patient
underwent an operation to cure
insulinoma, a tumor in pancreas
that produce too much insulin.)
Heart disease.

Helps regulate glucose

balance; sends satiety
signals to brain

Risk for developing diabetes

increases.
Hypoglycemia

High glucose levels in blood.

When the glucose is high
enough, some glucose may spill
in urine that causes a person to
urinate more frequently. This
causes dehydration.
Cells cannot take in glucose for
energy so they take energy from
other sources like fats thus
making the body tired.
As with insulin, lack of Amylin
may lead to high levels of
glucose in blood.
Glucagon can also be produced
too much without amylin.

GLAND/ORGAN
Delta cells (islets)

F cells (islets PP
cells)

HORMONE(S)
SECRETED/
RELEASED
Somatostatin

Pancreatic
polypeptide

ACTIONS
HYPERSECRETION
Inhibits release of insulin
and glucagon; lowers rate of
gastric emptying; reduces
smooth muscle contractions
and intestinal blood flow
Inhibits secretion of
somatostatin and pancreatic
digestive enzymes

Stomach and Small Gastrin and

Intestine
Histamine

Stimulates secretion of
gastric acid

Ghrelin

Stimulates appetite;
stimulates secretion of GH

Neuropeptide Y
(NPY)

7|Page

Increases food intake;

decreases physical activity;
decreases secretion of
bicarbonate

Extreme reduction in the

production of many endocrine
hormones. An example is the
suppression of insulin that can
cause diabetes.
Too much of PP may inhibit too
much pancreatic digestive
enzymes, which break down fats,
proteins and carbohydrates
which can lead to deficiency of
nutrients.
Anorexia nervosa - complex
eating disorder involving refusal
to maintain a healthy body
weight; an intense fear of gaining
weight
Ulcer and Zollinger-Ellison
Syndrome
Characterized by too much
gastric acid.
Obesity
Characterized by too much
appetite
Prader-Willi syndrome- a genetic
disease in which patients have
severe obesity, extreme hunger
and learning difficulties
Obesity
Increased food intake which can
result to too much nutrients.

HYPOSECRETION

Too little can let too much

insulin be produced that causes
hypoglycemia.
Can also lead to too much
secretion of growth hormones.
Too little can cause too much of
Somatostatin and Pancreatic
enzymes that can lead to too
much nutrients like glucose.
Increased food intake

Affects an individuals ability to

digest and absorb nutrients.

Lack of nutrients.
Because it stimulates appetite, it
can cause a person to eat less
and can result to inadequate
nutrients.

Decreased appetite.
Lack of nutrients.

HORMONE(S)
GLAND/ORGAN
SECRETED/
RELEASED
Stomach and Small Secretin and
Intestine
pancreozymin

Somatostatin

Histamine
Endothelin

ACTIONS
Enhance effects of
cholecystokin (CCK); stop
production of gastric juice;
stimulate pancreas to
release pancreatic juice.
Stimulate secretion of
bicarbonate from liver;
pancreas, and duodenum
(Brunners glands)
Suppresses release of
gastrin, cholecystokinin
(CCK), secretin, and other
substances; reduces rate of
gastric emptying; reduces
smooth muscle contractions
and intestinal blood flow
Stimulates gastric acid
secretion and influences
smooth muscle contractions
in stomach respectively.

HYPERSECRETION

Nausea
Vomiting
Fevers and constipation

Autism

As somatostatin inhibits many

functions of the gastrointestinal
tract, its overproduction may
also result in the formation of
gallstones, intolerance to fat in
the diet and diarrhea.

Too little somatostatin can cause

too much of a hormone it
inhibits like, the hormone
gastrin, which can lead to too
much gastric acid and eventually
develop into ulcer.

With the function of stimulating

gastric acid secretion, too much
histamine can cause an individual
ulcer.
Too much endothelin can cause
high blood pressure
(hypertension) and heart
diseases.

Low levels of Histamine can give

low amount of gastric acid that
can affect ones digestion.

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HYPOSECRETION

GLAND/ORGAN
Duodenum

HORMONE(S)
SECRETED/
RELEASED
Cholecystokinin (CCK
)

ACTIONS
Stimulates release of
digestive enzymes from
pancreas, release of bile
from gall bladder;
suppresses hunger

HYPERSECRETION

Ilium and colon

Human incretin
hormone
(glucagon-like
peptide-I)

Influences secretion of
insulin by pancreas

Striated Muscle

Thrombopoietin

Stimulates megakaryocytes
to produce platelets

9|Page

HYPOSECRETION

Excess cholecystokinin has been

observed to cause severe
hypersensitive reactions
including laryngeal edema in the
patient with chemical sensitivity.
-too much CCK induces drug
tolerance to morphine and
heroin

Hyperinsulinemia,
or hyperinsulinaemia is a
condition in which there are
excess levels of insulin circulating
in the blood relative to the level
of glucose.
Hypoglycemia
A condition characterized by
abnormally low blood glucose
due to high insulin levels.
Thrombocytosis
Presence of high platelet counts
in the blood. This can cause
excessive clotting or sometimes
bleeding.
Haematological disease
Due to a failure to regulate the
production of platelets (platelet
count greater than 600 x 109/L)

CCK deficiency has been

described as part of autoimmune
polyglandular syndrome (rare
disease in endocrine organ)
lack of CCK causes nausea and
anxiety

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

results from the pancreas's
failure to produce enough
insulin.
Hyperglycemia
An excess in glucose in the
bloodstream due to less amount
of insulin.

Thrombocytopenia
Case where there is lower than
normal number of platelets in
the blood
Lack of thrombopoietin
potentiation of platelet collagen
activation in the first trimester is
associated with preeclampsia

GLAND/ORGAN
Adipose Tissue
(fat)

HORMONE(S)
SECRETED/
RELEASED
Leptin

ACTIONS
Decreases appetite;
increases metabolism

HYPERSECRETION

Atrial-natriuretic
peptide
(ANP), atrialnatriuretic
factor (ANf)
Brain-natriuretic
peptide
(BNP)

Heart

Thrombopoietin
Insulin-like growth
factor
(somatomedin)
Angiotensin and
angiotensinogen

Liver

Renin
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol
Thrombopoietin

Kidney

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Reduces blood pressure by

decreasing
vascular resistance and fluid
volume; influences
balance of sodium and fats
in blood Influences
lowering of blood pressure
Stimulates platelet
production
Regulates cell growth and
development; also
has insulin-like effects
Vasoconstriction;
influence release of
aldosterone from adrenal
cortex
Activates renin-angiotensin
system by
stimulating production of
angiotensin I and
angiotensinogen

Obesity, a disorder in which

leptin levels are high, is a risk
factor for breast cancer.
Excess in leptin could potentially
increase the frequency or
severity of hypoglycemia in
diabetic patients
Central nervous system disorders
such as:
Brain Tumors
Hydrocephalus
Head Trauma
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Elevated cardiac filling pressure
Increases chances of having CHF
Overproduction of platelets
which may lead to some diseases
Associated with acute coronary
syndromes
Stimulates production of
somatostatin from the
hypothalamus
Gigantism/Acromegaly
(Children/Adults)
Dizziness
Muscle and joint pain
Causes viscosity and thickness of
the blood

HYPOSECRETION

Absence of leptin in the body or

leptin resistance can lead to
uncontrolled feeding and weight
gain.
eptin deficiency may also cause a
delay in puberty and poor
function of the immune system

Heart failure
Atrial infarction
Hyponatremia

May affect hematopoiesis

Affects platelet production
Dwarfism
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count

Lack of red blood cells; affects

blood pressure
Fatigue
headaches

Stimulates production of
erythrocytes (red blood
cells [RBCs]) Increases
calcium and phosphate
absorption, inhibits release
of parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
Stimulates platelet
production by the
megakaryocytes
SUBMITTED BY: GROUP C
Shannen Felipe

Jay Martin L. Guanco

Veronica Villaraza

Koreen Corpuz

Geri Tutanes Aquino

Reina Christine Flores
Maria Nikka Joy Hernandez
Celin Audrey Nunez
Ria Xaris Templonuevo
Samantha Bettina Villanueva
Monica Gamolo
Chloe Jeen Co
Ferdinand Miguel Labatiao
Miguel Carlos Fiel
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