Elevate Training Eng PDF

Installer
training manual
Contents
Part 1: Theory
- The early days of satellite
- Different types of orbit
- Types of satellite orbits
- Astra 2F footprint & parameters
- The satellite transmission chain
- Theoretical fundamentals
- 1. The volt
- 2. The amp & the watt
- 3. Alternating current the sine wave
- 4. Direct current
- 5. Frequency
- 6. Frequency terminology
- 7. The frequency spectrum
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Satellite bands
- Satellite band usage
- 8. The decibel (dB)
- 9. Lines of latitude and longitude
- 10. The electro-magnetic wave
- 11. The analogue waveform
- 12. The digital signal
- 13. What is modulation?
- 14. Amplitude modulation
- 15. Frequency modulation
- 16. Quadrature phase shift keyed modulation
- 17. Bandwidth
- 18. Atmospheric noise
- 19. Electronic noise
- 20. Rain fade
- 21. Sun outages
- 22. The satellite frequency groups
- 23. C-band & Ku-band comparisons
- 24. Satellite transmission power
- 25. Free space and atmospheric transmission losses
- Polarisation H and V
- 26. Polarisation
- 27. What is a reflector?
- 28. Reflector size
- 29. Factors a!ecting gain
- 30. Beam width
- 31. Carrier to noise ratio
- 32. Symbol rate
- 33. Forward error correction - FEC
- 34. Bit error rate BER
- 35. Compression
- 36. The LNB
- 37. The feed horn
- 38. LNB principles of operation
- 39. Workings of the down convertor
- 40. Types of LNBs
- 41. Elevation and azimuth
- 42. The skew
- 43. Decryption
- 44. The coaxial cable
- 45. Coaxial cable impedance
- 46. Coaxial cable D.C. resistance
- 47. Coaxial cable signal loss
- 48. Underground coaxial installation
2 | Installer training manual
Page 4
Page 5
Page 6 - 7
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9 - 26
Page 9
Page 10
Page 10
Page 10 - 12
Page 11
Page 12
Page 12
Page 12 - 13
Page 14
Page 14 - 15
Page 15
Page 16
Page 17
Page 18
Page 19
Page 20
Page 21
Page 22 - 23
Page 23 - 24
Page 24
Page 25
Contents
Part 2: Practical Installation
- 1. Dealing with the client
- 2. Basic test equipment
- 3. Basic tool set
- 4. Reception equipment
- 5. Selecting the installation position
- 6. Setting polarisation offset (LNB Skew)
- 9. Installing the mounting bracket
- 10. Installing the mounting bracket
- 11. Aligning the satellite antenna
- 12. Setting the skew
- 13. The cable installation
- 14. Cable installation
- 15. Cable installation outside wall
- 16. Cable installation outside wall
- 17. Cable installation inside wall
- 18. The f connectors
- 19. The f connector
- 20. Earthing
- 21. Installing the decoder
- 22. Signal scan
Page 26
Page 27
Page 28
Page 29
Page 30
Page 31
Page 32
Page 33
This informational booklet has been published as part of the SES Elevate programme in association with specific
broadcast partners. All information held within is the property of SES. Any duplication or use of the information
inside, without prior permission, is strictly prohibited and offenders will be prosecuted.
Installer training manual | 3
Part 1.
Theory
Power at
satellite =
Satellite transmits = 100
0.0000000001
Transmission path loss
Transmission loss
Atmospheric loss
initial power = 1.000
Power to receiving
earth station = 0.00000000001
Other losses:
RF ineffiencies
Noise from other RF sources:
- The sun
- The earth
Power dissipation
Inefficient amplification
Figure 1. The Satellite Transmission Path
The Early Days of Satellite

Arthur. C. Clarke 1945
36000 KM
Extra-terrestrial relays
+/- 36,000 Km above earth appear

to be standing still
In the 1960s rockets became powerful
enough to send satellites into this orbit.
0
00
36
KM
360
Figure 2. Total Global Coverage
00 K
Different types of orbit

Three main types of orbit for satellite communications:
1. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GSO)
90% of the time, Geostation Earth Orbit satellites will be the object of your attention:
They are long way from earth (22,237 miles) but they appear stationary when seen from the earths
surface. A signal takes about a quarter of a second to do a round trip from the earth to the satallite and
then back to earth, so there is a noticeable voice delay
2. Non-Geostationary (NGSO)
3. Polar
GSO: Orbital slots:

The location of a satellite is called an orbital slot
The orbital slot is measured in degrees of longitude from the Greenwich Meridian
LEO
MEO
GSO
LEO - Low Earth orbit

MEO - Medium Earth Orbit
GSO - Geostation Earth Orbit
Types of satellite orbit

1. Low and medium earth orbit
2. Polar orbit
Figure 3. Low Earth orbit
Figure 4. Polar orbit
+/- 300 Kms above the earth

Fast orbit
Need tracking
Telecomm use
3. High earth orbit
4. Inclined orbit
Figure 6. High Earth orbit
Orbits across north and south pole

Fast orbit
Needs tracking
Telecomms use
Figure 5. Inclined orbit
Further than 40,000 km

Slow orbit
Space exploration
Mostly used by russians to get signals to

and from polar regions i.e. Siberia
Fast orbit
Require tracking
5. Geo-stationary orbit
Figure 7. Geo-stationary orbit
36,000 km from the earth

Above equator
Appears stationary
Orbits around earth at 15o per hour
Does not require tracking
Used mostly for DTH and VSAT
Types of satellite orbit

Astra 2F footprints & parameters
SES-5 Sub-Saharan Africa Ku-band beam
Key data
Orbital location
28.2E
Coverage
West Africa, Europe
Launch date
28 September 2012
Launch vehicle
Ariane 5 ECA
Satellitle manufacturer
EADS Astrium
Polarisation
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear
Total transponders
Ku-Band: Europe: 48
Africa:12
Ka-Band: 3
Design life
15 Years
SES-5 footprints & parameters

SES-5 Sub-Saharan Africa Ku-band beam
Key data
Launch date
10 July 2012
Launch vehicle
Proton Breeze M
Transponders
C-band: up to 22
(36 MHz equivalent)
Ku-band: up to 24
out of 6 FSS (36 MHz)
24 BSS (33 MHz)
Design life
15+ years
Satellite manufacturer
Space Systems Loral
Polarisation
C-band: Circular
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear (Europe
uplink)
The Satellite transmission chain
Satellite transponder
qu
3
U 60
pl 00
in K
k m
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
m fre
K
0 nk
00 nli
36 ow
D
cy
en
Figure 8.The satellite transmission chain
Uplink
Uplink
Transmits the programmes to the satellite
Satellite
Converts the uplink frequencies to lower
frquencies amd amplifies them before
transmitting back to earth
TVRO
Receives the signals, converts
to a lower frequency
Receiver
De-modulates signal and decrypts for viewing
on TV set
The domestic receive only television site

Uplink
Concentrates Ku-band signals
LNB
Amplifies and down converts signals
Satellite Receiver
De-modulates and descrypts signals
TV/Monitor
Displays the programmes
Signal
Reflector
LNB
TV
Sat receiver
Figure 9.TVRO (Down link site)
Theoretical fundamentals
Figure 10a. Volt vs millivolt
Figure 10b. Millivolt vs microvolt
1. The volt
2. The amp & the watt
Electrical force or pressure

Received satallite signals are small
Use the millivolt
(One thousand of a volt)
Use the microvolt
(one millionth of a volt)
The amp can be regarded as the volume of

electricity in a wire or circuit
The watt is the amount of power generated when
the volts and amps are multiplied together
Watts is used for the power transmitted by the
satellite, but not for the signals received as these
are too small
The footprint is rated in watts, but this relates to
the power transmitted from the satellite
Figure 11. The AC Waveform
3. Alternating current the sine wave

The value varies between a positive and equal
negative value over time
This is the type of waveform transmitted to and
from the satellite
Figure 12. The DC Waveform
4. Direct current
The one port of the supply always stays positive
and the other always stays negative
Used for power and switching to the LNB
Think of D.C as the way a car battery works
Figure 13a. Frequency of 1HZ (one cycle per second)
Figure 13b. Frequency of SHZ (five cycle per second)
5. Frequency
Number of cycle per second is known
as the frequency
6. Frequency terminolgy
1 Hertz = 1 cycle per second
1 000 Hertz = 1 kilohertz = 1000 cycles per second
1,000,000 Hertz = megahertz = 1 000 000 cycles per second
1,000,000,000 Hertz = 1 gigahertz = 1 000 000 000 cycles per second
Figure 14. Frequency Spectrum
7. The frequency spectrum

All these frequencies are sine waves
It is only the number of oscillations pers second
that are differrent
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
X KU K Ka
SHF
G
ra am
ys m
a
U
vi ltra
ol
et
The electromagnetic spectrum
EHF
Satellite bands
L-band: excusively reserved for mobile satellite
service (MSS). Currently inmarsatand Globalstar,
ICO and others to follow
C-band: fixed satellite service (FSS) and television
broadcast (BSS). Mainly used in areas of high
rainfall, Asia, Africa and Latin America, due to its
tolerance to rain fade. Often used in beams with
widely dispersed power, e.g. Global beams
Ku-band: FSS and BSS primarily used in North

America and Europe, not least because it aviods
terrestrail C-band Interfarence. Often configured
as high powered spot beams
Ka-band: The path for broadband services
vai satellite. Very susceptible to atmospheric
attenuation. Commercial use is small today, but
many future projects plan Ka-band systems
Satellite band usage

Bands
Frequencies
Spectrum available
Typical applications
1.5-1.6 GHz
50 MHz
Mobile satellite communications
2.5 GHz
70 MHz
Mobile satellite communications
4-6 GHz
500 MHz
Trunk telephony / data / DTH
7-8 GHz
30 MHz
Military / Feeder links
Ku
10-14 GHz
2 GHz
DTH / data
Ka
20-30 GHz
2 GHz
Broadband applications
Q/V
37.5-40.5 GHz
3 GHz
71-74 GHz
3 GHz
8. The decibel (dB)

54 dBuV= millivolt
60 dBuV= 1 millivolt
57 dBuV= millivolt
Remember this is how it reads on your field strength meter!
Figure 15. Latitude and longitude
Figure 15. Electro magnetic wave
9. Lines of latitude &

longitude
10. The electromagnetic

wave
The lines of latitude run parallel to the equator

The lines of longitude run from the North to the South
poles and converge at the poles
These lines decide the elevation, azimuth and skew of
every satellite installation
All sine waves have a magnetic and electric part at

right angles to each other
The electrical part determines the polarazation
Figure 16. Analogue signal
11. The analogue

wave form
The voltage level of this wave form varies with time
This is the type wave form that is transmitted to and
from the satellite
Figure 17. Digital signal
12. The digital signal

Only has two values 1 or 0
1 Can be any value
This is the form used for the television signal that is
modulated onto the satellite frequency
13. What is modulation?

This is the term used whereby the shape of the carrier is
changed by another waveform 1, 000, 000, 000 hertz = 1
gigahertz = 1 000 000 000 cycles per second.
In the instance of satellite television this means the

change of shape of the carrier (or signal) that is used to
transmit the programmes to the satellite by the signal
that contains the picture information
Figure 18. The amplitude modulated signal
Figure 19. The frequency modulated signal
14. Amplitude modulation
15. Frequency modulation
Only has two values 1 or 0

1 Can be any value
This is the form used for the television signal that
is modulated onto the satellite frequency
The modulation signals changes the value of the

frequency and the amplitude
Immune to noise
Used in the earlier analogue satellite transmission
frequency
Figure 20. QPSK
16. Quadrature phase shift keyed modulation

Phase shift used instead of frequency shift
Each phase shift gives two symbols
Reduce band width for digital television
Figure 21a. Frequency with no modulation
Figure 21b. Frequency with 1 MHZ modulation
17. Bandwidth
The carrier without modulation is only a sharp spike
When modulation is added the signal spreads on either side of the centre frequency
The more information required the wider the bandwidth gets
Bandwidth is the limiting technical restaints in satellite transmission
Figure 22. Noise and signal
18. Atmospheric noise

This noise is created by small molecules rubbing
together on the atmosphere
Cannot be seen or heared
Ground noise comes from the ground
The hotter and drier it is, more ground noise
available
NB! The satellite signal has to travel through this noise!
19. Electronic noise

Every electronic circuit generates noise
The higher the gain the more noise is generated
The noise is also caused by molecules movement
The noise figure (N.F) On the side of the LNB shows the amount of noise the LNB generates
The lower this figure the better it is
Figure 23. Sun outage

Figure 24. Fading solaire
Figure 23. Affaiblissement d la pluie
20. Rain fade
21. Sun outages
The rain drops are much larger than the wavel length
of the Ku-band signals
Some of the signal is also absorbed in the rain
drops and the energy is lost in heat as it warms the
rain drops
Some of the signal is reflected
The sun is the biggest generator of noise

In March and September the sun is directly behind the
satellite
The noise level is much higher than the signal level
Figure 24
22. The satellite frequency groups

L-band
C-band down link
C-band up link
Ku-band down link
Ku-band up link
The L-band frequency is a much lower frequency so that

the signal can be transmitted down the coax cable
If the signals at C-band and Ku-band were transmitted
down the coax cable the signal losses would be too high
23. C-band & Ku-band comparison

C-band
Minimal rain fade

Reflectors are much larger
Prone to Terrestrail interference
Lower frequency
Ku-band
Suffers from rain fade

smaller reflectors required
No terrestrail interference
High frequency
24. Satellite transmission power

L
ow power transonders
2,5 Watts per channel
M
edium power transponders
55 Watts per channel
H
igh power transponders
>110 Watts per channel
T
his power is not enough and is increased
by the antenna gain (effective isotropic
radiated power)
T
ypical E.I.R.P. used across African can be
44 dBW (25120 Watts)
25. Free space & atmospheric transmission losses

E.I.R.P. from satellite 25120 Watts = 44 dBW
Transmission loss through space 200 dB
Signal received on earth -157 dBW = 0,0003 pw
one pico watt is one millionth of a watt!
So we are receiving close to nothing!
Polarisation - H & V
Geostationery arc
RI
ZI
N
TA
L
LI
N
EA
PO
LA
RI
ZA
TI
VE
RT
IC
AL
LI
N
EA
PO
AR
IZ
AT
I
Linear
Polarisation
Satellites
Earth
Figure 23. Polarisation H & V
Figure 25. Vertical and horizontal signals
Figure 26. The difference between off-set and prime focus
26. Polarisation
27. What is a reflector?
Satellite transmission can re-use the same frequencies

but on two different polarities
The polarity refers to the electricity part of the signal
Polarity can be vertical, horizontal, right hand circular
or left hand circular
Prime focus
Usually used for C-band
Signal blockage not that important due to reflector size
Off-set
Usually used on Ku-band
No signal blockage
Figure 27. Wave concentration at LNB
28. Reflector size
29. Factors affecting gain
The larger the reflector the more of the wave front

can be intercepted
This means more gain focuses all the signal onto
the LNB
The higher the frequency the higher the gain (A 2m

reflector will have a gain of 36 dB AT C-band and 45dB
at Ku-band)
The accuracy of the reflector surface
Over-illumination
Under-illumination
Figure 28. Beam width
Figure 29. Carrier to noise
30. Beam width
31. Carrier-to-Noise ratio
This is defined as the angle between the

half power points
The larger the reflector the smaller the beam width
The smaller the beam width, the harder to find the
signal, but the higher the signal level.
This is the ratio used to express the level of the signal

to the level of the noise
The better this level the better the reception
When the ratio is low the receiver cannot discriminate
between the signal and the noise
In digital measurement another measurement known as signal-to-noise is used, but the carrier is still very
important as a good c/n creates a good s/n
32. Symbol Rate

The symbol rate can be defined as the number
of digital symbols modulated onto a carrier in
one second
With QPSK there are two digital BITS per symbol
With 8PSK there are three digital BITS per symbol
DVB-S2 allows QPSK as well as higher order
modulation schemes including 8PSK, 16-APSK
and 32-APSK
In a 36 MHZ transponder the rate is usually 27,5 million

to 30 million symbols per second
When the ratio is low the receiver cannot discriminate
between the signal and the noise
33. Forward error

correction FEC
These refer to the extra bits transmitted for correcting
errors in the signal received.
There is a standard set of values expressed in a fraction
1/2 = One of every two bits used for error correction
2/3 = One of every three bits used for error correction
3/4 = One of every four bits used for error correction
5/6 = One of every six bits used for error correction
7.8 = One of every eight bits used for error correction
The higher the carrier-to-noise ratio, the less error
correction are needed
34. Bit Rate Error - BER

This read out shows the proportional rate of incorrect bits
that are received in the bit-stream
Bit-error rates can be measured before error correction
(pre-corrected) or after (post-corrected).
Obviously the BER post-correction will be better
Examples:
3 X 10-2 = 3 incorrect bits per 100 bits
3 X 10-3 = 3 incorrect bits per 1,000 bits
3 X 10-4 = 3 incorrect bits per 10,000 bits
3 X 10-5 = 3 incorrect bits per 100,000bits
3 X 10-6 = 3 incorrect bits per 1,000,000 bits
3 X 10-7 = 3 incorrect bits per 10,000,000 bits
35. Compression
36. The LNB
This is the term used in a digital transmission to reduce

the bandwidth requirements
This is achieved by only transmitting the required
information as per scene or the movement within
a scene
Acronym for Low Noise Block Down Converter

Situated in front of the reflector at the focal point
Does not tune to single frequency but receives a
group of frequencies
Amplifies this group of frequencies to a
high level without introducing excessive noise
Converts this group of frequencies to a lower
frequency called L-band
Downconversion
Figure 30. Front of LNB Feed Horn
37. The feed horn

It is the tube in front of the LNB also known
as the waveguide
Contains the two probes (Antenna) for the
vertical and horizontal polarisation
This is the only part of the installation that
can discriminate between horizontal and
vertical polarisation
Figure 31. LNB block diagram
38. LNB - Principles of

operation
The switch selects between Vertical (13V) and
horizontal (18V) polarity
The LNA Low noise amplifier, amplifies the low
Ku-band signal
The down converter converts the Ku-band to L-band
39. Workings of the down

converter
40. Types of LNBs
When the 22KHz tone is selected the higher oscillator

(10600 MHz) is selected. When there is no 22KHz tone,
the lower oscillator (9750 MHz) is selected
This LNB has a single output that switches between high

band and low band, vertical and horizontal
The oscillator frequency is subtracted from the

incoming Ku-band frequency to provide an L-band
frequency.
I.E. 11130-9750 = 1370 MHz I 12562-10600 = 1962 MHz
This LNB has two outputs and each port switches

independently between horizontal, vertical, high band
and low band
The result falls within the L-band (950-2150 MHz)

If the wrong oscillator is selected the resultant
frequency falls outside the L-band
Single universal
Twin universal
Quad
This LNB has four ports that all switch independently
Quattro
This LNB has four dedicated ports

- high vert
- high hor
- low vert
- low hor
41. Elevation and Azimuth

The azimuth is the angle clockwise to the right of north
The elevation is the angle above the horizon.
Sonde
verticale
Figure 32. The Skew
42. The skew

The skew aligns the two probes with the electrical part
of the received satellite signal
This gives maximum discrimination between
horizontal and vertical signals
Has to be done to provide the best BER and C/N
Figure 33. Le procd dencryptage
Installer training manua | 23
43. Decryption
Figure 33. Cable Cross Section
44. The coaxial cable

Centre conductor can be solid copper or copper clad

steel - skin effect
Dielectric is usually air blown P.E. foam
Shield is usually a combination of aluminium foil
and braid for cost saving
Outer sheath is usually PVC, but has to be P.E. for
underground use
Figure 33. Impedance
45. Coaxial cable

impedance

TV cable has an impedance of 75 ohm

This is written on the side of the cable
D and d play a big part in the calculation
Sharp bends and too small cable clips compress
the outer sheath and changes the impedance
Has to be done to provide the best BER and C/N
NB. Impedance changes causes mismatches, and mismatches

cause signal losses, reflections and all sorts of signal problems!
46. Coaxial cable D.C.

resistance
47. Coaxial cable signal

loss
This is measured with a multimeter

A good cable should have a reading between 15
and 20 ohm per 100m
Solid copper core has a lower D.C. resistance than
copper clad steel
When voltage is supplied to the LNB a high D.C.
Resistance causes a volt drop.
If the 18V (horizontal) is supplied to the LNB
the voltage at the LNB might be too low and the
LNB will stay in vertical mode. Result = no
reception on h
All coaxial cables have a signal loss

The higher the frequency the higher the signal loss
Use a cable with a loss of +/- 30 dB per 100m at
2150 MHz
Avoid 75 ohm video cable (stranded inner core) as
this does not work at all.
PVC
PE
48. Underground coaxial installation

Direct burial has armoured sheath

Other underground coax always in conduit
PVC absorbs moisture - causes signal loss
Part 2.
Practical Installation
Figure 34. Friendly and happy installer
1. Dealing with the client
2. Basic test equipment
You are not only representing yourself
Pleasant telephone manners

Always return calls A.S.A.P.
Dont argue with the subscriber
Arrive on time
Dress neatly
Speak to the subscriber courteously
Dont lie
Field strength meter

(Minimum requirements signal)
Level indication, carrier-to-noise, pre- and post bit
error correction and spectrum analyser)
Multimeter (for voltage and continuity checks)
Compass (to indicate azimuth)
Inclinometer (to indicate elevation)
Remember:1st impressions count!
3. Basic tool set

Hammer/Electric drill with

masonry and steel
Side cutter
Glue gun
Amalgamating tape
Fish tape
Set of ring and flat

spanners
Knife
Spirit level short and long
ladder
Adjustable spanner
Set of star and flat screw driver

Long nose pliers
Plumb line
Hammer
Extension lead
4. Reception equipment

Use the correct size reflector for your country

as specified
A small reflector will provide a usable signal but will
not be reliable and cause premature loss of signal
5. Selecting the installation

position
Find the azimuth, elevation and skew from the
city table
Try and find a place at the back or side of the building
to install the dish
Do not install the dish at the front close to front door
Avoid a line of sight to the satellite that has a tree or
other obstacles in the way
If there is no other installation area first discuss this
with the client
Figure 35a. Wrong! Signal Blocked
6. Setting polarisation
offset (LNB skew)

position
Check the city tables for the polarisation offset

(LNB Skew)
Dont forget to do final skew adjustment for the best
BER when antenna has been aligned!
Ensure that there is no obstructions in the signal path

Remember that the received signals are weak and will
not provide good results when there are obstructions!

position
9. Installing the mounting

bracket
Clear path with no obstruction
Spirit level
4x Wall plugs and bolts
Hammer
Correct size masonry drill bit
Hammer drill
It is important that this bracket be installed
vertically as it looks neat and allows for correct
antenna alignment!
10. Installing the mounting bracket

Drill one hole and fit the bracket to the wall
Place the spirit level on the side of the bracket, move until vertical and mark the other three holes
Drill the three remaining holes and fit the bolts
Tighten the bracket securely
The Bracket must be tight as any movement will cause signal loss, especially in windy conditions!
11. Aligning the satellite antenna

Step one
Assemble the antenna according to the

manufacturers instructions
Step seven
Step two
Select the spectrum facility or signal level reading on

the field strength meter
Ensure that the elevation adjustment is set on the side
of the antenna
Use a compass to obtain the approximate azimuth
Move antenna slowly left and right until a peak signal
is found
If not, adjust elevation up or down and repeat process
Step three
Step eight
Refer to attached elevation appendix and set the

elevation mark on the side of the antenna to the
approximate elevation setting
Do not over tighten the bolts, but allow for
some movement
Set the skew on the LNB to the value for your city per
the city tables
Step four
Mount the antenna on the mounting bracket and

tighten the mounting bolts, but not too tight as the
antenna still needs to be moved on the pole
Step five
Connect your field strength meter and cable to the LNB
Step six
Set your field strength meter to the parameters found

in the installation spec
When a peak is found move the antenna slowly up and

down and left and right until you are satisfied that the
antenna is peaked
Tighten all the bolts on the antenna
Step nine
Now use the field strength meter to read the C/N, the
pre- and post BER and the signal level. Write this down
for future reference
Step ten
In areas of high elevation pour a cup of water into

the reflector
If some of the water remains than drill a 5mm hole in
the antenna
Paint this hole with rust proofing afterwards
Satellite parameters:
Astra 2F parameters
SES-5 parameters
Key data
Key data
Orbital location
28.2E
EADS Astrium
Coverage
West Africa, Europe
Launch date
28 September 2012
Polarisation
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear
Launch vehicle
Ariane 5 ECA
Design life
15 Years
Total transponders
Ku-Band: Europe: 48
Africa:12
Ka-Band: 3
Launch date
10 July 2012
Launch vehicle
Proton Breeze M
Design life
15+ years
Space Systems Loral
Polarisation
C-band: Circular
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear
(Europe uplink)
Transponders
C-band: up to 22
(36 MHz equivalent)
Ku-band: up to 24
24 BSS (33 MHz)
12. Setting the skew

This is the only way of choosing between vertical and horizontal!
Use the spectrum facility on the field strength meter, choose 13V for vertical and rotate LNB until spectrum
is at its lowest
Or use the BER reading on the meter and rotate LNB until the pre-BER is at its best
Or look at the signal quality reading on the decoder
Rotate the LNB for the best reading
This is very important!
13. The cable installation

Use a long masonry drill that can go straight through the wal
Use a vacuum cleaner or tape a bag under the hole that is being drilled
Make sure there are no water pipes or electrical conduits in the wall
Do not press too hard on the drill
Fill the hole around the cable with filler once the cable is installed
Only use a good quality 75 ohm 7mm cable. A good cable has a signal loss of +/- 30dB per 100m at 2GHz
Figure 38a. The plumb line
15. Cable installation

Place bag or vacuum cleaner under the hole

outside wall
Use a plumb bob for installing the cable vertically
on the outside wall
Figure 38b. Using a spirit level for horizontal cable

Use a spirit level to draw horizontal lines on the
wall for the cable installation
Figure 39a. Coax cutting measurements

inside wall
Do not install the cable in the middle of the wall
Install the cable on the skirting board or in the corners
of the room
Use a hot glue gun instead of cable clips wherever
possible
Do not bend the cable sharply as this causes
mismatches!
Only use the correctly sized cable clips as small cable
clips compress the cable and cause mismatches!
Figure 39b. Coax cutting measurements
18. The F connectors

These are the approximate cutting dimensions
Twist the braid to one side as modern cables have a small
amount of braid and this provides some strength
Cut the cable with a knife or a special cutting tool
Figure 39c. F connector centre core
Figure 40. Earthing
19. The F Connector
20. Earthing
Fit only the right sized connector

Compression or crimp type connectors may be used
but require the correct tools
The centre core only needs to protrude by 1mm
Must be done in accordance with the local laws

and regulations
Diagram shows a simple methode
Earthing must ALWAYS be done
21. Installing the decoder

Connect satellite cable to the LNB on the back of decoder
Connect the AV leads and RF cable from the decoder to the TV set
Insert batteries into remote control
Ensure that the smartcard is in the correct slot
Switch on decoder and TV set
Select the installation menu on the decoder remote and configure the necessary parameters for signal reception
22. Signal scan

Satellite parameters:
Astra 2F parameters
SES-5 parameters
Key data
Key data
Orbital location
28.2E
EADS Astrium
Coverage
West Africa, Europe
Launch date
28 September 2012
Polarisation
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear
Launch vehicle
Ariane 5 ECA
Total transponders
Ku-Band: Europe: 48
Africa:12
Ka-Band: 3
Launch date
10 July 2012
Launch vehicle
Proton Breeze M
Design life
15+ years
Space Systems Loral
Design life
15 Years
Polarisation
C-band: Circular
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear
(Europe uplink)
Transponders
C-band: up to 22
(36 MHz equivalent)
Ku-band: up to 24
24 BSS (33 MHz)
Perform signal scan via the menu

When completed, note the signal strength and signal quality values and mark them on the installation form.
Make sure that these values are higher than the mimimum pass/fail specifications. If not, you need to re-optimise
the antenna adjustments (azimuth, elevation, and skew, until the decoder passes the required signal quality level
Before doing anything else, perform a forced download to ensure that the
decoder has the latest software parameters for signal reception
Finishing off
Make sure the client has completed and signed the subscriber agreement form
Complete the post-installation-sign-off form with the signal and quality levels and make sure the subscriber
signs this form
Clean up your mess!
SES satellite fleet
May 2013
SES Johannesburg
The Pivot
Block E 2nd floor
Montecasino Blvd
Fourways
Johannesburg
South Africa
Email: africa@ses.com
Contact number: +27 (0) 11 081 8200
SES Accra
SES Satellite Ghana Ltd.
1st Ringway, No. 4
Ringway Estate
Osu
Accra
Ghana
Contact number: +27 (0) 11 081 8200
SES Addis Ababa
7th Floor
Medhaneyalem Building
Bole Subcity
Wereda 03/04
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Contact number: +27 (0) 11 081 8200
For more information about SES, visit
www.ses.com/africa or send an
email to africa@ses.com
Printed in August 2014.
This manual is for informational
purposes only, and does not
constitute an offer from SES.
SES reserves the right to change the
information at any time, and
assumes no responsibility for any
errors, omissions or changes. All
brands and product names used
may be registered trademarks and
are hereby acknowledged.

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Installer

2 | Installer training manual

Installer training manual | 3

Satellite transmits = 100

Transmission path loss

Figure 1. The Satellite Transmission Path

The Early Days of Satellite

+/- 36,000 Km above earth appear

Figure 2. Total Global Coverage

4 | Installer training manual

Different types of orbit

GSO: Orbital slots:

LEO - Low Earth orbit

Installer training manual | 5

Types of satellite orbit

Figure 3. Low Earth orbit

Figure 4. Polar orbit

+/- 300 Kms above the earth

3. High earth orbit

Figure 6. High Earth orbit

Orbits across north and south pole

Figure 5. Inclined orbit

Further than 40,000 km

Mostly used by russians to get signals to

Figure 7. Geo-stationary orbit

6 | Installer training manual

36,000 km from the earth

Types of satellite orbit

SES-5 footprints & parameters

Installer training manual | 7

The Satellite transmission chain

Figure 8.The satellite transmission chain

The domestic receive only television site

8 | Installer training manual

Figure 10a. Volt vs millivolt

Figure 10b. Millivolt vs microvolt

2. The amp & the watt

Electrical force or pressure

The amp can be regarded as the volume of

Figure 11. The AC Waveform

3. Alternating current the sine wave

Figure 12. The DC Waveform

Installer training manual | 9

Figure 13a. Frequency of 1HZ (one cycle per second)

Figure 13b. Frequency of SHZ (five cycle per second)

Figure 14. Frequency Spectrum

7. The frequency spectrum

10 | Installer training manual

The electromagnetic spectrum

Installer training manual | 11

Ku-band: FSS and BSS primarily used in North

Satellite band usage

Mobile satellite communications

Mobile satellite communications

Trunk telephony / data / DTH

Military / Feeder links

8. The decibel (dB)

Remember this is how it reads on your field strength meter!

12 | Installer training manual

Figure 15. Latitude and longitude

Figure 15. Electro magnetic wave

9. Lines of latitude &

+/- 36,000 Km above earth appear

3. Alternating current the sine wave

Ku-band: FSS and BSS primarily used in North

All sine waves have a magnetic and electric part at

The modulation signals changes the value of the

Satellite transmission can re-use the same frequencies

The larger the reflector the more of the wave front

The higher the frequency the higher the gain (A 2m

This is defined as the angle between the

This is the ratio used to express the level of the signal

In a 36 MHZ transponder the rate is usually 27,5 million

This is the term used in a digital transmission to reduce