Spotting of Vehicles at The Environ and They Are Engaged by Roving

IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5984
A Publisher for Research Motivation........
Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2016
SPOTTING OF VEHICLES AT THE

ENVIRON AND THEY ARE ENGAGED BY
ROVING
B.P. Santosh kumar1, V. Divya Bharathi2, P. Prudhvi Prasad3
1
Assistant professor, 2,3B.Tech 4th year

Department of Electronics and Communication,
Y.S.R Engineering college of Yogi Vemana University, Proddatur, Kadapa (dist), A.P.
ABSTRACT
The main aim of this project is to provide solutions to the vehicles or boats which are entering in to the border without knowing
the knowledge of the border .The already existing system is that is that we know the border by using GPS. The proposed
system is that
the vehicle is controlled by using microcontroller Arduino ATMEGA 328uc which is programed as to
controlling the vehicle when it enters in to the border. Using RFID card and reader we detect the vehicle whether it enters
into the border or not. If it enters into border the vehicle is stopped automatically with the help of microcontroller by
indicating red led and it gives an alaram sound with the help of buzzer. The moving of vehicle was controlled by using
Bluetooth. When the vehicle is stayed at restricted area we bring back the vehicles by using DC Motors.
Keywords: microcontroller, RFID card , arduino and GPS.
1. INTRODUCTION
With the explosive growth of information sources available on the World Wide Web, it has become increasingly
necessary for users to utilize automated tools in order to find, extract, filter, and evaluate the desired information and
resources.
The components used for the vehicles or boats enters into unwanted places are Bluetooth, Arduino compiler
ATMEGA328uc ,RFID card and RFID reader, Leds , DC Motor, Wheels, Buzzer. By using GPS/Bluetooth we will
give a message to the owners so that the vehicle drivers and the near by traffic controllers are alerted. when it enters
into border the vehicle automatically stops by indicating to the drivers that they entered into an restricted areas by
glowing red led in the vehicle/boat and ringing a buzzer sound at the near by stations .
After it entered into restricted area the vehicle/boat automatically stops by using arduino microcontroller AT MEGA
328uc.when the vehicle is stopped in an unwanted area it is dangerous so that we bring back the vehicle by using
wheels and DC Motors .
It is hoped that the chauffeur (driver) will have a wider perspective on security in general, and better understand how to
reduce and manage risk personally, at selvage (borders), and in the clogged areas.
1.1Block diagram
FIG: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A SYSTEM
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2. HARDWARE COMPONENETS USED

2.1. BLUETOOTH
2.2. MOTORS L293D
2,3. RFID READER
2.4. RFID CARD
2.5. IR SENSORS
2.6. POWER SUPPLY
2.7. ARDIUNO COMPILER ATMEGA 328UC
2.8. BUZZER
2.9. LEDS
2.1. Bluetooth
We all have experienced the inconvenience that arises when we start connecting peripherals to a computer, or when we
connect other electronic devices, with a lot of cables that becomes difficult to control. Then we start to think how easy it
would be if all these connections were done using a different way from the physical cables, like infrareds, radio or
microwaves. The companies of computer science and telecommunications needed to develop an opened, low cost
interface to make easier the communication between devices without using cables. This is the origin of the technology
which key name is "Bluetooth".
2.1.1History
In the year 1994, the company of telecommunications ERICSSON, began a study to investigate the viability of a radio
low cost interface between mobile telephones and the accessories.
The objective was to eliminate the cables between the mobile telephones and cards of PCs, headsets, desktop devices,
etc. At the beginning of 1997, Ericsson comes closer other manufacturers of portable devices to increase the interest in
this technology. The motive was simple: in order that the system was successful and really usable, a critical quantity of
portable devices should use the same technology.
All the people have a mobile phone with the Bluetooth system but few of them know the reason of the name, but it is a
peculiar name: Blue-tooth. Someone has a tooth with blue colour? Yes, the name comes from a king, Harald I
Bluetooth.
2.1.2. The symbol of Bluetooth

As famous as the name is the Bluetooth symbol. Everybody can recognize this symbol like the Bluetooth icon, but again
few of them knows the origin. Bluetooth's logo combines the representation of the Nordic runes Hagalaz (transcribed by
'H') and Berkana (transcribed by 'B') in the same symbol. This is, HB like Harald Bltand the king
FIG: SYMBOL OF BLUETOOTH

2.1.3 What Is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a standard used in links of radio of short scope, destined to replace wired connections between electronic
devices like cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), computers, and many other devices. Bluetooth
technology can be used at home, in the office, in the car, etc. This technology allows to the users instantaneous
connections of voice and information between several devices in real time.
2.1. 4.How it works?
Every device will have to be equipped with a microchip (transceiver) that transmits and receives in the frequency of 2.4
GHz that is available in the whole world (with some variations of bandwidth in different countries). Besides the
information, there are three channels of voice available.
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The information can be exchanged to speeds of up to 1 megabit for second (2 megabits for second in the Second
Generation of this Technology). A scheme of frequency hop (jumps of frequency) allows to the devices to
communicate inclusive in areas where a great electromagnetic interference exists. Besides that is provided with
schemes of encryptation and check.
2.1.5 Frequency Bands:The standard Bluetooth operates in the band of 2,4 GHz. Though worldwide, this band is available, the width of the
band can differ in different countries. This is the frequency of band of the scientific and medical industries 2.45 GHz
(ISM*).
ISM: The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands were originally reserved internationally for the use of RF
Electromagnetic fields for industrial scientific and medical purposes other than communications. In general,
communications equipment must accept any interference generated by ISM equipment.
2.1.6 Power :The equipments of transmission are qualified in 3 groups according to the level of power of emission, as we can see
below. The recipient equipment must possess a sensibility of at least 70 dBm, and the rate of admissible mistake must
be a minor or equal to 0,1 %
2.1.7 Scope:The connections have a maximum range of 10 meters, though using amplifiers it is possible to come up to 100 meters,
but creating some distortion interferes. Maybe it doesnt look too much, but it is necessary to remember that these
devices were created by the intention of using them in closed environments and little distances.
2.1.8 Applications:- Wireless control of and communication between a mobile Phone and a hand-free headset. This was one of the earliest
applications to become popular.
- Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and Where little bandwidth is required.
- Transfer of files between devices with OBEX (a kind of Communications protocol).
- Replacement of traditional wired serial communications in
Test equipments , GPS receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices.
2.2 Motors l293D:Almost every mechanical movement that we see around us is accomplished by an electric motor. Electric machines are
a means of converting energy. Motors take electrical energy and produce mechanicalenergy. Electric motors are used to
power hundreds of devices we use in everyday life.Electric motors are broadly classified into two different categories:
DC (Direct Current) and AC(Alternating Current).
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FIG: MOTOR L293D MODULE

Step 1: Installing the IC
The L293D is a 16-pin chipwith a little notch cut out ofthe front of it (that last bit isfor you non-experts). Orientthe
chip so its notchmatches the notch in theshape of the chip on the
PCB. Carefully drop the chipinto the gold-plated (prettyuptown, eh?) pads, andsolder it into place from theother side.
To avoid any nastypunctures, clip off anyexcess pins that pokethrough the pads on thesolder side.
Step 2: The 1k Resistor
The 1k resistor (brown / black/ red / gold) is inserted inabout the only position it canfit into - position R1. Snug itup
close to the circuit board,bend the leads over, andsolder it into place from theother side.When done, clip off theexcess
leads.
Step 3: LED Installation
This is one of the really cool things about the secret driver board theLED indicators. You have the option to mount
them upside-UP orupside-DOWN. We recommend upside-DOWN, so you can easily seethem from either side.The tiny
LEDs in your kit have a lense that can be poked into the hole ofthe PCB which can easily been seen if you use the
driver board on abreadboard, or in a transparent servo case (like the Solarbotics GM4motor). Dont worry - youll still
see the LED light up from the otherside too!
Step 4: Wiring & Installation
Your kit comes with a set of five (5, for those who cant read five)conductor ribbon cable. Youll have to split the
ends apart, and strip offabout 1.5mm (1/16) from each end. Try to arrange your ribbon cablelike the one below, as
splaying them apart will make it easier to soldereach end to the driver board. For easier soldering, pre-tin the ends
ofeach wire.
2.2.1. Electromechanical energy conversion:An electromechanical energy conversion device is essentially a medium of transfer between an input side and an output
side. Three electrical machines (DC, induction and synchronous) are used extensivelyfor electromechanical energy
conversion. Electromechanical energy conversion occurs when there is a change in magnetic flux linking a coil,
associated with Mechanical motion.
Electric Motor:The input is electrical energy (from the supply source), and the output is mechanical energy (to the load).
FIG: ELECTRIC MOTOR

2.2.2Construction:DC motors consist of one set of coils, called armature winding, inside another set of coils or a set of permanent
magnets, called the stator. Applying a voltage to the coils produces a torque in the armature, resulting in motion.
Stator:The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor.
The stator of a permanent magnet dc motor is composed of two or more permanent magnet pole pieces.
Rotor:The rotor is the inner part which rotates.
The rotor is composed of windings (called armature windings) which are connected to the external circuit through a
mechanical commutator.
Winding:-Armature winding - The winding through which the voltage is applied or induced.
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-Field winding - The winding through which a current is Passed to produce flux (for the electromagnet)
-Windings are usually made of copper.
2.2.3EnergyConversion:If electrical energy is supplied to a conductor lying perpendicular to a magnetic field, the interactionof current flowing
in the conductor and the magnetic field will produce mechanical force(andtherefore,mechanical energy).
2.2.4Value of Mechanical Force:There are two conditions which are necessary to produce a force on the conductor. The conductor must be carrying
current, and must be within a magnetic field. When these two conditions exist, aforce will be applied to the conductor,
which will attempt to move the conductor
In a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field .This is the basic theory by which all DC motors operate.
F=Bil Newton
(1)
Where B is the density of the magnetic field, l is the length of conductor, and i the value of
current flowing in the conductor. The direction of motion can be found using Flemings Left Hand Rule.
FIG: FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE

The first finger points in the direction of the magnetic field (first - field), which goes from the North pole to the South
pole. The second finger points in the direction of the current in the wire (second-current).The thumb then points in the
direction the wire is thrust or pushed while in the magnetic field (thumb - torque or thrust).
2.2.5. Principle of operation:Consider a coil in a magnetic field of flux density B. When the two ends of the coil are connected of the coil are
connected across a DC voltage source, current I flows through it. A force is exerted on the coil as a result of the
interaction of magnetic field and electric current. The force on the two sides of the coil is such that the coil starts to
move in the direction of force.
FIG: TORQUE PRODUCTION IN DC MOTORS

It is interesting to note that the same DC machine can be used either as a motor or as a generator, by reversing the
terminal connections.
FIG: REVERSABILITY OF DC MACHINE
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2.3.RFID Reader:Readers, which are often called interrogators, are Complementary to tags and can be as technically diverse as tags. In
a basic scenario, a reader sends a pulse of energy to the tag and listens for the tags response. The tag detects this
energy and sends back a response that contains the tags serial number and possibly additional information. In simple
RFID systems, the readers energy pulse functions like an on off switch. In more sophisticated systems, the readers
radio-frequency signal can contain commands to the tag, instructions to read or write tag memory, and even
passwords.20 The reader can emit the signal permanently, thus always searching for tags present, or the signal can be
triggered by an external event such as an operator switch, to save energy and minimize interferences. Readers sizes
depend
on
many
parameters
and
vary
from
the
size
of
a
coin
to
that of a personal assistant or personal computer. Readers can embed GPS capabilities and connectivity to information
systems and networks. The cost varies from USD 100 to USD 1 000 for readers of passive tags to USD 1 000 to
USD 3 000 or more for readers that communicate with active tags over long distances.
FIG: RFID READER

An RFID reader can read from and write data to compatible RFID tags.
A reader thus doubles up as a writer. The act of writing the tag data by a reader is called creating a tag.
A radio device called a tag is attached to the object that needs to be identified.
When this tagged object is presented in front of a suitable RFID reader, the tag transmits this data to the reader (via the
reader antenna).
The reader then reads the data and has the capability to forward it over suitable communication channels.
This application can then use this unique data to identify the object presented to the reader.
It can then perform a variety of actions
2.4. RFID Card:RFID stands for Radio-Frequency IDentification. The acronym refers to small electronic devices that consist of a small
chip and an antenna. The chip typically is capable of carrying 2,000 bytes of data or less. The RFID device serves the
same purpose as a bar code or a magnetic strip on the back of a credit card or ATM card.And, just as a bar code or
magnetic strip must be scanned to get the information, the RFID device must be scanned to retrieve the identifying
information.A significant advantage of RFID devices over the others mentioned above is that the RFID device does not
need to be positioned precisely relative to the scanner. We're all familiar with the difficulty that store checkout clerks
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sometimes have in making sure that a barcode can be read. And obviously, credit cards and ATM cards must be swiped
through a special reader.
FIG: RFID CARD

2.5.1. HOW RFID WORKS?
To read the information encoded on a tag, a two-way radio transmitter-receiver called an interrogator or reader emits a
signal to the tag using an antenna.
2.5. IR sensors:-
FIG: IR SENSOR
Why IR sensor?
Because it have good range which is fulfill our requirements for robots
It is very low cost and can be constructed on general purpose PCB
It is of very small size. which is best for robots
You can increase numbers of transmitter as you want for good result
Good immunity to ambient light and waves are invisible to eyes.
How it is work?
Working of IR sensor is very simple and working principle is totally based on change in resistance of IR receiver which
is similar to LDR ( light dependent register ) and reflection of light.Here in this sensor we connect IR receiver in
reverse bias so it give very high resistance if it is notexposed to IR light. the resistance in this case is in range of Mega
ohms.but when IR light reflected back and fall on IR receiver. The resistance of Rx it comes in range between Kilo
ohms to hundred of ohms.We convert this change in resistance to change in voltage . Then this voltage is applied to a
comparator ICwhich compare it with a threshold level (defined by us according to required range and sensitivity).if
voltage of sensor is more than threshold then output is high else it is low (depends on your connection to comparator )
which can be used directly for microcontroller.
2.6. Power supply:The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is
step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c
voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c
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components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant
dc voltage.
FIG: POWER SUPPLY

2.7. ARDUINO COMPILER ATMEGA328UC:The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P provides the following features: 4/8/16/32K bytes of In System Programmable
Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1K bytes EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal
and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI serial port, a 6channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal
Oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM,
Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Powerdown mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next
interrupt or hardware reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to
maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all
I/O modules except asynchronous timer and ADC, tominimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby
mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up.
Combined with low power consumption.
FIG: PIN DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO COMPILER ATMEGA 328UC
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
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header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does notuse the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
featuresthe Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
The board has the following new features:
1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the
RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future,
shields will be compatible with both the board that uses the AVR, which operates with 5V and with the
Arduino Due that operates with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future
purposes.
Stronger RESET circuit.
Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will
be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform;
2.8. BUZZER:-
FIG: ELECTRONIC SYMBOL FOR A BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical
uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.
2.9. LEDS:A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductorlight source. It is a pn junctiondiode, which emits light
when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes
within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.An
LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation
pattern.
FIG: LEDS
4. ADVANTAGES:>lost of any vehicles can be found.

>The hijack of vehicles can be easily detected
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5. DISADVANTAGES:>By using the vehicles we can detect in a limited area this can be reduced by implementing the system with the help of
G.P.S
6. APPLICATIONS:>It can be used as a bomb detector
7. FUTURE SCOPE:In day-today life we hear about many tamil fishermen being caught and put under Srilankan custody and even killed.
The sea border between the countries is not easily identifiable, which is the main reason for this cross border cruelty.
We use GPS receiver to find the current location of the fishing boat or vessel. Using GPS, we can find the current
latitude and longitude values and is sent to the microcontroller unit.
The Tamil Nadu fishermen even today invoke the historical rights and routinely stay into the International Maritime
Boundary Line (IMBL) for fishing. From Tamil Nadu about 18,000 boats of different kinds conduct fishing along the
India-Sri Lanka maritime border. But by accidentally crossing the border without knowledge, they get shot by the
Lankan navy. This leads to loss in the both humans as well as their economic incomes. We have developed a system
which eliminates such problems and saves the lives of the fishermen.
Then the controller unit finds the current location by comparing the present latitude and longitudinal values with the
predefined value. Then from the result of the comparison, this system aware the fishermen that they are about to reach
the nautical border.
8. PROTOTYPE OF OUR PROJECT:-
REFERENCES
[1]http://earth.google.com/.
[2]https://www.techopedia.com
[3]http://en.m.wikipedia.org
[4]http://www.elprocus.com>infrared-ir-sensors
[5]www.arduino.cc
Authors:1.B.P.SANTOSH KUMAR received his B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication department from Sree
Vidya Nikethan Engineering college affiated to JNTU,Anantapur and he received his M.Tech graduation degree in
Applied Electronics from Kerala University,Trivandrum.He is currently pursuing his P.hd in Image processing at Yogi
Vemana University,Kadapa.
2.V.DIVYA BHARATHI is currently pursuing her B.Tech final year in Electronics and Communication at Y.S.R
Engineering College of Yogi Vemana University
3. P.PRUDHVI PRASAD is currently pursuing his B.Tech final year in Electronics and Communication at Y.S.R
Engineering College of Yogi Vemana University
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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2016