Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
4.1 Introduction
Located at the southern extremity of the Indian sub-continent adjoining the
Arabian Sea, the state of Kerala is resplendent for her scenic splendour and cultural
opulence. The total area of the state comprises 38863 square kilometers and a
coastline length of 550 kilometers. The population of the state is 33.39 million.
Kerala is known by the name Gods Own Country and is one of the most sought
after tourist destinations in Asia. It is the only Indian state that offers all types of
tourism products. Secluded beaches, palm-fringed back waters, mist clad hill
stations, lush green tropical forests, water-falls, exotic wildlife, historical
monuments, diverse art forms and festivals give Kerala a distinctive charm. Apart
from being a tourist destination, Kerala is Indias number one state with 100
percent literate people, world-class healthcare systems, the lowest infant mortality,
the highest life expectancy rates, the highest physical quality of life and the best
law and order conditions. Moderate climate and the rich art and culture are positive
factors that help to foster tourism development.
Kerala has not done well in agriculture and industry in the past few
decades. In this context the state was focusing on the development of the servicesrelated industry which is now considered as the sunrise segment of the states
economy. More attention is now bestowed on tourism, information technology,
health services, and education. Because of the new initiatives taken by the state as
well as innovative private parties, Kerala has emerged as the most acclaimed tourist
destination in the country.
The origin of Kerala Tourism can be traced back to the 1950s, when the
state set up a Hospitality Department. Tourism as a department came into being in
the 1960s. The enormous potential of tourism in Kerala was only examined in the
7th plan. Over the last decade the growth of tourism in Kerala has been amazing.
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sanctuaries, water spots and flower festivals are examples of symbiotic products.
Following are the important tourism products in Kerala.
Backwater Tourism
The backwaters of Kerala are unique in the world and backwater tourism is
promoted as the Unique Selling Proposition (USP). A thrust area for sustainable
tourism lies in its backwaters, which can contribute much to the states economy.
Backwater tourism means water based delightful activities in the backwater
regions. The peculiarity of the calm backwaters of Kerala is that they offer a tourist
great relaxation in addition to magnificent scenery. The important backwaters are
Veli, Astamudi and Vembanad with the lush-green island of Pathiramanl.
Beach Tourism
Sunny beaches with silver sand are the most important natural tourist
attraction in Kerala. Even though Kovalam is the most popular beach in Kerala,
there are many other beaches, which are almost as good. Beaches in Kerala are said
to be the best in the world with their irresistible combination of sun, sand and sea.
Heritage Tourism
Heritage tourism is defined as the tourism, which is based on heritage,
where heritage is the core of the product and main motivating factor for the
consumer. Heritage tourism uses historic, cultural and natural assets that already
exist rather than creating new attractions. Heritage is the mainstay of tourism
activities because of our vibrant past and the diversity of cultures.
Festival Tourism
Kerala is a land of festivals and most of the festivals in Kerala are
predominantly religious in nature. Festivals like Onam, Thrissurpooram, Attukal
Pongala and Boat Races of Kerala are spectacular and splendid.
Health Tourism
Health tourism is attracting tourists in great deal. The term includes
Ayurveda, naturopathy, yoga, meditation and many other mental and physical
exercises and treatments that are beneficial for health and rejuvenation. Visiting
Ayurveda shala and participating in meditation classes are the important activities
in the health tourism.
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Sports Tourism
Kerala Sports Council at Thiruvananthapuram holds a number of sports
events including aquatic sports. In major towns facilities are available for playing
tennis, cricket, hockey, football, baseball and basketball. Alappuzha is the best
place in the world for backwater cruises and boat races.
Pilgrim Tourism
There is wide scope for pilgrim tourism in Kerala. Sabarimala Temple,
Pandalam Temple, Kulathupuzha Sastha Temple, Achankoil Sastha Temple,
Aryankavu Sastha Temple, Aranmula Temple and Maramon Convention are
examples of pilgrim tourism. Foreign tourists usually stay in these pilgrim centres
for getting firsthand knowledge on the diversified areas of Kerala culture.
Rural Tourism
Village or rural tourism in Kerala is very much popular now a days. The
state has unlimited scope for developing rural tourism potential. Village tourism is
a non-seasonal tourism product and it must be promoted as such. Tourism in
villages needs a social harmony of host culture and visitor culture. Rural tourism
too must be limited to carrying capacity levels. Kerala has the pride of starting a
rural tourism project at Kumbalangi near Kochi with assistance from the
Department of Tourism, Government of India. Similar unique village attractions
exist in other districts too, especially in the northern Kerala regions where tourism
is still in its infancy.
computed
the
Tourism
Satellite
Accounting
(TSA)
for
would triple from 0.7 million to 2 million. The investment in tourism is about
Rs.600 crores per year. Further, the growth rate of travel and tourism demand per
annum over the coming decade for Kerala is higher than not only that of India, but
also of Turkey which has so far been the highest. The efforts of Kerala Tourism
have been well recognised through many awards of PATA (Pacific Asian Travel
Association), PATA Writers Association, Outlook Travellers-TAAI, Government
of India and FICCI ( Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry) .
Tourism got Gold Award 2009 for marketing Dream Season in Gods
Own Country. Kerala received PATA Grant International Award for the
conservation of heritage and best performing state award instituted by Outlook
Traveller. Compared to other states of India, Kerala was the first to have recognised
and utilised its far-reaching potential.
Kerala is blessed with good climate, suitable for everyone and moderate
weather throughout the year.
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The numbers of foreign tourist arrivals in Kerala from 2000 to 2010 are
illustrated in table 4:1:-
Table 4:1
Foreign Tourist Arrivals in Kerala from 2000 to 2010
Year
% of Increase
2000
209,933
3.84
2001
208,830
-0.53
2002
232,564
11.37
2003
294,621
26.68
2004
345,546
17.28
2005
346,449
0.28
2006
428,534
23.70
2007
515,808
20.37
2008
598,929
16.11
2009
557,258
-6.96
2010
659,265
Source: Tourism Statistics, Government of Kerala.
18.31
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The figure 4:1 shows the trend in foreign tourist arrivals in Kerala: Figure 4:1
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Year
The table 4:2 shows the domestic tourist arrivals from 2000 to 2010 in Kerala:Table 4:2
Domestic Tourist Arrivals in Kerala from 2000 to 2010
Year
% of Increase
2000
5,013,221
2.56
2001
5,239,692
4.52
2002
5,568,256
6.27
2003
5,871,228
5.44
2004
5,972,182
1.72
2005
5,946,423
-0.43
2006
6,271,724
5.47
2007
6,642,941
5.92
2008
7,591,250
14.28
2009
7,913,537
4.25
2010
8,595,075
Source: Tourism Statistics, Government of Kerala.
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8.61
The total tourist visits in Kerala from 2000 to 2010 is indicated in table 4:3:-
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Table 4:3
Total Number of Tourist Visit in Kerala from 2000 to 2010
Year
% of Increase
2000
5,223,154
2.60
2001
5,448,522
4.31
2002
5,800,820
6.47
2003
6,165,849
6.29
2004
6,317,728
2.46
2005
6,292,922
-0.39
2006
6,700,258
6.47
2007
7,158,749
6.84
2008
8,190,179
14.41
2009
8,470,795
3.43
2010
9,254,340
Source: Tourism Statistics, Government of Kerala.
9.25
From table 4:3, it is clear that during 2010, the total number of tourists
visit were 9,254,340.The percentage of increase during this year was 9.25. In 2000,
the number of total tourists visit was 5,223,154. The data reveals that total tourists
arrival have shown a marked increase over the previous years.
Linear trend line for total tourists visit in Kerala is given by
Y= 4541000 + 379831.17 t
Where y denotes the number of tourist visits and the variable t = year-1999
The linear trend line shows the increase in the number total tourists by 379831
from 2000 to 2010 in Kerala.
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Figure 4:3 explains the growth trend in total tourist visits in Kerala during
1999-2010:-
Figure 4:3
Total Tourist Visits in Kerala from 2000-2010
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Table 4:4 analyses the earnings from tourism in Kerala from 2000 to 2010:-
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Table 4:4
Earnings from Tourism in Kerala from 2000 to 2010
Year
Foreign
Percentage
Total Revenue
Percentage
Exchange
of Increase
Generated from
of Increase
Earnings
Tourism
(in Crore)
(Direct and
Indirect)
2001
535.00
1.85
4500.00
9.58
2002
705.67
31.90
4931.00
20.42
2003
983.37
39.35
5938.00
12.83
2004
1266.77
28.82
6829.00
15.01
2005
1552.31
22.54
7738.00
13.31
2006
1988.40
28.09
9126.00
17.94
2007
2640.94
32.82
11433.00
25.28
2008
3066.52
16.11
13130.00
14.84
2009
2853.16
-6.96
13231.00
0.77
2010
3797.37
33.09
17348.00
31.12
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Where y denotes the foreign exchange earnings in crores and the variable t
= year-2000.Foreign exchange earning increased by 359.807 crore by every year
from 2001 to 2010 from tourism in Kerala.
The fig 4:4 explains the trend in foreign exchange earnings from 2000 to 2010:Figure 4:4
crores
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
The data regarding total revenue earned from tourism from 2000 to 2010 is
presented in fig.4:5: -
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Figure 4:5
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
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Table 4:5
Month-wise Domestic Tourist Visits from 2008 & 2009
Month
2008
2009
January
645492
696878
February
586317
600648
March
580681
635963
April
643808
649553
May
719566
730310
June
566541
569624
July
574544
552162
August
600121
585658
September
572977
609127
October
655670
738253
November
695118
726832
December
750415
818529
Total
7591250
7913537
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Table 4:6
Month-wise Foreign Tourist Visits from 2008 & 2009
Month
2008
2009
January
85,028
77,839
February
78,155
71,136
March
71,026
57,250
April
39,538
43,473
May
26,348
25,386
June
20,578
19,499
July
31,610
28,914
August
45,711
39,079
September
28,292
29,283
October
39,748
38,870
November
59,923
56,880
December
72,972
69,649
Total
598,929
557,258
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Table 4:7
Month-wise Foreign and Domestic Tourist Arrivals in Kerala during 2010
Month
Domestic
Foreign
January
730803
87553
February
634454
86747
March
658610
61334
April
684522
50910
May
776648
26783
June
614955
24685
July
596335
36188
August
655937
49518
September
660903
37859
October
836517
49512
November
815827
66526
December
929564
81650
Total
8595075
659265
Source: Tourism Statistics, Government of Kerala.
Table 4:7 shows that foreign tourists arrival is high in January and
domestic tourists arrival is high in December. Tourists arrival is low in June and
July.
4.6.2 Computation of the Monthly Seasonal Indices of Tourists Arrival in
Kerala
To analyse the percentage variation in different months and seasons,
seasonal index is used. From the statistical description of month-wise foreign
tourists arrival in 2010, we can create the seasonal index. This index will be
useful in understanding the trends in tourists arrival in each month by comparing
each other.
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Table 4:8
Seasonal Index of Foreign Tourist Visits in Kerala
Foreign Tourists
Seasonal
Month
index
January
165.53
February
156.02
March
125.33
April
88.52
May
51.90
June
42.81
July
63.93
August
88.78
September
63.08
October
84.69
November
121.18
December
148.24
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Table 4:9
Seasonal Index of Domestic Tourist Visits in Kerala
Domestic Tourists
Seasonal
Month
index
January
103.23
February
90.69
March
93.37
April
98.48
May
110.86
June
87.19
July
85.80
August
91.70
September
91.77
October
111.06
November
111.43
December
124.41
Product differentiation
Foreign exchange earnings during the year 2010 was Rs.3797.37 crores
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Kerala has 12 Wildlife Sanctuaries and 2 National Parks. These may form
the base for ecotourism activities.
Apart from these, the rich biological diversity can be an added advantage.
The water bodies formed within the forest areas due to the construction of
dams/hydel projects provide scope for recreational facilities.
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tourists. The protected areas are increasingly becoming a source of tourist revenue
and alternative tourism forms.
Notwithstanding the small size of the state, the diversity of physical
features with corresponding variation in microclimate offers a panoramic mosaic
of forest types. More than 24% of the total areas of the reserved forests are
protected areas. Ecotourism activities have been institutionalised in Periyar Tiger
Reserve as a community based tourism initiative with the India Eco Development
Project that was operational from 1997.Community based tourism activities have
been organised by the EDCs (Eco Development Committees) with participation
from the various stakeholders who have organised themselves into various
EDCs.The other major sanctuaries like Wayanad,Parambikulam and Eravikulam
National Park are also in the process of organising community based ecotourism
initiatives now. Introduction of community based tourism activities through the Eco
Development Committees (EDCs) in these areas would help to increase revenues as
well as in reducing pressure on sanctuaries. The formation of Periyar Foundation
which is the apex body for facilitating the various initiatives has been found to be
successful in providing the necessary financial and other technical support for the
EDCs to organise and maintain the various activities has been found to be the
culmination of the efforts made under the India Eco development Project. The same
is being replicated in other sanctuaries also. The following chart (fig 4:6) explains
the relationship between ecotourism and sustainability:-
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Figure 4.6
Eco-Tourism
Protection of Natural
Areas
Generation of Revenue
Environmental Education
Local Involvement
Conservation of
Biological Diversity and
Natural Resources
Development of
Economic and
Infrastructural Growth
Stewardship
Local Control
Sustainability
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Recently, authorities have converted more forest areas into protected areas.
Those include Pampadum Shola National Park, Kurinji Wildlife Sanctuary,
Anamudi Shola National Park, Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary and Mathikettan
Shola National Park. Ecotourism brings both opportunities and threats to protected
areas.
4.10.7 Cost and Benefit of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries
Cost: o Unless carefully managed, recreation and tourism can pose a threat to both
the land scape and wildlife for that the national parks were established to
protect.
o Granting of national park status focuses attention on the area. This may
possibly lead to the attraction of too many tourists and overcrowding of the
area.
o Indigenous people can be excluded from their territory to protect landscape
and wildlife.
Benefit: o Protect landscapes, wildlife and ecological communities.
o Provide a place for people to have access and to experience the country.
o Tourists can also provide revenues for scientific research and conservation
projects.
o Offer employment opportunities for local people to become involved in
conservation of the environment rather than destructive practices such as
clearing natural vegetation for agriculture and poaching.
the sanctuary. The best months to bird watch are between June and August.
Boats are available on hire for backwater cruises around the lake. The breathtaking beauty of the mangrove forests the green sea of the paddy field and the
vast, fantastic coconut groves benevolently accommodating eye-pleasing and
thirst quenching rivalets, canals, channeled between wild flora and mild lies
extend a warm welcome to every nature loving tourist.
2. Munnar: - This is a hill station in Idukki district situated at the confluence of 3
small rivers Mudrapuzha, Nallanthani and Kundala, 1600m above sea level.
This hill station was once the summer capital of the British Government in
south India. The highest peak in south India-Anamudi (2695 meters high) is in
Munnar.The most variety flora; the Neelakurinji (Strobilanthus) is seen in this
part. The major sightseeing attractions are sprawling tea plantations, boating
and tea factory visits, visits to top stations (highest point in Munnar-1700m),
Mattupetty (has highly specialised dairy farm), Devikulam, Rajamala (natural
habitat of Nilgiri Tahr), Marayoor (natural growth of sandal wood
trees),Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and Eravikulam National Park
3. Bhoothathankettu: - This place is situated in the northeastern part of Ernakulam
district. The water body formed by the construction of a barrage across Periyar
River, land embraced by evergreen forests and bamboo are the major
attractions. There is also a legend about this place. A boat cruise from here to
Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary is an exhilarating experience.
4. Athirappally-Vazhachal Falls: - It is a popular picnic spot, 63 kms from
Thrissur in the Sholayar ranges. In another 5 km drive, we can reach the
Vazhachal cascades close to the evergreen forests and is a part of Chalakkudi
River.
5. Nelliampathy: - This place is situated in Palakkad district and is a fascinating
hill station at a height of 467 to 1572 km above the sea level. Travelling
through the hairpin bend on the ghat road that passes through the breath taking
evergreen forests of the Sahya ranges, one can view Seethankadu, a place of
pristine beauty.
6. Nilambur: - This place is situated in Malappuram district and famous for tea
plantations. The oldest teak plantation of the world, Connollys plot is situated
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here. About 40 kms from Nilambur situates the Nedungayam, the original
home of the Cholanyakans, the oldest original tribe of Kerala.
7. Perumvannamuzhy: - This place is situated in Kozhikode district. A lake
surrounded by natural forests is the major attraction here. This forms nearest
forest area suitable for recreation and environmental education for people in
and around Kozhikode and Kannur cities. There is a mini zoo and a crocodile
park here at presents.
8. Kuruva Islands: - This place is situated in Wayanad district. Kuruva Islands are
located in the river Kabani along the northeast border of Wayanad district. This
place is located at about 44 kms from Kalpatta, here mainly there are three
Islands and a few Submersible Satellite Islands. The main island contains two
small fresh water lakes. Several migratory birds are also seen here. These
Islands present a unique eco system that may be of great interest of nature
lovers.
9. Tirunelli: - This place is also situated in Wayanad district. This is considered to
be a serene locality with religious significance. Papanashini River and Temple
at Tirunelli attract large number of tourists. The sylvan surrounding fascinates
many. The Tirunelli Temple is a marvel of temple architecture. The shrine is
shielded with 30 grant columns and the ground is paved with huge square
pieces of granites.
10. Pythalmala: - This place is situated in Kannur district. This is the highest peak
in the Kannur district. A large number of tourists are attracted to this place.
Meadows at the top of the hills with small patches of shoal forest present a
panoramic view. This place is about 65 kms from Kannur town and about 4500
ft above sea level. This region, near Kerala-Karnataka border abounds in flora
and fauna.
11. Ravipuram: - This place is situated in Kasargod district. This is the highest
peak in Kasargod district. It is a good place for trekking activities. The
meadow at the top presents a panoramic view. Large crowds are attracted to
this place, especially on holidays. It is situated about 750m above sea level.
12. Thenmala Eco-Tourism Development Project: - Thenmala is the first
planned ecotourism destination in India. The Thenmala Project envisages three
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mahagony etc. Further, more than 28 varieties of animals and nine varieties
of reptiles have accepted this area as their natural habitat.
I. Silent Valley National park
Spread over 90 sq.km, Silent Valley National Park is perhaps the closest to
a virgin forest in the entire Western Ghat.It contains Indias last substantial
stretch of tropical evergreen rain forests and large number of wild animals.
J. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary
The Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, part of the neighboring Anamalai
Sanctuary in Tamilnadu is one of the best Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala.
Sprawling over 28589 km; it has a rich diversity of flora and fauna. It has a
large population of gauar, spotted deer, nilgirilangur, jungle cot, lion tailed
macaque, sloth bear along with some tigers and Leo padres. The cannimare
teak tree, said to be Asias largest, stands about 5km from Thunakadavu
headquarters of Parambikulam.Boating can be done at the lake at
Parambikulam. Trekking in the sanctuary is possible with the permission of
forest officials.
K. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
Abundant in flora and fauna, the sanctuary with a variety of wildlife forms
an integral part of the Nilgiri Bio-Sphere Reserve and in making in roads in
the conservation of the regional biological heritage, the purpose it is
intended for. It is adjacent to the protected area network of Nayar Hale
Bandhipur on the northeast and Mudumalai of Tamilnadu on the southwest.
The life styles of the tribals and others of the region have appropriately
been taken into account by management.
L. Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary
Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary is an easily accessible haunt for nature
enthusiasts. It is 35km from Thalassery. In its 55sq.km area; we can found
elephants, sloth bears, mouse deers as well as fauna and reptiles.
There are so many other destinations, which also comes under the
ecotourism sector in Kerala. There are many places in Kerala, which are suitable
for ecotourism. The following are other important ecotourism centres in Kerala.
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Chembra Peak
Trekking to the Chembra Peak is one of the risky tourist endeavors; Chembra
Peak is the highest peak in Wayanad at 2100m, above mean sea level. Trekking to
the top of this peak takes almost a day. District Tourism Promotion Council
provides guides, sleeping bags, canvass huts and trekking implements on hire
charges to the tourists. The scenic beauty of Wayanad that is visible from the top of
Chembra is very challenging and thrilling. The blue-eyed water in the lake at the
top of the hill never drives up even in the peak of summer.
Pakshipathalam
Meenmutty Waterfalls
Pookote Lake
The natural fresh water lake, very wide and deep is one of the rare reservoirs of
water in Wayanad surrounded on all sides with meadows and trees.
Agasthyakoodam
Vagamon
Peechi Dam
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The table 4:10 shows the important Sanctuaries, National Park (NP), Biosphere
Reserve (BR), Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLS), other protected areas of Kerala and
area in sq.km and their year of formation:-
Table 4:10
National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries/Biosphere Reserves in Kerala
Sl. No Name of NP/WLS/BR
Area in sq.km
Year of Formation
1.
Periyar WLS
777
1950
2.
Neyyar WLS
128
1958
3.
Peechi-Vaazhani WLS
125
1958
4.
Parambikulam WLS
285
1973
5.
Wayanad WLS
344.44
1973
6.
Eravikulam NP
97
1978
7.
Idukki WLS
70
1976
8.
Thattekkad BS
25
1983
9.
Peppara WLS
53
1983
10.
Chimmony WLS
85
1984
11.
Chinnar WLS
90.44
1984
12.
Shenduruney WLS
100.32
1984
13.
Aralam WLS
55
1984
14.
Silent valley NP
89.52
1984
2324.72
Nilgiri Biosphere
1455
1986
23
1992
Reserve
16.
Agasthyavanam
Biological Reserve
dancing fountain, amphitheatre, restaurant, parking areas and the shop courts. The
musical dancing fountain, which is located on the top of the hill-a synchronised
rhythmic ballet of water, sound and light- and a natural ambience is rare and
provides a unique and authentic experience. The amphitheatre can accommodate
1250 people at a time and satisfies the requisites of tourists by exhibiting Kerala
crafts, Keralas natural wealth and Keralas art culture through dance performance.
The shops within the shop court are intended to sell local forest products and local
handicrafts.
The theme of the leisure zone is man and nature. The major attractions
of this zone include the sculpture garden and board walk. The sculpture garden
endeavors to depict the relationship of man and his culture with nature in the serene
back drop of a green forest i.e., unpolluted nature synchronizing with the Thenmala
forest range. The adventure zone is located on the other side of the leisure zone.
The attractions are the elevated walk way, mountain biking facility, rock climbing,
river crossing, small nature trails, lotus pond etc. The activities in this zone are
carried out by National Adventure Foundation (NAF).
Ecotourism is planned in the surrounding forest area. The Shenduruney
Wildlife Sanctuary is having high potential to promote ecotourism activities. The
boat-landing area is inside the sanctuary. Soft trekking programmes and night
camps for one to three days and bird watching trails, environmental study for
school and college students are the important ecotourism activities conducted here.
The aim of the trekking packages is to prevent destruction of forest and to plant
new trees with the help of tourists etc. Only eco tourists are allowed to this area. In
order to avoid overcrowding and pollution created by vehicles inside the sanctuary,
two battery-supported vehicles are used. The forest department, which provides a
natural rehabilitation of spotted and sambar deers manage the Deer Rehabilitation
Centre. Tree top huts in this area give a unique experience.
The third component Eco-pilgrimage tourism aimed at developing an eco
friendly circuit from Thenmala connecting the three Ayyappa Shrines related to
famous Sabarimala i.e. Kulathupuzha, Aryankavu and Achankovil, which fall
within the project area. An Environmental Impact Assessment study was also
conducted in this area. Further on the recommendation of Kerala Forest Research
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Institute (KFRI) and on the basis of EIA, TEPS amended the activities to minimise
the negative impacts of the project.
appreciation, participation and sensitivity. The eco-tourist practices a nonconsumptive use of wildlife and natural resources and this leads to the conservation
of the site. Ecotourism promotes positive environmental ethics and it does not
degrade the resources.
In Kerala, ecotourism has now been misunderstood or not properly
understood by many tour operating companies and tourism project developers may
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References
B.B. Hosetti, Ecotourism Development and Management. Pointer Publishers,
Jaipur (2000) PP 117-134.
D. Babu Paul, A Perspective Paper on Development of
Tourism. Government of
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