ELECTRICAL

WORKSHOP PRACTICE

(3320902)
LABORATORY MANUAL
Name:
Branch:

Division:

Semester:

Year:

Enrollment No.:

Roll No.:

1-1

Shree V & K Patel Institute of

Engineering-kadi

EXPERIMENT :
Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Laws

Objective:

Verify Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) using mesh
and nodal analysis of the given circuit.
Equipment:

BREAD BOARD
Resistors.( 1 K (2) ,1.2 K (2), 2.4 K)
Theory:

1. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any
closed path (loop or mesh) is zero.
Applying Kirchhoffs voltage law to the first and the second loops in the circuit
shown in Figure 1 yields:

Loop 1:
Loop 2:

-Vs +V1 +V2 +V5 = 0

-V2 +V3 +V4 = 0

(1a)
(1b)

Figur
e1

2. Kirchhoffs Current Law states that the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node is
zero. Applying Kirchhoffs current law to the first four nodes in the circuit
shown in
Figure1 yields the following equations;

Node a:
Node b:
Node c:
Node d:

-Is + I1 = 0
-I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
-I3 + I4 = 0
-I2 - I4 + I5 = 0

(2a)
(2b)
(2c)
(2d)

Procedure:

Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1 using the values

below: R1 = 1 K
R2 = 2.4
K R3 =
1.2 K R4
= 1 K R5
= 1.2 K
2. Set the Variable Power Supply (Vs) to 5 Volts.
3. Accurately measure all voltages and currents in the circuit using the Digital MultiMeter (DMM).
4. Record the measurements in a tabular form containing the measured voltage and
current values as shown below.

1-3

Branch
current/voltage

V [volts ]

I [mA]

R [K]

V1, I1
V2, I2
V3, I3
V4, I4
V5, I5
Vs, Is
5. Verify KVL for the loops in the circuit using equations 1a and 1b.
6. Verify KCL for the nodes in the circuit using equations 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d.

Questions for Lab Report:

1. Theoretically calculate the voltages and currents for each element in the circuit
and compare them to the measured values.
2. Compute the percentage error in the two measurements and provide a brief
explanation for the error.

OBJECTIVE
To calculate the voltages and currents in series
and parallel DC circuits
1.1.2

DISCUSSION

Series and parallel DC circuits can be analyzed by applying Ohms Law, V =

I*R, and the following rules:
i. In a series circuit, the voltage across a group of resistances is equal to
the sum of voltages across each
ii. The total current delivered to a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the
currents in each parallel branch
iii. The current is the same in every resistance of a series circuit
iv. The voltage is the same across every resistance branch of a parallel
circuit
1.1.3

INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS

(None for this portion)

1-5

1.1.4

PROCEDURE

Using the above rules calculate the voltage and current values listed for each
of the following circuits. Show calculations as necessary.

A) 2 SERIES RESISTORS

Vs =

90

Volts

V1 = _______ Volts
V2 = _______ Volts

Is =

_______ Amps

I1 =

_______ Amps

I2 =

_______ Amps

B) 3 SERIES RESISTORS

V2 = 30 Volts
______ Volts

I2 = ______ Amps
______ Volts

V3 =

Vs =

I1 = ______ Amps

Is = ______ Amps
V1 = ______ Volts

C) 3 PARALLEL RESISTORS

1-7

I1 =
0.2
______ Amps

Amps

I2 =

V1 = ______ Volts
______ Amps

I3 =

V2 = ______ Volts
______ Amps

Is =

V3 = ______ Volts

Vs = ______ Volts

D) COMPLEX CIRCUIT

I3 =
0.2
_____ Volts

Amps

V3 = ______ Volts
Volts

V2 = ______ Volts

I2 =

______ Amps

V1 =

Vs = _____

Is =

1.1.5

______ Amps

CONCLUSIONS

1) If the power supply voltage in the first circuit (1.1.4 A) were doubled,
what would happen to the other voltages and currents in the circuit?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_________

If the polarity of the voltage in the first circuit was reversed, what would
happen to the other voltages and polarities in the circuit?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

1-9

_____________________________________________________________
_________

1.2 DC CIRCUITS MEASUREMENTS

1.2.1

OBJECTIVE

To verify experimentally the theoretical calculations performed in Section 1.1

DC CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS above.

1.2.2

DISCUSSION

In circuits there are junction points (nodes) where wires meet and are joined
together. According to Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) the sum of all currents at
the node equals zero. In other words, the sum of all currents entering the
node is equal to the sum of all currents exiting the node. The physical reason
behind this is that energy cannot be stored in the node, so all electrons
arriving at the junction must quickly leave. The following procedures attempt
to verify KCL.

1.2.3

INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS

Power Supply Module (0-120 V-DC)

Resistance Module

EMS 8821
EMS 8311

DC Metering Module (200V, 500mA, 2.5A)

EMS 8412

Connection Leads

EMS 8941

DC Voltmeters and DC Ammeters

1.2.4

--

PROCEDURE

CAUTION! High voltages are present in this Experiment. DO NOT make any
connections with the power supply ON. Get in the habit of turning OFF the
power supply after every measurement.

The circuits for the following procedures are identical to those used in Section
1.1 DC CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS above. For each circuit, perform each of
the following:

1) Enter your CALCULATED values from section 1.1 in the spaces provided
for each procedure.

2) Wire each circuit using the equipment listed in 1.2.3 above, being careful
to observe the CORRECT metering polarities. The built-in voltmeter in the
EMS 8821 unit will be used to measure supply voltage. Always make sure
the supply switch is OFF and the output control knob is turned fully
counterclockwise (0 Volts) when making connections.

3) Turn on the power supply and slowly turn the voltage control clockwise
until the voltmeter on the DC power supply indicates the required voltage.

111

4) Take your measurements

5) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the supply.

6) Compare the calculated results with the experimental values. Indicate

whether they agree or disagree. In the case of disagreement, try to
determine the cause (Stuff Happens is an insufficient explanation).

A) 2 SERIES RESISTORS

Calculated
Values
Vs =

90

Experimental
Values
Volts

Vs = _______ Volts

V1 = _______
Volts

V1 = _______
Volts

V2 = _______ Volts

V2 = _______ Volts

Is =

_______ Amps

Is = _______
Amps

I1 =

_______ Amps
I1 =

_______

Amps
I2 =

_______ Amps
I2 = _______
Amps

REMARKS: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

B) 3 SERIES RESISTORS

* Adjust Vs until V2 reads 30

Volts

Calculated
Values

Experimental
Values

V2 =

V2 = ______ Volts

30 Volts

I2 = ______ Amps

I2 = ______ Amps

I1 = ______
Amps

I1 = _NA__ Amps

Is = ______
Amps

Is = ______
Amps
V1 = ______ Volts

V1 = ______ Volts
V3 = ______ Volts

113

V3 = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts

REMARKS: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

C) 3 PARALLEL RESISTORS

Adjust Vs until I1 = 0.2 A

Experimental
Values

Calculated
Values
I1 =

0.2

Amps

V1 = ______ Volts

I1 = _______
Amps

V1 = __NA___
Volts

V2 = ______ Volts

V3 = ______ Volts

Vs = ______ Volts

I2 = ______ Amps

V2 = __NA___
Volts

V3 = _______Volts

Vs = _______Volts

I2 = ______

I3 = ______ Amps

Amps

Is = ______ Amps

I3 = ______
Amps

Is = ______ Amps

REMARKS: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

D) COMPLEX CIRCUIT

Adjust Vs until I3 = 0.2 A

Calculated
Values
I3 =

0.2

Experimental
Values
Amps

I3 = ______ Amps

V3 = ______ Volts

V3 = ______ Volts

V2 = ______ Volts

V2 = _NA__ Volts

I2 = ______ Amps

I2 = ______
Amps

Is = _______ Amps
Is = _______

115

Amps
V1 = ______ Volts
V1 = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts
Vs = ______ Volts

1.3 DC POWER CALCULATIONS

1.3.1

OBJECTIVE

To calculate the power dissipated in a direct current resistor and show that
the power dissipated in a load is equal to the power supplied by the source
(discounting any losses).

1.3.2

DISCUSSION

The power source supplies electrical energy to a load where the energy is
transformed into useful work. In the realm of electricity, useful work is
denoted by the movement of electrons (electric current) at the load. POWER
is the rate at which work is performed. An electromotive force of one volt
producing one ampere of current through a one ohm resistance produces one
watt of electric power. This relationship between voltage, current, resistance
and power is summarized with the following equations:

P = VI

P = I 2R

P = V2/R

(Watts)

When electric energy is supplied to a resistor, that energy is immediately

converted to heat energy, resulting in a physical rise in temperature of the
resistor. The greater the amount of power supplied to the resistor, the
greater the amount of heat generated in the resistor and thus the larger the
rise in temperature. Since resistors are manufactured to meet a specific
operating temperature at rated power and voltage levels, they are
constructed to be physically large enough to dissipate the required heat
energy. To avoid unacceptable temperatures, resistors that are required to
dissipate significant amounts of electric power must be made with a large
surface area. Increasing the physical size of a resistor improves both
convection and radiation, the two primary means by which heat is dissipated.

1.3.3

INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS

(None)

1.3.4

PROCEDURE

The circuits in this procedure are identical to those analyzed in Section 1.1
DC CIRCUITS CALCULATIONS.

1) Enter the values calculated for each circuit in Section 1.1 in the spaces
provided.

2) Use the power formulas given above to calculate power dissipation in each
resistor in the circuit
(P1 = V1 x I1, etc.).

3) Calculate the power delivered to the circuit by the supply (Ps = Vs x Is)
and record the result.

117

4) Compare the power dissipated to the power supplied and remark upon any
discrepancies.

A) 2 SERIES RESISTORS

Power Dissipated

Calculated
Values
Vs =

90

P1 = _______
Watts
Volts

V1 = _______
Volts

P2 = _______
Watts

Ptot = _______
Watts

V2 = _______ Volts

Is =

_______ Amps

I1 =

_______ Amps

I2 =

_______ Amps

Power Supplied

Ps = _______
Watts

REMARKS: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

B)

SERIES RESISTORS

119

Calculated
Values

Power
Dissipated

V2 =

P1 = _______
Watts

30 Volts

I2 = ______ Amps
P2 = _______
Watts

I1 = ______
Amps
Is = ______
Amps

P3 = _______
Watts

Ptot = _______
Watts

V1 = ______ Volts

V3 = ______ Volts

Vs = ______ Volts

Power Supplied

Ps = _______
Watts

REMARKS: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

C) 3 PARALLEL RESISTORS

Calculated
Values
I1 =

0.2

Power
Dissipated
Amps

P1 = _______
Watts

V1 = ______ Volts
P2 = _______
Watts
V2 = ______ Volts

V3 = ______ Volts

Vs = ______ Volts

P3 = _______
Watts

Ptot = _______
Watts

I2 = ______ Amps
Power Supplied
I3 = ______ Amps

Is = ______ Amps

Ps = _______
Watts

REMARKS: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

121

D) COMPLEX CIRCUIT

Power
Dissipated

Calculated
Values
I3 =

0.2

Amps

V3 = ______ Volts

V2 = ______ Volts

P1 = _______
Watts

P2 = _______
Watts

P3 = _______
Watts

I2 = ______ Amps

Is = _______ Amps

Ptot = _______
Watts

V1 = ______ Volts
Power Supplied
Vs = ______ Volts

Ps = _______
Watts
REMARKS: _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

1.4 DC POWER MEASUREMENTS

1.4.1

OBJECTIVE

To measure the power dissipated by resistors in DC networks and verify that

the law of conservation of energy requires that the power dissipated by any
number of resistive elements be equal to the power supplied by the source
(when losses are neglected).

1.4.2

DISCUSSION

As stated previously, power in a DC circuit is related to the applied voltage

and resulting current by the following expression:

Power, P = VI

(watts)

In a resistor, electric energy is converted to heat energy. The presence of

heat energy creates a rise in the ambient temperature of the resistor and its
surroundings. The rate at which the heat energy can be dissipated from the
resistor to the surrounding environment is directly related to the physical size
of the resistor. Converting electric energy to heat can be useful for many
things, including the resistive heating elements in electric hot water heaters,
electric ovens, etc.

1.4.3

INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS

Power Supply Module (0-120 V-DC)

Resistance Module

EMS 8821
EMS 8311

DC Metering Module (200V, 500mA, 2.5A)

123

EMS 8412

Connection Leads
DC Voltmeters and DC Ammeters

1.4.4

EMS 8941
--

PROCEDURE

CAUTION! High voltages are present in this Experiment. DO NOT make any
connections with the power supply ON. Get in the habit of turning OFF the
power supply after every measurement.

1) Remove the Resistance Module EMS 8311 from the Lab-Volt Station
examine the 300, 600 and 1200 Ohm resistors inside

2) List the resistors in order of their heat dissipating capability (least to

greatest): [Consider their physical size]

__________________________________________________________________

3) Which resistor can safely handle the most electric power?

___________________

4) Connect the circuit shown below using the EMS Resistance, DC Metering
and Power Supply Modules. Make sure the power supply is OFF
before wiring. Take care to observe meter polarities.

5) Turn on the power supply and advance the voltage output until the
voltmeter across the resistor, R, indicates 120 Volts, DC. Measure the
current indicated by the ammeter.

6) Let the circuit operate for three minutes. In the meantime, calculate the
power dissipated in the resistor.

A) A SIMPLE DC CIRCUIT

CALCULATIONS AND
MEASUREMENTS
Vr =

120

Volts

Ir = _______ Amps

Pr = Vr x Ir = ______ x ______

= _______ Watts

3.43 x Watts = __________ BTU/Hr

7) Return the voltage control to zero and turn OFF the power supply.
Remove the resistance module from the console. Place your hand near the
300 Ohm resistor inside the module, but DO NOT TOUCH! The resistor
should be quite warm since it is designed to operate at 350 C. Replace
the module in the rack.

125

8) Calculate the BTU/Hr dissipated by the resistor: ____________________

BTU/Hr (1 watt = 3.43 BTU/Hr)

9) Change the value of the resistor to 600 Ohms and repeat steps 5)and 7)
above.

For 600 Ohms, Ir = _______ Amps

10) Return the voltage control to zero and turn off the supply.

11) Calculate the power dissipated in the 600 Ohm resistor by three
methods:

P = VI : _______ Volts x _______ Amps = ________ Watts

P = I2R : _______ Amps2 x _______ Ohms = _______ Watts

P = V2/R : ______ Volts2 / _______ Ohms = _______ Watts

Do your results agree? _________

Explain: ________________________________________________________________________

12) Connect the new circuit, B), shown below. Make sure the power supply is
OFF.

13) Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the source
voltage is 110 Volts, DC.

14) Measure and record the current and voltages.

15)

Return the voltage control to zero and turn OFF the supply.

B) A SERIES CIRCUIT

Vs =

110

Volts

Is = _______ Amps
Watts

P1 = ______

V1 = ______ Volts
Watts

P2 = ______

V2 = ______ Volts
Watts

P3 = ______

V3 = ______ Volts

Ptot = P1+P2+P3

Ptot = ______ Watts

127

Ps = Vs x Is = ______
Watts

16) Calculate the power dissipated in each resistor using the equation, P =
VI.

17) Add the three powers and compare with the power supplied by the
source, Ps = VsIs.

Do the two values agree? ______________

18) Could P1, P2, and P3 be determined without using the three voltmeters
across the resistors? In other words, if the resistor values are known (and
are accurate) and the source value is known, would the ammeter provide
sufficient information to determine the power dissipated by each resistor?
______________
What equations would be used to calculate P1, P2, P3?

______________________________________________________________________________
___

19) Connect the circuit, C), shown below, but DO NOT turn on the power
supply at this time.

20) Using the input voltage of 90 Volts, DC, calculate the power dissipated by
each resistor. Add them to determine the total power dissipated.

21) Knowing that the power supply must deliver all the dissipated power,
determine the supply current, Is.

C) A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Calculations

Vs =

Measurements

90

Volts

P1 = (Vs)2/R1 =
______ W

Vs =
Volts

90

Is = _______
Amps

P2 = (Vs)2/R2 = ______
W
Ptot = P1 + P2 =
______ W

Is = Ptot/Vs
______ A

22) Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the supply
voltage is 90 Volts, DC. Measure and record the ammeter reading for Is.

129

23) Return the voltage control to zero and turn OFF the supply.

Does the measured value of Is agree with the calculated value?

_____________

Explain:
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________