DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR

4th Semester Mechanical Engineering

HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY
LABORATORY RECORD

NAME: ___________________

PHOTO

BATCH: __________________
ROLL NO: _______________
REGISTER NUMBER: ______________________

MUJ/SAMM/ME 1432

MECHANICAL LABORATORY III

INDEX PAGE
BATCH NO: ________
Sl.
No.
1

Name of the experiment

Determination of thermal
conductivity (K) of
Composite walls
Determination of calorific
values (CV) of gaseous fuels
by Boys calorimeter
Determination of flash and
fire points of oils (Open
Cup)
Determination of thermal
conductivity (K) of
insulating powder filled
between two spheres
Determination of Stefan
Boltzmanns Constant () of
a test plate through
experiment
Determination of flash and
fire points of oils (close Cup)
Determination of emissivity
() of a test plate in
comparison with black plate
Determination of rate of heat
transfer and thermal
conductivity of lagged
material kept in concentrated
pipes
Determination of rate of heat
transfer ( ) through natural

10

ROLL NO: ________

Page No.

1-5
6-8

9-11

12-14

15-20

21-23

24-25

26-29

30-32

convection
Determination of rate of heat
transfer ( ) through forced

33-34

convection

11

Calculation of effectiveness
in parallel flow heat
exchangers

35-38

Manual
Marks

Observation
Marks

Signature of
Faculty

12

13

14

15

Calculation of effectiveness
in counter flow heat
exchangers
Estimation of heat transfer
coefficient (h) of a pin fin
(circular) apparatus through
forced convection
Determination of thermal
conductivity (K) of Copper
rod placed in a shell
Calibration of Thermocouple
apparatus through suitable
media and comparison of
induced error

39-40

41-42

43-44

45-48

TOTAL MARKS

Final internal marks awarded (out of 60)

7th Sem Mechanical Engineering

Heat Transfer Lab
1st cycle:1. Determination of thermal conductivity (K) of Composite walls
2. Determination of calorific values (CV) of gaseous fuels by Boys calorimeter
3. Determination of flash and fire points of oils (Open Cup)
4 Determination of thermal conductivity (K) of insulating powder filled between two spheres
5. Determination of Stefan Boltzmanns Constant () of a test plate through experiment

2nd cycle:6. Determination of flash and fire points of oils (close Cup)
7. Determination of emissivity () of a test plate in comparison with black plate
8. Determination of rate of heat transfer and thermal conductivity of lagged material kept
in concentrated pipes
9. Determination of rate of heat transfer ( ) through natural convection
10. Determination of rate of heat transfer ( ) through forced convection

3rd cycle:11. Calculation of effectiveness in parallel flow heat exchangers

12. Calculation of effectiveness in counter flow heat exchangers
13. Estimation of heat transfer coefficient (h) of a pin fin (circular) apparatus through forced
convection

14. Determination of thermal conductivity (K) of Copper rod placed in a shell

15. Calibration of Thermocouple apparatus through suitable media and comparison of induced
error

EXPERIMENT NO: 1
Aim: To Determine the thermal conductivity of Composite walls.
Apparatus:
(a) Composite Wall Apparatus:
(i) Mild steel: 300 mm dia. and 12 mm thickness.
(ii) Bakelite: 300 mm dia. and 12 mm thickness.
(iii) Wood: 300 mm dia. and 12 mm thickness.
(b) Heater: 275 mm dia. and capacity of 400 W.
Diagram:

Theory:
The apparatus consists of a three slabs of different materials namely mild steel, wood,
bakelite consist of a central heater (mica heater) and switch between two aluminum
sheets. Three types of slab are provided both side of heater, which form composite
structures. Thermocouples areprovided at proper position in the composite wall (i.e.
embedded between interfaces of the slabs), to record desired inside temperature
indicates to measure these temperature. Small hand press provided to the wall on each
other and to ensure that no air gap remaining between two plates.

Procedure:
(1) Check the pressure applied to the plates manually.
(2) Give the supply
(3) Give known steady input to the heater with the help of dimmer state.
(4) Check the input to the heater with selector switch such as voltmeter & ammeter.
(5) Note down the temperature every 15 minutes till a steady condition is reached.
(6) Calculate the thermal conductivity of the material based on the steady state.
Observation Table:
(1) INPUT VOLTAGE (V).
(2) INPUT CURRENT (I)..
SL
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Voltage Current T1
(Volt)
(Amp)

T2

T3

T4

Calculations:
(1) Heater input: Q V I (watt)
(2) Mean temperature:
T T
T T4
T T6
T T
Ta 1 2 , Tb 3
, Tc 5
, Td 7 8
2
2
2
2
(3) Thermal conductivity of the slab:
QL
(W/m-C)
k1
2 A (Ta Td )
Where, L: Length of the slab = 0.040 m
A: Area of the heater = 0.049 m2
Results:

Precautions:
1. Ground the instrument properly.
2. Keep all instrument assembly undisturbed.
3. Steady state condition should be achieved.
4. Keep all instrument assembly undisturbed.
5. Note down the reading carefully.

T5

T6

T7

T8

EXPERIMENT NO: 2
Aim: Determination of calorific values (CV) of gaseous fuels by Boys calorimeter.
Apparatus:
1. Gas geyser (automatic).
2. Rotameter.
3. Mini gas cylinder with regulator and control valve to burn the fuel.
4. Digital temperature indicator with temperature sensor provided to measure the
temperature difference in circulating water.
5. Water pump fitted to supply the sufficient water at constant head to gas geyser.
6. Stainless tank with float valve is provided for circulating water.
Theory:
Fuels can be classified as solid, liquid and gaseous fuel. They combine readily with
oxygen and burn giving up heat energy during combustion. The calorific value of solid or
liquid fuel is defined as the heat evolved by the complete combustion of unit mass of
fuel. The calorific value of gaseous fuel is defined as heat evolved by the
completecombustion of one cubic meter of gas when the products of combustion are
cooled to STP.In most of the combustion processes, the cooling of burned gases to
roomtemperature is not possible and therefore the water vapour formed is not condensed
and therefore carried to the atmosphere. The amount of latent heat carried depends upon
the pressure at which evaporation takes place and the quantity of water vapour formed. It
is difficult to decide the pressure of evaporation. The common practice is to assume that
evaporation takes place at a saturation temperature of 1000C. The latent heat of water at
this saturation temperature is 2466 kJ/kg. The lower calorific value of the fuel is given
by:
Lower calorific value (LCV) = Higher calorific value (HCV) Heat carried away by
the water vapour formed per cubic meter of gas burned.
The apparatus consists of two gas burners with arrangement to measure flow quantity and
pressure of the gas supplied to the burner. A gas pressure regulator is used in the gas
supply line to damp down any pressure fluctuations which would affect the results
adversely. The fuel supplied burns within a cylindrical container which is surrounded by
cooling coil. The cooling water is supplied to the cooling coil from a constant head tank.
The flue gas moves up in the cylindrical container and then it flows down from the top of
the container. The steam formed due to the combustion of hydrogen in the fuel and
carried with the gases condenses around the cooling coil and drips down into the trap
which is collected and measured. The outer casing of the calorimeter is provided with
heavy insulation to prevent any heat loss to the surroundings.
Procedure:
1. Give necessary electric connection to the instrument.
2. Allow the water to flow through the jacket of the calorimeter and set the flow rate.
(Max. 3 liters per minute)

3. Connect the gas burner and place below the calorimeter.

4. Connect the gas regulator to the cylinder.
5. Close the gas controller in the panel and open the gas regulator of the cylinder.
6. Now, slowly open the gas controller and set the pressure of flow. (Say 1 kg/cm2)
7. Using the Gas flow meter set the rate of flow of the gas.
8. Light the gas burner with the match stick.
9. Conduct the experiment till steady state is reached.
10. Record the gas temperature and cooling water temperature at inlet and out let.
11. Repeat the experiment for different gas and water flow rates and find the average
Calorific value.
Observation table:
SL

Gas pressure P

Gas flow rate Gas flow rate

No.

(kg/cm2)

Qg (lit/m)

Temperature (C)

Qg (lit/m)
T1

T2

T3

Calculations:
(1) Heat carried away by cooling water (Hw):
H w m w cpw (T1 T2 ) (J/s)

Where, cpw: Specific heat of water = 4.187 J/kg-

T2: Outlet temperature of water ()
T1: Inlet temperature of water ()

Mass flow rate of water:

103
m w 1000 Q w
(kg/s)
60
(2) Higher calorific value (HCV) of fuel burnt at room temperature and pressure
(RTP):
HCVRTP

Hw
vg RTP

(J/m3)

v g RTP : Volume of gas burnt at RTP =

HCVRTP

Hw
(J/m3)

vg RTP

Qg 103
60

(m3/s)

T4

(3) Higher calorific value (HCV) of fuel burnt at standard temperature and pressure
(STP):
H
HCVSTP w (J/m3)
vg STP
P1v1
Pv
)STP ( 2 2 ) RTP
T1
T2
Assume: P1 = P2
T1 (STP) = 15 = 288 K
T2 (STP) = Room temperature + 273 = ____________ (K)
V2 (RTP) = Vg (RTP) = _____________ (m3/s)
V1 (STP) = _______________ (m3/s)
Thus, HCVSTP = ______________ (J/m3)

Now, (

(4) Lower calorific value of the fuel burnt at STP:

Under steady state condition:
Heat liberated = Heat carried away by water
H LPG H Water
mf LPG CVfuel mf Water C pw (Tin Tout )

CVfuel

mfw C pw (Tin Tout )

mf LPG

Results:
HCV of the gas: __________________
LCV of the gas: __________________

Precautions:

EXPERIMENT NO: 3
Aim:Determination of flash and fire points of oils (Open Cup).
Apparatus:
(1) Cleveland Cup Apparatus: It consists of test cup, heating plate, testflame applicator,
heater, thermometer support and heating plate support, all conforming to the following
requirements:
(a) Test cup: It is made of brass. The cup may be equipped with a handle.
(b) Heating plate: A brass, cast iron, wrought iron, or steel plate with a centerhole
surrounded by an area of plane depression, and a sheet of hard asbestos board which
covers the metal plate except over the area of plane depression in which the test cup is
supported. The metal plate may be square instead of round and have suitable extension
for mounting the test flame applicator device and the thermometer support. The metal
bead is mounted on the plate so that it extends through and slightly above a small hole in
the asbestos board.
(c) Test Flame Applicator:The device for applying the test flame may be ofany suitable
design, but the tip shall be 1.6 to 5.0 mm in diameter at the end and the orifice shall have
an approximate diameter of 0.8 mm. The device for applying the test flame shall be so
mounted to permit automatic duplication of the sweep of the test flame, the radius of
swing being not less than 150 mm and the center of the orifice moving in a plane not
more than 2.5 mm above the cup. A bead having a diameter of 3.8 to 5.4 mm may be
mounted in a convenient position on the apparatus so the size of the test flame can be
compared to it.
(d) Heater:Heat may be supplied from any convenient source. The use of a gasburner
or alcohol lamp is permitted, but under no circumstances are products of combustion or
free flame to be allowed to come up around the cup. An electric heater controlled by a
variable voltage transformer is preferred. The source of heat shall be centered under the
opening of the heating plate with no local superheating.
(e) Thermometer Support:A device which will hold the thermometer in thespecified
position during a test and permits easy removal of the thermometer from the test cup
upon completion of a test.
(f) Heating Plate Support:Any convenient support which will hold the heating plate
level and steady may be employed.
(2) Shield: A shield having an area of 460mm2and 610mm high and having an open front
isused.
(3) Thermometer: A thermometer having the required range.
Preparation of apparatus:
Support the apparatus on a level table. Shield the top of theapparatus from strong
intensity of light by any suitable means to permit ready detection of the flash point.Wash
the test cup with an appropriate solvent to remove any oil or traces of gum or residue
remaining from a previous test. If any deposits of carbon are present, they should be
removed with steel wool. Flush the cup with cold water and dry for a few minutes over an

open flame, on a hot plate, or in an oven to remove the last traces of solvent and water.
Cool the cup to at least 56 C below the expected flash point before using.
Support the thermometer in a vertical position with the bottom of the bulb 6.4 mm from
the bottom of the cup and located at a point halfway between the center and side of the
cup on the diameter perpendicular to the line of the sweep of the test flame and on the
side opposite to the test flame burner arm.

Cleveland cup apparatus

Procedure:Fill the cup; at any convenient temperature not exceeding 100 C or above the
softeningpoint; so that the top of the meniscus is at the filling line. Remove the excess
sample using a pipette or other suitable device; however, if there is sample on the outside
of the apparatus, empty, clean, and refill it. Destroy any air bubbles on the surface of the
sample.
Lit the test flame and adjust it to a diameter of 3.8 to 5.4 mm.
Apply heat initially so that the rate of temperature rise of the sample is 14 to 17 C per
minute. When the sample temperature is approximately 56 C below the anticipated flash
point, decrease the heat so that the rate of temperature rise for 28C before the flash point
is 5 to 6C per minute.
Starting at least 28 C below the flash point, apply the test flame when the temperature
read on the thermometer reaches each successive 2 C mark. Pass the test flame across
the center of the cup, at right angles to the diameter, which passes through the
thermometer. With a smooth, continuous motion apply the flame either in a straight line
or along the circumference of a circle having a radius of at least 150 mm. The center of
the test flame must move in a plane not more than 2.5 mm above the plane of the upper
edge of the cup passing in one direction first, then in the opposite direction the next lime.
The time consumed in passing the test flame across the cup shall be about one second (1
s.). During the last 17 C rise in temperature prior to the flash point, care must be taken to
avoid disturbing the vapors in the test cup by careless movements or bathing near the cup.
Record as the observed flash point the temperature read on the thermometer when a flash
appears at any point on the surface of the material, but does not confuse the true flash
with the bluish halo that sometimes surrounds the test flame.
To determine the fire point, continue heating so that the sample temperature increases at a
rate of 5 to 6 C. Continue the application of the test flame at 2C intervals until the oil
ignites and continues to burn for at least 5 second. Record the temperature at the point as
the fire point of the oil.

Results:
The flash point of a given oil sample: __________________
The fire point of a given oil sample: ___________________
Precautions:(1) Do not breathe close to the apparatus as the fumes are injurious to health.
(2) Turn off the fans so that the fumes can be accumulated over the cup.
(3) Tip of the thermometer should not touch the bottom or sides of the cup.
(4) The operator must exercise and take appropriate safety precautions during the initial
application of the test flame, since samples containing low flash material may give an
abnormally strong flash when the test flame is first applied.

Experiment No. 4
Aim:Determination of thermal conductivity (K) of insulating powder filled between two
spheres.
Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of two thin walled concentric copper spheres. The inner sphere
houses the heating coil. The insulating powder (Asbestos powder Lagging Material) is
packed between the two shells. The powder supply to the heating coil is by using a
dimmer stat and is measured by Voltmeter and Ammeter. Choromel-Alumel
thermocouples are used to measure the temperatures. Thermocouples (1) to (4) are
embedded on inner sphere and (5) to (10) are as shown in the fig. Temperature readings
in turn enable to find out the Thermal Conductivity of the insulating powder as an
isotropic material and the value of Thermal Conductivity can be determined.
Consider the transfer of heat by conduction through the wall of a hollow sphere formed
by the insulating powdered layer packed between two thin copper spheres.

[Experimental apparatus of thermal conductivity measurement of two concentric spheres]

Specifications:
(a) Inner sphere: 100 mm dia. halved construction.
(b) Outer sphere: 200 mm dia. halved construction.
(c) Heater: Mica flat heater fitted inside inner sphere.
(d) Controls: (a) Main switch 30 A DPDT switch
(b) Dimmer stat 0-230 V, 2 A capacity.
(e) Voltmeter: 0 200 V
(f) Ammeter: 0 1 A
(g) Multichannel digital temperature indicator calibrated for Cr-Al thermocouple.

Theory:
Conduction of heat is flow of heat which occurs due to exchange from one molecule to
another without appreciable motion of the molecules. In any heating process, heat flows
outwards from the heat generation point. In order to reduce heat loss, various types of
heat insulations are used. In order to determine the appropriate thickness of insulation,
the effect of thermal conductivity is important. In present case we have analyzed heat
conduction through wall of hollow sphere consisting insulating powder.
Let, r1: radius of inner sphere in m
r0: radius of outer sphere in m
T1: Average inner sphere surface temperature ()
T2: Average outer sphere surface temperature ()
Consider a thin spherical layer of thickness dr at radius r and temperature difference of
dT across the layer. Applying Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction:
dT
Q K.4r 2 .
dr
Q
dr
=
2 dT
4K r
Integrating above equation w.r.t. r and T:
r
T2
Q o dr

dT
4K ri r 2
T1

Q 1 1
( ) (T2 T1 ) (T 1 T2 )
4K ro ri

Thus the thermal conductivity of insulating powder:

Q
ro ri
K

4 ro .ri .(T1 T2 )
Procedure:1. Start main switch of control panel.
2. Increase slowly the input to heater by the dimmer stat starting from zero volt position.
3. Adjust input equal to 40 W (maximum) by voltmeter and ammeter.
4. See that this input remains constant throughout the experiment.
5. Wait till fairly steady state condition is reached. This can be checked by reading
temperatures of thermocouples (1) to (10) and note changes in their readings with time.
6. Note down the readings in the observations table as given below:
Observation table:
Inner sphere: (d = 100 mm)
SL
T1 ()
T2 ()
NO.

T3 ()

T4 ()

Mean temp.
()

Outer sphere: (d = 200 mm)

SL
T5 ()
T6 ()
NO.

T7 ()

T8 ()

T9 ()

T10 ()

Mean
temp. ()

Result:
The thermal conductivity of insulating powder is: _______________________ (W/m-)
Temperature of inner sphere: ____________ ()
Temperature of outer sphere: ____________ ()
Precautions:

Experiment No. 5
Aim:To determination of Stefan Boltzmanns Constant () of a test plate through
experiment.
Apparatus: Hot water, thermocouples, test plate.
Theory:
All substances emit thermal radiation, when heat radiation is incident on the body; part of
radiation is absorbed, transmitted through and reflected by the body. A surface which
absorbs all thermal radiation incidents over it is called black surface. For black surface,
transmissivity and reflectivity are zero and absorptivity is unity. Stefans Boltzmann law
states that emissivity of a surface is proportional to fourth power of its absolute surface
temperature.
Q radiation ..T 4
Where, T: Absolute temperature
: Stefans Boltzmann constant 5.667 10 8 w / m 2 K 4
: Emissivity of the surface
Qrad: Radiation power/Emissive power
Experimental set-up details:
The round box is a simple water heat tank which is provided with animmersion heater.
This tank is connected to another rectangular box by a tube through a tap. The rectangular
box is provided with a hemi-spherical shell and inner-surface of hemisphere is blackened
with carbon black to make the surface as black body. A small circular disc with minimum
weight is fixed at the centre of the hemi-sphere. This is also made a perfect black body by
providing carbon-black on the surface. Four thermocouples are provided on the top
surface of the hemi-sphere to find surface of the hemi-sphere to fine the average surface
temperature. One thermocouple is also fixed at the centre of the disc to measure the
temperature of the disk.
Procedure:
1. See that inlet of water jacket is closed and fill up with sufficient water in heater tank.
2. Put ON heater. Blacken the test disc with the help of lamp black and let it cool.
3. Heated up the water in the range of 70 90 and switch of the heater.
4. Note down the hemisphere temperatures.
5. Note down the disc temperatures.
Observation table:
SL
No.

Time interval (s)

1.
2.
3.
4.

5
10
15
20

Temperature ()

T1 =
T2 =
T3 =
T4 =

Surface
Temperature
TS

()

Calculations:
2
d (d = 25 mm)
4
Weight of the test disc m 6.5 103 kg
T T T3 T4
Hemisphere temperature TH 1 2
273K
4
Initial test disc temperature TD (TS 273K)
Thus,
Q radiation .A..(TH4 TD4 )
.. (1)
Qgained [m.Cp(Copper) .(Tin Tout )] / t ... (2)

Area of the test disc A

Area of the test disc = A = 4.9 104 m 2

Mass of the disc = m 6.5 103 kg
Specific heat of copper = CP(Copper) = 381 J/kgC
Emissivity of test disc = = 1 (With assumption of black body)
By equating equation (1) and equation (2), we can find out the value of emissivity =
(Through experiment)
Result:
The experimental value of emissivity is: .

Precautions:
1. Never put ON heater, before putting water in tank.
2. Drain water after completion of experiment.

Experiment No. 6
Aim:Determination of flash and fire points of oils (close Cup).
Apparatus:
1. Test cup made of brass.
2. Electric heating plate with regulator control.
3. Test-flame application (Gas system/Oil system).
4. Glass thermometer (with/without thermometer).
5. Electric stirrer.
Theory:
This method covers the determination of flash point by PenskyMartens closed tester of
fuel oils (lubricating oils, viscous materials and suspension of solids). This method
partially can be employed for the detection of contamination of lubricating oil by minor
amount of volatile material.
Flash point: The temperature at which material gives so much vapour that it is mixed
with air and it forms an ignitable mixture. Finally it gives a momentary flash on
application of small point flame.
Fire point: The lowest temperature at which a volatile combustible substance continues to
burn in air after its vapors have been ignited (as when heating is continued after the flash
point has been determined).
Preparation of sample: Samples of asphalts or very viscous materials may be warmed
until they are reasonably fluid, before they are tested. The samples shall not be heated
above a temperature 16C below their expected flash point.
Procedure:
1. Place the instrument on the flat surface and place the voltage variac unit beside it.
2. Connect the wires of the instrument as per colour code to the voltage variac and screw
the green.
3. Set the required voltage with the help of regulator of the variac.
4. If the sample is known to have a flash point above 105 C, apply the test flame in the
manner at each temperature such that multiple of 3C is the beginning at a temperature of
whole number reaching not higher than 17 C below the flash point.
5. Record as the flash point temperature read in the thermometer at the time and test
flame application causes a distinct flash in the interior of the cup. Do not confuse the true
flash point with bluish flame.
Observation Table:
Fuel

Flash point (C)

Fire point (C)

Result:
The flash point of given fuel is .. and fire point of given fuel is
.

Precautions:

Experiment No. 7
Aim:Determination of emissivity () of a test plate in comparison with black plate.
Apparatus:
1. Test plate.
2. Black plate.
3. Enclosure.
4. Test plate heater.
5. Black plate heater.
6. Thermocouple socket.
Theory:
All substances emit and absorb thermal radiation to and from the surroundings. The rate
of thermal radiation depends upon the temperature of the body. Thermal radiations are
electromagnetic waves and they do not require any medium for propagation. When
thermal radiation strikes the body, part of it is reflected, part of its absorbed and part of it
is transmitted through the body. The fraction of incident energy reflected by the surface is
termed as reflectivity (). The fraction of incident energy absorbed by the surface is
termed as absorptivity (a). The fraction of incident energy transmitted by the surface is
termed as transmissivity ().
The surface which absorbs all the incident radiation is called black surface.
For black surface,
The radiant flux, emitted from the surface is called emissive power (e).
Emissivity: The emissivity of a surface is the ratio of emissive power of a surface to the
black surface at same temperature.

Procedure:
1. Blacken one of the plates with the help of lamp black.
2. Keep both the dimmerstat at zero position.
3. Insert the supply pin-top in the socket (which is properly earthened and switch ON
the mains supply).
4. Switch ON the mains in the panel.
5. Keep the meter selection switch (toggle) at the black plate side position.
6. Adjust dimmerstat of the black plate so that around 60-65 volts are supplied to the
black plate.
7. Now put ON the meter selection switch on the panel.
8. Adjust test plate voltage slightly less than that of black plate (say 50-55 volts).
9. Check the temperature (after say 10 min) and adjust the dimmerstat that temperature of
both the plates are equal and steady. Normally very minor adjustment are required for
this.
10. Note down the readings after the plate temperatures reach the steady state condition.

Observation table:
Plate
Voltage
(volt)
Black plate
White plate (test plate)
Enclosure surface

Input
Current
(amp)

Surface temperature (C)

T1 =
T2 =
T3 =

Calculations:
1. Enclosure temperature = T3 = . (K)
2. Plate surface temperature = T1 =T2 = T = . (K)
3. Heat input to the black plate = Wb = V I = .. (W) (by Particular
dimmerstat)
4. Heat input to the test plate = WT = V I = .. (W) (by Particular
dimmerstat)
5. Surface area of the plates:
m2
Where, D = diameter of the plate = 0.15 m
t = thickness of the plate = 0.010m
6. For black plate,
Where, WCV_B : Convective heat loss
WCD_B: Conduction heat loss
WR_B: Radiation heat loss
Similarly for test plate (as both the plates are of same physical dimension and same
material at same temperature),
and
Thus, WB WT = WR_B WR_T = ..A (T4 - T34) - .t.A (T4 - T34)
The value of emissivity of test plate is: t = _________________
Result:
The emissivity of test plate is found to be ______________ at the temperature of
______________ (K)

Precautions:

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Aim: Determination of rate of heat transfer and thermal conductivity of lagged material
kept in concentrated pipes.
Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of three concentric pipes on suitable stand and the details are as
follows:
Pipe: GI pipe inside 60mm (OD), MS pipe middle 87 mm (OD), MS pipe outer 139 mm
(OD) and the length of each pipes are 500 mm.
Heater: Nichrome wire heater (cartridge type) placed centrally having suitable capacity.
Control panel:
(i) Single phase dimmerstat (0 230 V), 1 no.
(ii) Voltmeter (0 230 V), 1 no.
(iii) Ammeter (0 2 A), 1 no.
(iv) Multichannel digital temperature indicator: Range 0 300 C using Cr/Al
thermocouple
(v) Single phase 230 V electric supply.
Details of apparatus:
The apparatus consists of three concentric pipes mounted on suitablestand. The inside
pipe consists of a heater, which is wound with nichrome wire on the insulation. Between
first two cylinders the insulating material with which lagging is to be done is filled
compactly. Between second and third cylinders another material used for lagging is filled.
The thermocouples are attached to the surface of cylinders approximately to measure the
temperatures. The input to the heater is varied through a dimmerstat and measured on
voltmeter and ammeter. The experiments can be conducted at various values of input and
calculations can be made accordingly. Similarly the experiments can be made for double
or single lagging removing appropriate pipes.
Procedure:
1. Fill the lagging material in pipes uniformly and by gentle pushing, press
the lagging material (filled normally).
2. See that material gets packed uniformly.
3. Close both ends of pipes and keep the assembly on stands.
4. Start the supply of heater and by varying dimmerstat adjusts the input for desired
value
(i) (Range 60 to 120 watts) by using voltmeter and ammeter.
(ii) Take readings of all the 6 thermocouples at an interval of 5 minutes until the
steady state is reached.
(iii) Note down steady readings in observation table.

Observation Table:
Sr. Voltmeter
No. V

Ammeter
I

Thermocouple Readings in 0C
T1
T2
T3
T4

T5

T6

1
2
Calculation:
From the known value of heat flow rate, value of combined thermal conductivity of
lagging material can be calculated:
(W/m-K)
The space between the pipes of 0.060 m dia. and 0.087 m dia. contains commercial
asbestos and the space between the pipes of 0.087 m dia. and 0.139 m dia. contains saw
dust.
Thus thermal conductivity of asbestos powder is:
=
Thus thermal conductivity of saw dust is:
=
Result:
The thermal conductivities of lagged pipe containing asbestos and saw dust are:
= __________________
= __________________

Precautions:

EXPERIMENT NO. 9
Aim:Determination of rate of heat transfer ( ) through natural convection.
Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of brass tube fitted in the rectangular vertical duct. The duct is
open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the purpose of undisturbed
surrounding. One side of the duct is made up of perpex for visualization. An electric
heating element is kept in the vertical tube which in turn heats the tube surface. The heat
is lost from the tube to the surroundings air by natural convection. The temperature of
vertical tube has been measured by seven thermocouples. The heat input to the heater is
measured by ammeter and voltmeter and is varied by dimmerstat. The tube surface is
polished to minimize the heat loss.
Specification of Apparatus:
1. Tube dia. d = 38 mm.
2. Tube length L = 500 mm
3. Duct size: 200 mm 200 mm 800 mm
4. Multiple digital temperature digital temperature indicator 0 - 300C using Cr/Al
thermocouple.
5. Ammeter: 0 2 A and voltmeter 0 300 V.
6. DImmerstat: 2 A 240 V.
Theory:
When a hot body is kept in a still atmosphere, heat is transferred to the surrounding fluid
by natural convection. The fluid layer is in contact with hot body gets heated due to
decrease in density and cold fluid rushes in to take place. The heat transfer coefficient is
given by:

Where,
h: Average heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)
Q: Conduction heat transfer (W)
AS: Area of surface where heat transfer takes place =
TS =
(C)
Q1: Radiation heat transfer = A (
)
: Stefans Boltzmanns Constant = 5.67 10-8 W/m2 K4
A: Surface area of the pipe = 0.0597 m2
: Emissivity of pipe material = 0.4
The surface heat transfer coefficient of a system transferring heat by natural convection
depends upon the surface, shape, dimensions and orientations of the system. The
dependence of h on all the above mentioned parameters can be mentioned as follows:

: Nusselt number
: Grashoff number
: Prandtl no.
= TS - Ta
: Coefficient of volumetric expansion =

(/K),

: Kinematic viscosity of the fluid

: Dynamic viscosity of the fluid
k: Thermal conductivity of the fluid.
For a vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection, heat transfer coefficient can be
found out by empirical correlation:
for
for
L: length of the cylinder
All the thermophysical properties of the fluid has been determined at the mean film
temperature (Tg).
Procedure:
a. Put ON the supply and adjust the dimmer stat to obtain the required heat input
(Say 40W, 60W, 70W etc)
b. Wait till the steady state is reached, which is confirmed from temperature reading- (T1
to T7)
c. Measure surface temperature at the various point i.e. T1 to T7.
d. Note the ambient temperature i.e. T8.
e. Repeat the experiment at different heat inputs (Do not exceed 80 w).
Observation Table:
Sl No.

Voltage
(Volts)

Current
(Amp)

Temperature (C)
T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

Result:
The
convective
heat
transfer
coefficient
for
natural convection
is
____________________ (W/m-C) at input heat energy of ______________________
(W)

Precautions:

EXPERIMENT NO. 10
Aim:Determination of rate of heat transfer ( ) through forced convection.
Apparatus:
1. Test pipe: (Outer diameter = 33 mm, Inner diameter = 28.5 mm and length = 530 mm)
2. Heater.
3. Multichannel digital temperature 0 200 C using Cr/Al thermocouple.
4. Dimmerstat: 2 Amp and 240 V.
5. Voltmeter: 0 200 V
6. Ammeter: 0 2 A
7. Blower: (35, FHP Motor), Orificemeter (Dia. 14 mm) with water manometer
8. Position of thermocouples:
T1: inlet temperature
T2, T3, T4 and T5: Intermediate temperature of heater.
T6: Outlet air temperature.
Working principle:
Whenever convection (flow of working fluid) takes place by the application of pump,
blower (not by natural means) i.e. with the help of external device, the convection can be
termed as forced convection.
The apparatus consists of a blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is
surrounded by a Nichrome band heater. Four thermocouples are embedded on the test
section and two thermocouples are placed in the air stream at the entrance and exit of the
test section to measure the air temperature. Test pipe is connected to the delivery side of
the blower along with the orifice to measure flow of air through the pipe. Input to the
heater is given through a dimmerstat and measured by meters.
It is to be noted that only a part of the total heat supplied is utilized in heating the air. A
temperature indicator with cold junction compensation is provided to measure
temperatures of pipe wall at various points in the test section. Airflow is measured with
the help of orifice meter and the water manometer fitted on the board.
Experimental procedure:
1. Switch ON the mains system
2. Switch ON blower.
3. Adjust the flow by means of gate valve to some desired difference in
the manometer level.
4. Switch ON heater
5. Start the heating of the test section with the help of dimmerstat and adjust desired
heat input with the help of Voltmeter and Ammeter.
6. Take readings of all the six thermocouples at an interval of 10 min until the steady
state is reached.
7. Note down the heater input.

Observation Table:
Sl No.

Voltage
(Volts)

Current
(Amp)

Temperature (C)

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

hW(pressure
head
difference
in
manometer)
mm
T6

Calculation:
1. Manometer difference = water head =
m
Air head,
_____________ m
2. Air volume flow rate
3. Mass flow rate of air,
4. Velocity of air =

(m3/s)
(kg/s)
(m/s)

5. Average inside surface temperature,

6. Bulk mean temperature of air,
7. Actual heat loss = Q - (heat loss due to radiation)
______________________ (w/m2-C)
8. Reynolds number,
____________________
Here, If Re > 2000 . Turbulent flow
9. Nusselt No.
For air, h = 0.4
Find out Pr. No.
10. The convective heat transfer coefficient in natural convection can be found out from
following empirical correlation:
h can be found out from the above equation.
Result:
The experimental value of convective heat transfer coefficient is hexpt.
2
____________________________ (W/m -K) and convective heat transfer coefficient based on
empirical correlation is hempirical____________________________ (W/m2-K)
Precautions:

EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Aim: Calculation of effectiveness in parallel flow heat exchangers.
Apparatus:
The simple example of transfer type of heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube in
tube type arrangement as shown in the figure. One fluid flowing through the inner tube
and the other through the annulus surroundings it. The heat transfer takes place across the
walls of the inner tube. The experiments are conducted by keeping the identical flow
rates [approximately] while running the unit as a parallel flow heat exchanger and
counter flow exchanger.
The temperatures are measured with the help of the temperature sensor. The readings are
recorded when steady state is reached. The outer tube is provided with adequate
insulation to minimize the heat losses.
The apparatus consists of:
a. Main Frame
b. Heat Exchanger
c. Temperature Indicator
d. Hot water Generator
e. Rotameter for hot & cold water flow rate measurement
f. Temperature Sensors
The total assembly is supported on a main frame. The apparatus consists of a tube in
tube type concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid is water, which is obtained from
the hot water generator it is attached at the bottom of assembly to supply the hot fluid i.e.,
water with the help of pump through the inner tube while the cold fluid is flowing
through annulus. Pump set is connected to the hot water generator to suck the water from
it & deliver as per requirement. Different valves are provided in the system to regulate
the flow of fluid to the system. The hot water & cold water admitted at the same end &
the opposite end, named parallel & counter flow heat exchanger accordingly, is done by
valve operation. The concentric type heat exchanger is connected in system, which
transfers thermal energy between two fluids at different temperatures.
The specifications of apparatus are as follows:
1. Digital temperature indicator: 300C (No. 1)
2. Gyser for hot water.
3. Internal tube diameter: 11 mm
4. External tube diameter: 13 mm
5. Length of heat exchanger: 1600 mm
6. Gate valves for flow arrangement.
Theory:
Heat exchanger is a device used for affecting the process of heat exchange between
twofluids that are at different temperatures. It is useful in many engineering processes
like those in Refrigeration and Air conditioning system, power system, food
processing systems, chemical reactor and space or aeronautical applications. The

necessity for doing this arises in multitude of industrial applications. Common

examples of best exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of the
domestic refrigerator, and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant.
Procedure:
1. Make all connections & check for any leakage in the circuit.
2. Make the oil well at the places where thermocouples are inserted for
sensing the temperature of water.
3. Set the temperature of the heater tank to some fix temp say around 55 to 60 0C.
4. Once the temperature of hot water is reached start the flow of water through hot and
cold water side and adjust it as per requirement.
5. For Parallel flow the flow of hot & cold water should be on same side & for
counter flow the flow of both the fluids should be on opposite side. Make this
adjustment with the help of valves.
6. Wait to stabilize the temperature on the indicator.
7. As the temperature get stabilized take down the readings for different four
channels by using switch on the panel.
8. Readings for the flow rates can be taken from the rotameter attached at the front
of the instrument.
9. Take down the readings by varying the flow rates.
10. Observe flow rate of hot water to be less than flow rate of cold water
Once the experiment is completed drain the water remains in concentric tube. By
opening the cocks given at side & below the shell

Observation table:
HOT WATER SIDE
SR. Flow rate
NO. mh.
(Kg/hr)

Calculations:
1. Hot water flow rate:

COLD WATER SIDE

Inlet Temp.

Outlet Temp.

Flow rate

Inlet Temp.

Outlet Temp.

Thi

Tho

mc.

Tci

Tco

(C)

(C)

(Kg/hr

(C)

(C)

(lit./s)
2. Cold water flow rate:
(lit./s)
3. Heat Transfer at hot side:

Ch = (4.2 1000) J/kg-C

4. Heat Transfer at cold side:

Cc = (4.2 1000) J/kg-C

5. Effectiveness of parallel flow:

Result:
Effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchanger is: _____________________
Rate of heat transfer at cold side is: _________________________
Rate of heat transfer at hot side is: ________________________

Precautions:

EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Aim: Calculation of effectiveness in counter flow heat exchangers.
Apparatus:
The simple example of transfer type of heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube in
tube type arrangement as shown in the figure. One fluid flowing through the inner tube
and the other through the annulus surroundings it. The heat transfer takes place across the
walls of the inner tube. The experiments are conducted by keeping the identical flow
rates [approximately] while running the unit as a parallel flow heat exchanger and
counter flow exchanger.
The temperatures are measured with the help of the temperature sensor. The readings are
recorded when steady state is reached. The outer tube is provided with adequate
insulation to minimize the heat losses.
The apparatus consists of:
a. Main Frame
b. Heat Exchanger
c. Temperature Indicator
d. Hot water Generator
e. Rotameter for hot & cold water flow rate measurement
f. Temperature Sensors
The total assembly is supported on a main frame. The apparatus consists of a tube in
tube type concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid is water, which is obtained from
the hot water generator it is attached at the bottom of assembly to supply the hot fluid i.e.,
water with the help of pump through the inner tube while the cold fluid is flowing
through annulus. Pump set is connected to the hot water generator to suck the water from
it & deliver as per requirement. Different valves are provided in the system to regulate
the flow of fluid to the system. The hot water & cold water admitted at the same end &
the opposite end, named parallel & counter flow heat exchanger accordingly, is done by
valve operation. The concentric type heat exchanger is connected in system, which
transfers thermal energy between two fluids at different temperatures.
The specifications of apparatus are as follows:
1. Digital temperature indicator: 300C (No. 1)
2. Gyser for hot water.
3. Internal tube diameter: 11 mm
4. External tube diameter: 13 mm
5. Length of heat exchanger: 1600 mm
6. Gate valves for flow arrangement.
Theory:
Heat exchanger is a device used for affecting the process of heat exchange between
twofluids that are at different temperatures. It is useful in many engineering processes
like those in Refrigeration and Air conditioning system, power system, food
processing systems, chemical reactor and space or aeronautical applications. The
necessity for doing this arises in multitude of industrial applications. Common

examples of best exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of the
domestic refrigerator, and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant.
Procedure:
1. Make all connections & check for any leakage in the circuit.
2. Make the oil well at the places where thermocouples are inserted for
sensing the temperature of water.
3. Set the temperature of the heater tank to some fix temp say around 55 to 60 0C.
4. Once the temperature of hot water is reached start the flow of water through hot and
cold water side and adjust it as per requirement.
5. For Parallel flow the flow of hot & cold water should be on same side & for
counter flow the flow of both the fluids should be on opposite side. Make this
adjustment with the help of valves.
6. Wait to stabilize the temperature on the indicator.
7. As the temperature get stabilized take down the readings for different four
channels by using switch on the panel.
8. Readings for the flow rates can be taken from the rotameter attached at the front
of the instrument.
9. Take down the readings by varying the flow rates.
10. Observe flow rate of hot water to be less than flow rate of cold water
Once the experiment is completed drain the water remains in concentric tube. By opening
the cocks given at side & below the shell.

Observation table:
HOT WATER SIDE
SR. Flow rate
NO. mh.
(Kg/hr)

Calculations:

COLD WATER SIDE

Inlet Temp.

Outlet Temp.

Flow rate

Inlet Temp.

Outlet Temp.

Thi
(C)

Tho
(C)

mc.
(Kg/hr

Tci
(C)

Tco
(C)

1. Hot water flow rate:

(lit./s)
2. Cold water flow rate:
(lit./s)
3. Heat Transfer at hot side:

Ch = (4.2 1000) kJ/kg-C

4. Heat Transfer at cold side:

Cc = (4.2 1000) kJ/kg-C

5. Effectiveness of parallel flow:

Result:
Effectiveness of counter flow heat exchanger is: _____________________
Rate of heat transfer at cold side is: _________________________
Rate of heat transfer at hot side is: ________________________
Precautions:

EXPERIMENT NO. 13
Aim: Estimation of heat transfer coefficient (h) of a pin fin (circular) apparatus through
forced convection.
Theory: Extended surfaces of fins are used to increase the heat transfer rate from a
surface to a fluidwherever it is not possible to increase the value of the surface heat
transfer coefficient or the temperature difference between the surface and the fluid. The
use of this is variety of shapes. Circumferential fins around the cylinder of a motor cycle
engine and fins attached to condenser tubes of a refrigerator are a few familiar examples.
It is obvious that a fin surface sticks out from the primary heat transfer surface. The
temperature difference with surrounding fluid will steadily diminish as one moves out
along the fin. The design of the fins therefore required knowledge of the temperature
distribution in the fin. The main objective of this experimental set up is to study
temperature distribution in a simple pin fin.
Apparatus:
A brass fin of circular cross section in fitted across a long rectangular duct. The otherend
of the duct is connected to the suction side of a blower and the air flows past the fin
perpendicular to the axis. One end of the fin projects outside the duct and is heated by a
heater. Temperature at five points along the length of the fin. The air flow rate is
measured by an orifice meter fitted on the delivery side of the blower.
1. Duct size = 140mm x 110mm.
2. Diameter of the fin = 12.7mm.
3. Diameter of the orifice = 18mm.
4. Diameter of the delivery pipe = 38mm.
5. Coefficient of discharge (or orifice meter) Cd = 0.64.
6. Centrifugal Blower 1 HP single-phase motor.
7. No. of thermocouples on fin = 5.
8. Thermocouple (6) reads ambient temperature inside of the duct.
9. Thermal conductivity of fin material (Brass) = 110w/m 0C.
10. Temperature indicator = 0 300 0C with compensation of ambient
temperature up to 500C.
11. Dimmer stat for heat input control 230V, 2 Amps.
12. Heater suitable for mounting at the fin end outside the duct = 400 watts (Band type).
13. Voltmeter = 0 100/200 V. Ammeter = 0 2 Amps.
Observation Table:
(1) Natural convection
SL No. Energy input
V
(volt)
1.

I
T1
(Amp)

Fin temperature (C)

T2

T3

T4

T5

Duct fluid
temperature (C)
T6

2.
(2) Forced convection (Manometer difference, H = _________ mm)
SL No. Energy input
Fin temperature (C)
V
(volt)

I
T1
(Amp)

T2

T3

T4

T5

Duct fluid
temperature (C)
T6

1.
2.

Calculation:
Natural convection:
1. The average fin temperature

_____________ (C)

2. Average film temperature

: Coefficient of volumetric expansion =

(/K),

: Kinematic viscosity of the fluid

(w/m2-K)

(w)
Given parameters:

m2/s
kg/m3

Forced convection:

H = __________ mm

h = ______________ (w/m2-K)

Result:
The heat transfer coefficient of pin fin is:
h = ____________ (Natural convection)
h = ____________ (Forced convection)
Precautions:

EXPERIMENT NO: 14
Aim: Determination of thermal conductivity (K) of Copper rod placed in a shell.
Apparatus:
The experimental set up consists of the metal bar, one end of which is heated by an
electric heater while the other end of the bar projects inside the cooling water jacket. The
middle portion of the bar is surrounded by a cylindrical shell filled with the asbestos
insulating powder. The temperature of the bar is measured at eight different sections,
while the radial temperature distribution is measured by separate thermocouples at two
different sections in the insulating shell. The heater is provided with a dimmer stat for
controlling the heat input. Water under constant heat condition is circulated through the
jacket and its flow rate and temperature rise are noted. The specifications are as follows:
1. Length of the metal bar (total): 410 mm
2. Size of the metal bar (diameter): 25 mm
3. Test length of the bar: 200 mm
4. No. of thermocouple mounted on the Bar): 9
5. No. of thermocouples in the insulation shell: 2
6. Heater coil (Bald type): Nichrome
7. Water jacket diameter: 80mm
8. Temperature indicator, 13 channel: 200 Degree
9. Dimmer stat for heater coil: 2A / 230 V
10. Voltmeter 0 to 300 volts.
11. Ammeter 0 to 2 Amps
12. Measuring flask for water flow rate.
13. Stop watch
Theory:Thermal conductivity is the physical property of the material denoting the ease
with aparticular substance can accomplish the transmission of thermal energy by
molecular motion. Thermal conductivity of material is found to depend on the chemical
composition of the substance or substance of which it is a composed, the phase (i. e. gas,
liquid or solid) in which it exists, its crystalline structure if a solid, the temperature and
pressure to which it is subjected, and whether or not it is a homogeneous material.
Procedure:
1. Start the electric supply.
2. Adjust the temperature in the temperature indicator by means of rotating the knob for
compensation of temperature equal to room temperature. (Normally this is per adjusted)
3. Give input to the heater by slowly rotating the dimmer stat and adjust it to voltage
equal to 80 V, 120 V etc.
4. Start the cooling water supply through the jacket and adjust it about 350cc per minute.
5. Go on checking the temperature at some specified time interval say 5 minute and
continue this till a satisfactory steady state condition is reached.
6. Note the temperature reading 1 to 13.

7. Note the mass flow rate of water in Kg/minute and temperature rise in it.

Observation table:
Voltage Current
(V)
(A)

Test bar temperature (C)

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

Shell
Temp.
(C)
T9 T10

Water
Temp.
(C)
T11 T12

Calculations:
1. Heat carried away by the water:
(kJ/s)
(kg/s)
2. Heat conducted through the bar (including heat transfer in shell):

Where,
ro: 100 mm
ri: 50 mm
Lshell: 440 mm
3. Thermal conductivity of the bar (K):

=
Lbar: 150 mm

Result:
The thermal conductivity of copper rod is: _______________________ (W/m-C)
Precautions:

EXPERIMENT NO: 15
Aim: Calibration of Thermocouple apparatus through suitable media and comparison of induced
error.

Theory:
When two dissimilar metals are in contact an electromotive force exists whose magnitude
is a function of temperature. Junctions of this sort, used to measure the temperature are
called thermocouples. The junction is formed by twisting and welding together two
dissimilar wires.
The most commonly used thermocouples are1. Copper Constantan
2. Iron Constantan
3. Chromel Constantan
4. Chromel Alumel.
Procedure:
The hot junction of the thermocuple to be calibrated is immersed in an oil bath and the
bath is heated by an electric heater. The temperature of the cold junction is maintained at
room temperature (For better result the cold junction is immersed in ice bath). The oil
bath is heated gradually. For each 10C rise of temperature the milli-voltmeter reading
is noted. At the end of the experiment the heater is switched off.
Observation Table:

Room Temperature TR = ______________C.

Thermocouple Materials ______________

Sl.
No.

Temperature
of hot junction (Oil bath
temperature
T C

1.

40

2.

50

3.

60

4.

70

Millivoltmeter
reading
mv

Temperature
Difference
T T TR
C

5.

80

6.

90

7.

100

8.

110

9.

120

10.

130

11.

140

12.

150

13.

160

14.

170

15.

180

Graph:
Millivoltmeter reading Vs Temperature Difference.

Pracutions: