Canineradiographs 110608152238 Phpapp01

Royal Veterinary College 2009
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Canine Radiographs
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Frontal sinuses
Skull
Tympanic Bullae
Larynx
Nasal chambers
Mandible
The Head
The Skull
Skull: Ventrodorsal (V-D) view
Young Skull: Lateral view
Skull: V-D view, Calvaria
Skull: Lateral view, Calvaria
Skull:
V-D view
For this ventrodorsal view the
endotracheal tube has been
removed to prevent
superimposition with anatomical
structures. Try to identify the
rami of the mandible, the
zygomatic arches, the external
auditory canals and the atlas.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Mandibular
symphysis
Mental
foramen
Mandible
Zygomatic
arch
Rostral alar
foramen
Angular
process
Condyloi
d
process
Coronoid process
Foramen
ovale
Foramen lacerum
Pot Comparison
Tympanic bulla
Paracondylar
process
Occipital condyle
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Upper
premolar
4
Vomer bone
Medial border
of mandible
Nasal conchae
Frontal bone
Zygomatic
arch
Coronoid process of
mandible
Angular process
of mandible
Zygomatic process of
temporal bone
Temporomandibul
ar joint
Tympanic
bulla
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Atlantoccipital
joint
2nd cervical
vertebrae (axis)
Medial border of
orbit
Ethmoidal
conchae
Pterygoid
bone
Condyloid
process of
mandible
Air within
external acoustic
meatus
Parcondylar
process of
occipital bone
Pinna
Alantoaxial joint
Wing of atlas
No Labels
Young Skull:
Lateral view
This radiograph shows a typical appearance of the

canine skull in a lateral radiograph. The dog was
anaesthetised for radiography, hence the
endotracheal tube. Dorsal to the endotracheal tube
is a band of soft tissue separating the oropharynx
from the nasopharynx; this is the soft palate.
Pot 1
Pot 2
Full screen
Labels
Hard palate Olfactory

bulb
Frontal sinus
Pituitary
gland
(hypophysis)
Corpus
callosum
Interthalami
c adhesion
Pons
Cerebellu
m
Nasal septum
(cartilage)
Fourth
ventricle
Medulla
oblongata
Geniogloss
al m.
Opening of
phargynge
al tube
Geniohyoid
m.
Ventral
straight
muscle of
the head
Longus
colli m.
Body of
tongue
Soft palate
Basihyoid
bone
Sternohyoid
m.
Epiglotti
s
Oesophagu
s
A=Atlas
B=Axis
Orbit
Supraorbital
process
Zygomatic
arch
1Royal
Veterinary
College 2009
= Nasal
bone
Paracondylar
process
6
7
8
Infraorbital
foramen
2= Incisive bone
3=Maxilla
4=Lacrimal bone
5= Frontal bone
6=Parietal bone
7=Occipital bone
8= Temporal bone
9=Basisphenoid
bone
10= Mandible
1
3
2
10
Mental
foramen
Pterygopalanti
ne fossa
Coronoid
process
Condyloid
process
Tympanic
bullaacoustic
External
meatus
Angular
process Retroarticular
process
Labels
Ethmoidal
conchae
Frontal
sinus
Frontal
bone
Nasal
bone
Coronoid
process
of
mandible
Calveri
a
Sagitt
al
crest
Hard
palate
Root of
canine
tooth
Incisive
bone
Oral
cavity
Endotrachea
l tube
Mandibl
Zygomatic
e
arch
Cranial border of orbit
Condyloid
process
Soft
Palate
Hyoid
Wings of
apparatus Tympanic atlas
bulla
No Labels
Skull:
V-D view, Calvaria
This ventrodorsal radiograph of
the same dog, as in the
following lateral radiograph,
shows a distinct opaque,
slightly wiggly line on the midline superimposed on the
calvaria, which represents the
thick mid-line crest that was
noted on the lateral view. This
ventrodorsal also provides a
clear view of the mandibular
condyles, the zygomatic
arches and the external ear
canals.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Mandibular
symphysis
Mental
foramen
Mandible
Zygomatic arch
Rostral alar
foramen
Angular
process
Condyloid
process
Coronoid process
Foramen
ovale
Foramen lacerum
Pot Comparison
Tympanic bulla
Paracondylar
process
Occipital condyle
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Lower
premolar 4
Mandible
Coronoid process
of mandible
Condyloid
process of
mandible
Angular
process of
mandible
Rostral &
caudal alar
foramen
Suture line
Upper
molar 1
Nasal
conchae
Medial
border of
orbit
Pterygoid
bone
Frontal bone
Zygomatic
arch
Temporomandibul
ar joint
Tympanic
bulla
Air within
external acoustic
meatus
Alar
notch
Wing of atlas
Alantoaxial joint
Endotracheal
2nd cervical
vertebrae
(axis)
No Labels
In this dog the frontal sinuses are relatively large and the crest on the
Skull:
dorsal aspect of the skull is relatively tall giving the impression that the
calvaria (bones around the brain) are extremely thick in this dog. In reality
Lateral view, calvaria
it is only the crest that is thick, the bones to either side will be relatively
much thinner. Compared to humans in which the bones around the brain
are very thin and there is very minimal soft tissue coverage, the skull and
brain of the dog are well protected by large chewing muscles and is
therefore relatively infrequently injured compared to humans. This wellpositioned lateral view shows the temporomandibular joints and the
tympanic bullae which are almost perfectly superimposed. It also gives a
good view of the endotracheal tube in the oral cavity and extending down
through the larynx towards the trachea, the soft palate and the
nasopharynx.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
A=Atlas
B=Axis
Zygomatic
arch
Supraorbital
process
Orbit
1Royal
Veterinary
College 2009
= Nasal
bone
Paracondylar
process
6
7
8
Infraorbital
foramen
2= Incisive bone
3=Mandible
4=Lacrimal bone
5= Frontal bone
6= Frontal bone
7=Occipital bone
8=Temporal bone
9=Basisphenoid
bone
10= Mandible
1
3
2
10
Mental
foramen
Pterygopalantin
e fossa
Coronoid
process
Condyloid
process
Tympanic
bulla
Jugular
Angular
foramen
process Retroarticular
process
Labels
Frontal bone
Frontal
sinus
Dorsal
tubercle of
atlas
Temporozygoma
tic suture
Lateral
vertebral
formen
Zygomatic
arch
Axis
Coronoid
process
Atlas
Tympanic bulla
Wing of atlas
Hard
palate
Endotracheal tube
Tooth root
Soft
palate
Condyloid
process
Hyoid
apparatu
s
Retroarticula
Angular
process
r process
External
acoustic
meatus
No Labels
The Frontal Sinuses

Frontal sinuses: R-Cd view
Frontal sinuses:
R-Cd view
This radiograph is made by placing the dog in dorsal

recumbency and angling the head so that the hard palate is
perpendicular. The x-ray beam is centred on the dogs
external nares so that the diverging beam passes through
the frontal sinuses and projects them dorsal to the
remainder of the skull. This radiograph is sometimes
difficult to get straight, but is a very useful way of examining
the frontal sinuses which are frequently affected in dogs
with nasal disease or trauma. Notice that the internal
septation of the frontal sinuses is not perfectly symmetrical;
this is a typical normal variant.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Right frontal
sinus
Left frontal
sinus
Supraorbital process
(zygomatic process of
frontal bone)
No Labels
The Tympanic Bullae

Tympanic Bullae: R-Cd, open-mouth view
Tympanic Bullae:
R-Cd, open-mouth view
Full screen
This is another radiograph made with the

dog in dorsal recumbency. This time the
mouth is held widely open and the x-ray
beam directed in such a way that it bisects
the angle formed by the maxilla and
mandible. The rounded thin-walled lucent
structures each side of mid-line are the
tympanic bullae. In this dog the thin bulla
wall gives the appearance of a soap bubble;
it has a similar appearance in cats. In many
small breeds of dog the tympanic bullae are
relatively smaller and flatter in shape. The
commonest abnormality affecting the
tympanic bullae is otitis media; this is visible
radiographically as an increased opacity in
the tympanic cavity as a result of exudate
and/or granulation tissue. Frequently the
bulla wall is thickened as a result of chronic
inflammation.
Labels
Labels
Nasal Cavity
Upper
cheek tooth
Nasopharynx
Jugular
foramen
Petrous part
of temporal
bone
Tympanic bullae
Atlantooccipital joint
Atlantoaxial
joint
2nd cervical
vertebrae
(axis)
Mandible
No Labels
The Larynx
Larynx: Lateral view
Larynx: Lateral view, brachycephalic
Larynx:
Lateral view
This radiograph of the larynx made in an

anaesthetised dog after the endotracheal tube has
been removed shows the oropharynx, nasopharynx,
larynx and cranial part of the trachea, all outlined by
gas within the predominantly soft tissue
surroundings. The delicate hyoid bones and the
laryngeal cartilages and the tracheal rings (which
are partially calcified) are also visible. A radiograph
such as this requires a much lower exposure than a
radiograph of the cervical spine.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Stylohyoid bone
Masseter
m.
Ceratohyoideus m
Thyrohoid
bone
Thyroid
cartilage
Body of tongue
Thyrohyoideus m
Trachea
Geniohyoideus m.
Sternothyroideus
m.
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus m.
m.
Cricothyroideus
m.
Mylohyoideus
m.
Sternohyoideus
m.
Labels
Stylohoid
bone
Soft
palate
Epihyoi
d bone
Epiglotti
s
Tympanic
bulla
Ceratohyo
id bone
Basihyoid
bone
Wing of
Atlasatlas
Cervical
vertebrae
2
Arytenoid
cartilage
Thyrohyoid
bone
Thyroid
cartilage
Cervical
Cervical
vertebrae 3 vertebrae
4
Cricoid Air in the

cartilag oesophag
e
us
Trache
a
Tracheal
rings
No Labels
Larynx:
Lateral view,
brachycephalic
Radiographs of brachycephalic dogs such as the

Bulldog, Pug or cavalier King Charles spaniel show
why so many of these dogs are affected by
excessive respiratory noise or snoring or dysnoea.
In this instance, the trachea is narrow for the size of
the dog and the airway through the larynx and
nasopharynx is virtually obliterated by collapse of
the thick surrounding soft tissues. Brachycephalic
obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is the name
given to the problems associated with this extreme
conformation.
Pot 1
Pot 2
Full screen
Labels
NasopharynxFrontal sinus Pon

s
Cerebellum
Hard palate
Nasal
septum;
cartilage
Body of
tongue
Mandibl
e
Genioglossus Geniohyoid m
m
Soft palate
Trachea
Thyroid cartilage
Hyoid
apparatus
Epiglottis
1 = Nasal bone
2= Incisive bone
3=Maxilla
4=Lacrimal bone
5= Frontal bone
6= Frontal bone
7=Occipital bone
8=Temporal bone
9= Mandible
Supraorbital
process
Zygomatic
arch
Orbit
Coronoid
process
External sagittal crest
Infraorbital
foramen
1
2
4
3
8
7
Paracondyla
r process
Mental
foramen
Pterygopalantin
e fossa
Tympanic
bulla
External
Temporozygomati
c suture
Condyloid
process
acoustic
Retroarticular meatus
Angular
process
Labels
Atlas
Soft
Tissue
Hyoid
apparatus
Axis
Trachea
Spine of
the
scapula
Humeru
Shoulder s
joint
No Labels
The Mandible
Mandible: IO view
Mandible:
IO view
By placing the dog in dorsal recumbency
and putting the radiographic film in the oral
cavity for a ventrodorsal projection, a view of
the rostral part of the mandible may be
obtained. Just as for the intraoral
dorsoventral, which is very useful for
examining the nasal cavity, this radiograph
provides a nice view of the mandible without
superimposition by other structures. Note
the variation in the size and shape of the
incisors which is typical and unimportant.
Similarly notice the rough appearance of the
bone on each side of the mandibular
symphesis; this is also normal.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Lower incisor
L2ower incisor
3
Lower incisor 1
Lower canine
Mandibular symphysis
Lower
premolar 1
Lower
premolar 2
Lower premolar
3
Lower
premolar 4
Lower molar
1
No Labels
The Nasal chambers

Nasal chambers: IO view, young adult
Nasal chambers: IO view
Nasal chambers: IO view, dolicocephalic
Nasal chambers: IO view, brachycephalic
Nasal chambers: Lateral view
Dacryorhinocystogram: Lateral view
Nasal chambers:
IO view, young adult
An excellent examination of the nasal cavity in a dog

or cat can be done by placing the film in the oral
cavity and making a dorsoventral radiograph so that
only the nasal cavity appears in the image. This view
enables detailed comparison of left and right sided
structures. Notice that the nasal cavity is filled with
numerous tiny linear structures oriented roughly
parallel to the mid-line in the rostral part of the nasal
cavity, and forming a more complicated pattern in the
middle of the nasal cavity. These small lines
represent the shadows cast by the nasal turbinates
and their mucosae. This is a young adult dog; it has
its permanent dentition (no deciduous teeth are
visible) but the adult teeth appear very hollow
because the pulp cavity is wide and the dentine is
thin. As a dog ages the pulp cavity steadily reduces
in size so the teeth become progressively more solid
in appearance.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Upper incisors 1-3
Canine
Upper premolar
1-4
Palatine fissure
Interincisive
suture
Upper Molar 1 & 2
Zygomatic arch
Pterygoid bone
Rostral alar
foramen
Foramen ovale
Choanal
region
Presphenoid bone
Basisphenoid bone
Foramen lacerum
Tympanic bulla
Paracondylar process
Occipital condyle
Jugular
foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Upper incisors 1-3
Nostril
Interincisive
suture
Palatine fissure
Canine
tooth
Dental
cavity
Upper premolar
1-4
Maxillary
recess
Superimposed dorsal &

ventral nasal conchae
Upper Molar
1
Ethmoidal
conchae
No Labels
Nasal chambers:
IO view
A similar radiograph to that described
previously comes from a dog of similar skull
conformation, that is mesaticephalic. This
dog is slightly older than the previous one as
evidenced by the relatively smaller pulp
cavities best seen in the canine teeth.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Upper incisors 1-3
Canine
Upper premolar
1-4
Palatine fissure
Interincisive
suture
Upper Molar 1 & 2
Zygomatic arch
Pterygoid bone
Rostral alar
foramen
Foramen ovale
Choanal
region
Presphenoid bone
Basisphenoid bone
Foramen lacerum
Tympanic bulla
Occipital condyle
Jugular
foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Nostril
Interincisive
suture
Canine
tooth
Dental
Palatine fissure
cavity
Superimposed dorsal
& ventral nasal
conchae
Upper premolar 4
Maxillary recess
Ethmoidal
conchae
No Labels
Nasal chambers:
IO view, dolicocephalic
In a long nosed dog the nasal cavity is relatively
elongated and a wide diastema is frequently present
between the first and third premolars.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Upper incisors 1-3
Canine
Upper premolar
1-4
Palatine fissure
Interincisive
suture
Upper Molar 1 & 2
Zygomatic arch
Pterygoid bone
Rostral alar
foramen
Foramen ovale
Choanal
region
Presphenoid bone
Basisphenoid bone
Foramen lacerum
Tympanic bulla
Occipital condyle
Jugular
foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Nostril
Upper incisors
1-3
Interincisive
suture
Canine
tooth
Upper
premolar 1
Palatine fissure
Superimposed dorsal &

ventral nasal conchae
Large gap
between 1st
& 3rd
premolar
Upper premolar
4
Upper Molar
1
Upper Molar 2
Ethmoidal
conchae
No Labels
Nasal chambers:
IO view,
brachycephalic
This radiograph of the nasal cavity of a

Bulldog clearly shows foreshortening
of the nasal cavity compared to that
seen in mesaticephalic or
dolicocephalic dogs. With this
foreshortening comes a relative
increase in opacity of the nasal
structures because the skull is
relatively thicker at this point and
because of the abundant, often folded,
skin over the face. Orientation of the
teeth in the maxillary arcade is often
abnormal in such dogs, with the third
premolar aligned roughly transverse to
the arcade in this example.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Upper incisors 1-3
Canine
Upper premolar
1-4
Palatine fissure
Interincisive
suture
Upper Molar 1 & 2
Zygomatic arch
Pterygoid bone
Rostral alar
foramen
Foramen ovale
Choanal
region
Presphenoid bone
Basisphenoid bone
Foramen lacerum
Tympanic bulla
Occipital condyle
Jugular
foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Upper incisors
1-3
Nostril
Interincisive
suture
Canine
tooth
Palatine
fissure
Upper premolar
1-4
Superimposed
dorsal & ventral
nasal conchae
Upper Molar
1
Upper Molar 2
Ethmoidal
conchae
No Labels
Nasal chambers:
Lateral view
The nasal cavity of the dog requires a lower

radiographic exposure than the thicker parts of the
skull because it contains air and relatively delicate
bones, hence a separate lateral radiograph is
sometimes made specifically of the nasal region.
One problem with this radiograph is that it
superimposes the left and right sides. Many dogs
with nasal disease have a symmetrical or even
unilateral lesions which are difficult to recognise on
the lateral view in which they are superimposed by
the normal (unaffected) side. The same comment
applies to the frontal sinuses.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Incisive
bone
Ethmoid Cranial
border of
al
orbit
conchae
Hard
palate
Root of
canine
teeth
Frontal
bone
Frontal
sinus
Nasal
bone
U. Incisor 1
U. Premolar
1
U. Canine
U. Incisor 3
U. Incisor
2
U. Premolar 3
U. Premolar
2
Oral
Upper
cavity
Molar 1 Upper
Molar
U. Premolar
2
4
Coronoid
process of
mandible
Zygomatic
arch
No Labels
Dacryorhinocystogram:
Lateral view
This lateral radiograph of the

nasolacrimal duct is made by infusion of
a small volume of contrast medium
through a fine catheter inserted into a
lacrimal punctum. In a normal dog the
contrast flows down the nasolacrimal
duct and drains into the nasal cavity as
seen here.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Catheter in
ventral lacrimal
punctum
Duct discharging into floor of

vestibule
Nasolacrim
al duct
No Labels
The Thoracic Limb
The Shoulder
The Elbow
The Radius and Ulna
The Carpus
The Manus
The Shoulder
Shoulder: lateral view
Shoulder: Cr-Cd view
Large Shoulder: lateral view
Immature Shoulder: lateral view
Immature shoulder arthrogram: lateral view
Shoulder:
lateral view
This radiograph is usually made with
the animal in lateral recumbency
with the shoulder of interest on the
down side. The limb is protracted to
move the humerus away from the
sternum for clearer visualisation.
The tip of an endotracheal tube is
superimposed on the scapula in this
dog. If the tube is inadvertently
superimposed over the shoulder
joint, it can interfere with
visualisation of the bones.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Canine Forelimb;
Left, lateral view
Rhomboid m
Dorsal border of scapula
Infraspinatus m
Teres major m
Supraspinatus m
Latissimus dorsi m
Stump of trapezius m
Deltoid m
Triceps brachii m long
head
Cleidobrachialis m
Triceps brachii m lateral

head
Pot Comparison
Brachioradialis m
Extensor carpi radialis m
Ulnaris lateralis m
Olecranon
Common digital extensor m.
Lateral digital extensor m
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
ET tube within the

trachea
Supraspinous
fossa
Scapular spine
Infraspinous fossa
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Greater tubercle
Intertubercular
groove
Acromion process
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Shoulder joint
Head of humerus
Deltoid tuberosity
Humerus
No labels
Shoulder:
Cr-Cd view
This radiograph is usually made with the animal in
dorsal recumbency with the limb extended.
Notice that the medial aspect of the scapulohumeral

joint is wider on the medial aspect giving it a wedgedshape; this is completely normal in the dog and cat.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Canine Forelimb;
Left, cranial view.
Dorsal border of the scapula

Rhomboid m
Supraspinatous m
Cut edge of trapezius pars cervicalis
Deltoid m
Triceps brachii m lateral head
Cleidobrachialis m
Brachialis m
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Common digital
extensor m
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Scapula spine
Acromion process
Glenoid cavity of scapula
Greater Tubercle
Supraglenoid tubercle
Tricipital line
Lesser tubercle of humerus
Teres major tuberosity
Deltoid Crest
No labels
Large Shoulder:
lateral view
An example of the shoulder in a larger
dog, which has a somewhat flatter
humeral head and wider glenoid fossa
than the other dog.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Canine Forelimb;
Left, lateral view
Rhomboid m
Infraspinatus m
Teres major m
Supraspinatus m
Latissimus dorsi m
Deltoid m
head
Cleidobrachialis m

head
Pot Comparison
Brachioradialis m
Ulnaris lateralis m
Olecranon
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Supraspinous
fossa
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Greater tubercle
Scapula spine
Infraspinous fssa
Infraglenoid tubercle
Head of humerus
Intertubercular
groove
Deltoid tuberosity
No labels
Immature Shoulder:
lateral view
The proximal humeral physis is open.
This dog is 6-9m old.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Canine Forelimb;
Left, lateral view
Rhomboid m
Infraspinatus m
Teres major m
Supraspinatus m
Latissimus dorsi m
Deltoid m
head
Cleidobrachialis m

head
Brachioradialis m
Ulnaris lateralis m
Pot Comparison
Olecranon
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Supraspinous
fossa
Scapula spine
Infraspinous fossa
Supragleoid
tubercle
Greater
tubercle
Infraglenoid tubercle
Head of humerus
Intertubecular
groove
Prox. Physis of
humerus
Deltoid
tuberosity
No labels
Immature Shoulder
Arthrogram:
Lateral view
Compared to the previous radiograph,
5ml of radiographic contrast medium
(iohexol @100mgI/ml) was injected into
the scapulohumeral joint using a lateral
approach. The joint is quite well filled,
showing the caudal compartment and
the cranial compartment. The cranial
compartment surrounds the biceps
tendon, which appears as a curvilinear
filling defect within the contrast medium.
This appearance is normal.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Contrast media in
the
intertubecular
groove, beneath
the biceps
tendon.
Contrast media
within the
shoulder joint.
No labels
The Elbow
Immature Elbow: lateral view
Immature Elbow: Cr-Med, Cd-Lat Oblique view
Immature Elbow: Cr-Lat, Cd-Med Oblique view
Immature Elbow: Cr-Cd view
Flexed Elbow: lateral view
Immature Elbow:
Lateral view
This joint belongs to a 6m
old Labrador. Notice the
open growth plates at the
distal humerus, proximal
radius and olecranon
process of the ulna.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Canine
Elbow;
Lateral view
Humerus
Stump of triceps
brachii m
Olecranon
Anconeus m
Lateral humeral
epicondyle
Lateral
collateral
ligament
Supinator m
Interosseus space
Ulna
Radius
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Humerus
Lat.
Epicondylar
crest
Med. border of
supratrochlear
foramen
Anconeal
process
Lat. Epicondyle
of humerus
Elbow
(cubital)Joint
Craniolateral
tuberosity of olecranon
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Prox. Ulnar physis
Prox. Ulnar epiphysis
(Olecranon)
Prox. Radial
physis
Radius
Ulna
No labels
Young Elbow:
Cr-Med, Cd-Lat
Oblique view
The elbow has been pronated, so the
articulation between the humerus and
the radius is emphasised. This
radiograph is rarely made in clinical
practice.
Full screen
Labels Pot
Canine elbow;
Medial view
Humerus
Stump of
triceps
brachii long
head
Craniolateral
tuberosity of
olecranon
Olecranon
Lat. Epicondyle of
humerus
Pronator teres m.
Flexor carpi
radialis m.
Coronoid
process
Ulnar
Radius
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Humerus
Supratrochlear
foramen
Anconeal process
Olecranon
Lateral condyle
Medial epicondyle
Coronoid process
Prox. Radial physis
Medial condyle
Radius
Ulna
No labels
Immature Elbow:
Cr-Lat, Cd-Med
Oblique view
In this radiograph the elbow has been
supinated, producing a view of the
medial aspect of the humeral condyle
and the joint between the humerus
and medial coronoid process of the
ulna. This view might be useful if there
is fragmentation of the medial
coronoid process.
Full screen
Labels Pot
Canine
Elbow;
Lateral view
Humerus
Stump of triceps
brachii m
Olecranon
Anconeus m
Lateral humeral
epicondyle
Lateral
collateral
ligament
Supinator m
Interosseus space
Ulna
Radius
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Humerus
Supratrochlear
foramen
Articulating
surfaces: humerus
and ulna
Medial
coronoid
process of ulna
Olecranon
Anconeal Process
Lateral Humeral
epicondyle
Articulating surfaces:
Humerus and radius
Prox. radial
epiphysis
Prox. radial
physis
Radius
No labels
Immature Elbow:
Cr-Cd view
The same dog as the previous lateral. Notice
the angular shape of the humeral condyle,
which articulates on the lateral aspect with
the radius and on the medial aspect with the
medial coronoid process of the ulna. The
medial aspect of the elbow is a frequent site
of lesions in dogs with elbow arthritis.
Pot 1
Pot 2
Full screen
Labels
Canine left
Elbow;
Cranial view
Humerus
Brachialis m
Radial nerve
Lateral humeral
epicondyle
Supinator muscle
Radius
Canine right
elbow;
Cranial view
Humerus
Supratrochlear
foramen
Lateral
humeral epicondyle
Coronoid process of
ulna
Supinator m
Medial humeral
condyle
Pronator teres m
Radius
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Full screen
Body of Humerus
Olecranon
Supratrochlear foramen
Lateral epicondyle
Medial Humeral
epicondyle
Elbow (cubital joint)

Prox. radial epiphysis
Medial Coronoid
process of ulna
Prox. radial physis

Radius + ulna
superimposed
No labels
Flexed Elbow:
lateral view
This radiograph, with the elbow
maximally flexed, is done to
examine the anconeal process. This
is considered one of the first places
that osteophytes develop in dogs
with elbow arthritis and hence this
view is frequently used by clinicians
looking for signs of arthritis.
Suspected ununited anconeal
process is another indication for this
radiograph.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Canine
Elbow;
Lateral view
Humerus
Stump of triceps
brachii m
Olecranon
Anconeus m
Lateral humeral
epicondyle
Lateral
collateral
ligament
Supinator m
Interosseus space
Ulna
Radius
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Anconeal process
Olecranon
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Condyle of humerus
Medial border of
humeral condyle
Body of humerus
Coronoid process
Head of radius
Radius
Ulna
No labels
The Radius and Ulna

Immature Radius and Ulna: Lateral view
Immature Radius and Ulna: Cr-Cd view
Immature Radius and Ulna:

Lateral view
This radiograph of a young cross bred dog shows the
normal curved shape of the radius and the straighter ulna.
Open growth plates are visible at the proximal and distal
radius and ulna. The distal ulnar physis is shaped like a
cone, hence has a V-shape in the radiograph. The
accessory carpal bone projects on the palmar aspect of the
carpus.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Distal physis of humerus
Body of humerus
Caudal border of lateral epicondyle of humerus
Humeral condyle
Prox. radial physis
Proximal radial epiphysis
Radius
Prox. Ulnar epiphysis

Prox. Ulnar physis
Anconeal process
Ulna
Nutrient foramen of radius
Distal radial physis
Distal ulnar physis
Distal ulnar epiphysis

Distal radius epiphysis
Intermedioradial carpal bone
Distal row of carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
RVC 2009
Accessory carpal bone
Metacarpal bone 1
Prox phalanx of digit 1
No labels
Immature Radius and Ulna:

Cr-Cd view
This radiograph is of the same limb as the previous. The limb is
relatively straight with some lateral deviation of the paw. This
degree of mild lateral deviation is normal and must be
distinguished from a valgus deformity, which can occur in dogs
following premature closure of the distal ulna growth plate. This
view is useful when examining dogs with signs of angular limb
deformity.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Distal humeral physis

Lateral humeral epicondyle
Distal humeral epiphysis
Prox. Radial physis
Humerus
Olecranon
Medial humeral epicondyle
Prox. Radial epiphysis
Radius
Ulna
Distal ulna physis

Distal ulna epiphysis
Distal radial epiphysis

Ulna carpal bone
Carpal bone 4
Carpal bone 3
Metacarpal 5
Metacarpal 4
Metacarpal 3
Distal metacarpal physis
2nd Carpal bone

1st Carpal bone
Metacarpal 1
Proximal phalanx of digit 1
Distal phalanx of digit 2
Metacarpal 2
No labels
The Carpus
Immature Carpus: D-P view
Immature Carpus: Lateral view
Immature Carpus:
Lateral view
Radiograph of the same dog as in the dorsopalmar
view. An open growth plate is visible in the accessory
carpal bone.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Common digital
extensor
Lateralm
digital
extensor
m lateralis m
Ulnaris
Carpus
Distal
limb;
Lateral
Flexor carpi ulnaris view
m
Accessory Carpal bone
Metacarpu
s
Pot Comparison
Pot Comparison Labels
Pot
Full screen
Radius
Ulna
Distal ulna physis

Ulna carpal bone
Carpal bone 4
Distal ulna epiphysis

Carpal bone 3
1st Carpal bone
Metacarpal 1
Metacarpal 2
Metacarpals
No labels
Immature Carpus:
D-P view
This radiograph of the carpus of a 3m old puppy
shows the growth plates at the distal radius, ulna
and metacarpals. Notice that in each instance the
metaphysis adjacent to the open physis appears
more opaque and wider than the diaphysis of the
bone. This is a normal appearance and should not
be misinterpreted as a sign of metabolic bone
disease.
Full screen
Labels
Pot 1
Pot 2
Distal limb;
Dorsal view
Flexor
carpi
radialis m.
Adductor
pollicis
longus m.
Distal limb;
Palmer view
Common
digital
extensor
Lateral m.
Flexor carpi
ulnaris

Deep digital
flexor m
digital
extensor
m.
Ulnaris lateralis
m.
Flexor retinaculum
Extensor
retinaculum
Extensor
carpi
radialis m.

Tendon of
deep digital
flexor tendon
Tendon of
common
digital
extensor
m.
Digit 1
Metacarpa
l pad
Digita
l pad
Pot Comparison
Superficial digital flexor

m
Ulnaris lateralis m
Flexor carpi
ulnaris m
Distal
forelimb;
Palmer view
Carpus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Superficial digital
flexor m
Carpal tunnel
Adductor m digit 5
Adductor m digit 4
Interosseus m
Metacarpal 1
Metacarpal 3
Metacarpal 4
Paired sesamoids
of digit 5
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Ulna
Radius
Distal ulnar physis
Distal ulnar epiphysis

Ulna carpal bone
Carpal bone 4
Metacarpal 5
Metacarpal 4
Metacarpal 3
Metacarpal 2
Distal metacarpal physis
Distal Metacarpal epiphysis

Carpal bone 3
2 Carpal bone
Sesamoid bone of adductor pollicis
longus m.
nd
1st Carpal bone

Metacarpal 1
Distal Metacarpal 2 physis
Distal Metacarpal 2 epiphysis
Prox. Physis of prox. phalanx

Prox. Phalanx
No labels
The Manus
Manus: D-P view
Manus: D-P view

In this radiograph of the manus you should be able to identify the distal radius
and ulna, the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones, the metacarpals and
phalanges of each digit plus a number of sesamoid bones. For example, there is
a small rounded bone on the medial aspect of the carpus, which is a sesamoid in
the tendon of insertion of the abductor pollicis longus and there are paired,
somewhat elongated palmar sesamoids superimposed on each of the distal
metacarpals of digits 2-5. The very small rounded dorsal sesamoids that exist at
the metacarpal phalangeal joints are not clearly visible in this radiograph.
The carpus includes two rows of bones: adjacent to the distal radius is the wide
radial carpal bone, adjacent to the distal ulna is the relatively square ulna carpal,
and superimposed on the joint between these bones is a rounded, opaque
structure, which represents the accessory carpal bone. The distal row of carpal
bones includes numbers 1,2,3 and 4, each of which is found at the proximal end
of the relevant metacarpal, although note that carpal bone 4 articulates both with
the fourth and the fifth metacarpal.
Also note that the first digit (the dew claw) has a very reduced metacarpal and
only two phalanges. Another feature worth mentioning is the large pad on the
palmar aspect of the paw, which creates a lucent line across the distal part of the
proximal phalanges that could occasionally be mistaken for a phalangeal fracture.
Full screen
Labels
Pot 1
Pot 2
Distal limb;
Dorsal view
Flexor
carpi
radialis m.
Adductor
pollicis
longus m.
Distal limb;
Palmer view
Common
digital
extensor
Lateral m.
Flexor carpi
ulnaris

Deep digital
flexor m
digital
extensor
m.
Ulnaris lateralis
m.
Flexor retinaculum
Extensor
retinaculum
Extensor
carpi
radialis m.

Tendon of
deep digital
flexor tendon
Tendon of
common
digital
extensor
m.
Digit 1
Metacarpa
l pad
Digita
l pad
Pot Comparison
Superficial digital flexor

m
Ulnaris lateralis m
Flexor carpi
ulnaris m
Distal
forelimb;
Palmer view
Carpus
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Superficial digital
flexor m
Carpal tunnel
Adductor m digit 5
Adductor m digit 4
Interosseus m
Metacarpal 1
Metacarpal 3
Metacarpal 4
Paired sesamoids
of digit 5
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Distal radius
Styloid process of radius

Distal ulna styloid process
Ulna carpal bone
Carpal bone 4

Carpal bone 2
Sesamoid bone of adductor
pollicis longus m.
Carpal bone 3
1st Carpal bone
Metacarpal 5
Metacarpal 1
Metacarpal 4
Metacarpal 3
Metacarpal 2
Proximal phalanx
Middle Phalanx
Distal phalanx of digit
No labels
The Pelvic Limb
The Hip
(covered in The Pelvis)
The Femur
The Stifle
The Tarsus
The Femur
Femur: Lateral view
Femur: Cr-Cd view
Femoral Arteriogram: Lateral view
Femur:
Lateral view
This radiograph is made with the animal in lateral
recumbency with the femur to be radiographed on
the table and the upper limb rotated out of the
primary x-ray beam. The thigh of the dog is much
thicker proximally than distally, which means that
making the radiograph of the femur is compromise
between adequately exposing the proximal part and
not over-exposing the distal part. Note that in a
typical dog the femur has a gentle curve. This
means that an intramedullary pin cannot normally be
inserted all the way down the medullary cavity. Note
that this patient is a male.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Sacrotuberous
ligament
Ilium
Medial gluteal m
Gemelli mm
Deep gluteal
m
Stump of Piriform
m
External
obturator m
Rectus femoris
m
Quadratus femoris
m
Semitendinous m
Adductor magnus
m
Vastus lateralis
m
Semimembranous m
Abductor cruris
caudalis m
Gastrocenemius
m
Labels
Body of ilium
Head of femur
Acetabula incisura
Ischiatic tuber
Intertrochanteric
crest
Lesser trochanter of
femur
Os Penis
Body of femur
Medial & lateral sesamoid

bones of gastrocnemius
muscle
Wall of intercondylar fossa of
femur
Superimposed medial and
Patella
Tibia
lateral condyles of femur

Sesamoid bone of popliteus
m
No Labels
Fibula
Femur:
Cr-Cd view
A corresponding cranial caudal view of the same femur as
in the Lateral Femur radiograph shows that in the sagittal
plane the bone is almost perfectly straight. In this well
positioned radiograph the patella is superimposed over
the mid-line of the femur.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Head of femur
Hip joint
Neck of
femur
Greater trochanter of
femur
Trichanteric fossa and
intertrochanteric crest
Obturator foramen
Lateral border of tuber ischiadicu

Lesser
trochanter
Ischiatic tuber
Body of femur
Patella
Medial sesamoid of
gastrocnemius m
Medial condyle of femur
Lateral sesamoid of
gastrocnemius m
Lateral condyle of femur
No Labels
Femoral Arteriogram:
Lateral view
Injection of radiopaque contrast medium into
the abdominal aorta has opacified the arteries
of the pelvis and pelvic limb. In this radiograph
the femoral artery and its branches are clearly
seen, mainly on the caudal aspect of the
femur.
Full screen
Labels Pot
Sacrotuberous
ligament
Ilium
Deep gluteal
m
Stump of Piriform
m
External
obturator m
Rectus femoris
m
Medial gluteal m
Gemelli mm
Quadratus femoris
m
Semitendinous m
Adductor magnus
m
Vastus lateralis
m
Semimembranous m
Abductor cruris
caudalis m
Gastrocenemius
m
Labels
Lateral circumflex
from external iliac
a
Femoral artery from
external iliac artery
Proximal caudal
femoral artery
Descending
genicular artery
Saphenous artery
Middle caudal artery
Distal caudal femoral

artery
Popliteal artery
No Labels
The Stifle
Stifle: Lateral view
Stifle: Cd-Cr view
Immature Stifle: Lateral view
Immature Stifle: Lateral view
Immature Stifle: Cd-Cr view
Stifle: Lateral view, tibial tuberosity fusion
Stifle:
Lateral view
The stifle is one of the most commonly
radiographed joints of the dog and it is well
worth being familiar with its radiographic
anatomy. Note the patella and the two
fabellae, sesamoid bones embedded in the
gastrocnemius tendon. Note also a lucent
space on the cranial aspect of the joint that
is formed by a fat pad between the patellar
tendon and the joint. This is a useful
anatomical feature because any joint
effusion will tend to impinge upon the fat
pad from the caudal aspect and reduce its
size in a lateral radiograph.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Femoropatell
a ligament
Patella
Patella
ligament
Patella
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral

condyles of
femur
Caudal
cruciate
Menisci
Medial
&
lateral
collater
al
ligamen
t
Patella
ligamen
Labels
Femoropatell
a joint
Patella
Trochlea of femur
Femur
Lateral supracondylar
tuberosity
Lateral sesamoid bone

gasrocnemius m
Medial sesamoid bone

gastrocnemius m
Infrapatella fat body
Medial and lateral

condyles of femur
Femorotibial joint
Cranial intercondylar
area of tibia
Sesamoid bone
within tendon of
popliteus m.
Fibula
Tibial tuberosity
Tibia
No Labels
Stifle:
Cd-Cr view
Although it is possible to extend the stifle with a
dog in dorsal recumbency for a craniocaudal
radiograph, it is often easier to place the dog in
sternal recumbency and extend the limb
caudally for a caudocranial radiograph, using the
dogs body weight to better extend the joint.
Again note the position of the patella, which is
projected some distance proximal to the joint
when the stifle is properly extended. Note also
the medial and lateral fabellae, which are
unequal in size and shape. The fibula lies on
the lateral aspect of the tibia.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Femoropatell
a ligament
Patella
Patella
ligament
Patella
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral

condyles of
femur
Caudal
cruciate
Menisci
Medial
&
lateral
collater
al
ligamen
t
Patella
ligamen
Labels
Femur
Intercondylar fossa of
femur
Patella

of gastrocnemius
Medial condyle of
femur
Lateral sesamoid
bone of
gastrocnemius m
Lateral condyle of
femur
Medial condyle of tibia

Medial & lateral
intercondylar tubercle of
tibia
Tibial tuberosity
Cranial border of
tibia
Fibula
No Labels
Immature Stifle:
Lateral view
This radiograph of a five month old
Labrador shows open growth plates at
the distal femur, proximal tibia and
proximal fibula. Note the separate centre
of ossification at the tibial tuberosity and
the wide and irregular physis between it
and the tibial crest. This is considered to
be a normal appearance. In this dog the
medial fabella is positioned slightly distal
compared to the lateral; this is
considered normal variant.
Full screen
Labels Pot
Femoropatell
a ligament
Patella
Patella
ligament
Patella
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral

condyles of
femur
Caudal
cruciate
Menisci
Medial
&
lateral
collater
al
ligamen
t
Patella
ligamen
Labels
Distal femoral physis
Femur
Patella
Medial fabella of
gastrocnemius muscle.
Lateral & medial
condyle of femur
Prox. Tibial physis
Prox. Tibial epiphysis
Head of fibula
(epiphysis)
Prox. fibula physis
Tibial tuberosity
Tibial
tuberosity
physis
Fibula
Interossoeus
space
No Labels
Immature Stifle:
Lateral view
This radiograph of a slightly younger dog
than in the other lateral immature stifle
example shows a roughened appearance of
the femoral condyles, which could be
mistaken for some form of joint disease;
however, this is a normal appearance in a
skeletally immature animal in which the
subchondral bone has not completely
ossified and has an uneven interface with
the overlying articular cartilage. Within a
few weeks this rough appearance will be
replaced by a perfectly regular distinct
curve.
Full screen
Labels Pot
Femoropatell
a ligament
Patella
Patella
ligament
Patella
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral

condyles of
femur
Caudal
cruciate
Menisci
Medial
&
lateral
collater
al
ligamen
t
Patella
ligamen
Labels
Femur
Patella
Distal femoral epiphysis

Prox. Tibial epiphysis
Sesamoid bone of
gastrocnemius
Lateral & medial
condyle of femur
Prox. Tibial physis
Tibial tuberosity
Head of fibula
(epiphysis)
Prox. fibula physis
Fibula
No Labels
Immature Stifle:
Cd-Cr view
This is a caudo-cranial view of a stifle.
As in the lateral immature stifle
radiograph, it shows open growth
plates in the distal femur, proximal tibia
and proximal fibula and the position of
the medial fabella.
Full screen
Labels Pot
Femoropatell
a ligament
Patella
Patella
ligament
Patella
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral

condyles of
femur
Caudal
cruciate
Menisci
Medial
&
lateral
collater
al
ligamen
t
Patella
ligamen
Labels
Femur
Intercondylar fossa of
femur
Patella
Lateral sesamoid
bone of
gastrocnemius m
Lateral condyle of
femur

of gastrocnemius
Medial condyle of
femur
Medial condyle of tibia
Medial & lateral

intercondylar tubercle of
tibia
Head of fibula
(epiphysis)
Prox. fibula physis
Prox. Tibial
physis
Tibial tuberosity
Cranial border of
tibia
Fibula
No Labels
Stifle:
Lateral view, tibial
tuberosity fusion
This radiograph is of a nine month
old dog in which the growth plates
are almost closed. The growth plate
of the tibial tuberosity has an
interesting pointed shape. This is a
normal anatomical variant.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Femoropatell
a ligament
Patella
Patella
ligament
Patella
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral

condyles of
femur
Caudal
cruciate
Menisci
Medial
&
lateral
collater
al
ligamen
t
Patella
ligamen
Labels
Femur
Patell
a

Sesamoid bones of
gastrocnemius
Infrapatellar fat
pad
Femoral condyles
Patellar ligament
Tibial
tuberosity
Tibial
tuberosity
growth plate
Cranial border of
tibia
Prox. Tibial
physis
Fibula
No Labels
The Tarsus
Immature Tarsus: Lateral view
Immature Tarsus: D-P view
Immature Tarsus:
Lateral view
This radiograph of a four month old dog
shows open growth plates at the distal tibia
and at the tip of the tuber calcis. The
proximal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joint
appear wide, which is a normal appearance
at this age; these joints will gradually
become narrower with skeletal maturity.
Note the linear soft tissue structure that runs
from the tuber calcis proximally, roughly
parallel to the distal tibia; this is the Achilles
tendon.
Full screen
Labels Pot
Peroneus longus
m. digitorum lateralis
Extensor
m
Peroneus brevis
m
Proximal extensor
retinaculum
Tarsus
Common calcanean
tendon
Deep Digital Flexor tendon
Cut end of Superficial Flexor

tendon.
Abductor digit V muscle
Reflected tendon of Deep
Digital Flexor m.
Interosseus m. (Digit
V)
Proximal digital annular

ligaments
(Distal is missing).
Superficial Digital Flexor
tendon
Labels
Tibia
Tibia
Achilles tendon
Calcanean tuber
Calcanean
physis
Distal tibial
physis
Distal
tibial
epiphysis
Trochlea
of talus
Calcaneus
Central tarsal
bone
Tarsal bone 4
2nd & 3rd
Tarsal bone
Metatarsal bone
1
Superimposed
metatarsals 25
No Labels
Immature Tarsus:
D-P view
The dorsoplantar radiograph of the same dog as
in the previous radiograph again shows the
relatively wide proximal intertarsal and
tarsometatarsal joints and open growth plates at
the distal tibia and distal fibula. The tuber calcis is
a relatively substantial piece of bone that is
superimposed on the tibiotarsal joint and tends to
obscure it in the DP view.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Proximal extensor retinaculum
Tibialis cranialis
muscle
Distal extensor
retinaculum
Long
digital extensor m.
Labels
Gastrocnemius m
superimposed on the
tibia.
Body of fibula
Calcaneu
s
Tarsocrural
joint
Lateral malleolus of
fibula
Sustentaculum
tali of calcaneus
Talus
Central tarsal bone

Tarsal bone 2
Tarsal bone 3
Metatarsels 2-5
Tarsal bone 4
No Labels
The Pelvis
The Pelvic bones

The Hip joint
The Pelvic Bones

Pelvis: Lateral view
Pelvis: V-D view
Pelvis: V-D view
Pelvis:
Lateral view
This lateral radiograph shows the pelvis, the lumbosacral joint and the first
few caudal vertebrae. The end of the tail is relatively thin and therefore is
over-exposed in this radiograph and cannot be seen. Note that the two
halves of the pelvis and the coxofemoral joints are almost perfectly
superimposed in this well positioned radiograph, which makes them difficult
to examine because a structure on one side effectively hides that on the
other side. For this reason, it is usual to position one of the femurs more
cranial than the other and to place a left or right marker adjacent to it so that
at least the femurs can be distinguished in a lateral radiograph.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Vertebral
canal at
L7
Left & right

dorsal iliac crest
Sacru
m
Caudal vertebrae 1
Intervertebr
al disc
space
between L7
& S1
Body of
ilium
Hip joint
(right)
Caudal
extremity
of L6
Superimpose
ischiatic tube
Hip joint
(right)
Head of
femur
(right)
Superimpose
obturator
foramina
Right
femur
Left femur
Pelvic symphysis
No Labels
Pelvis:
VD view
This ventrodorsal shows clearly the bones forming the
pelvis and the coxofemoral joints. For this radiograph
the dog has been positioned in dorsal recumbency and
the pelvic limbs have been extended fully. The femurs
are parallel and the patella is superimposed over the
distal femur. It is usually necessary to use sticky tape
or a Velcro band to keep the femurs in this position,
which is very unnatural for a dog. Note the shape of
the proximal femur which has a distinct neck and
rounded head that is well seated in the acetabulum.
The sacroiliac joints may also be examined in a
ventrodorsal view, although they are not clearly visible
because they are slightly oblique to the primary x-ray
beam and because the rough surface of the bones
forming the joint means there is no clearly discernible
joint space. The sacroiliac joint is prone to luxation
following trauma such as hit by car.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Intervertebral disc
space between L7
&S1Right sacroiliac joint
Body of ilium
Left transverse process

of
L7 of ilium
Wing
Sacrum
Right hip joint
Iliopubic eminence
Head of femur
Neck of femur
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Pubi
s table
Ischiatic
Trichanteric fossa &

intertrochanteric
crest
Obturator
foramen
Ischiatic tuber
Femur
Lateral fabella of
gastrocnemius m
Patella
No Labels
Pelvis:
V-D view
Compared to the other VD Pelvic radiograph this

film has a higher contrast, a slightly speckly
appearance and improved definition of the
borders of the bones. It is an example of a
computed radiograph whereas the previous was a
radiographic film. Vets are increasingly using
computed (digital) radiography to produce images
such as this, which are viewed on a monitor
rather than as a piece of film placed on a light
box. As in the previous dog, the coxofemoral
joints are clearly visible with a normal relationship
between the femoral head and the acetabulum.
The radiographic joint space forms a narrow
curve of uniform width on the cranial aspect of the
coxofemoral joint. The subchondral plate of the
acetabulum is quite broad and very opaque
radiographically whereas the convex surface of
the adjacent femoral head is less opaque. The
narrow lucent space between them represents
the articular cartilage on each side of the joint
plus a film of interposed synovial fluid.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Intervertebral disc
space between L7
&S1
Right sacroiliac joint
Wing of ilium
Faeces in
descending colon
Sacrum
Body of ilium
Iliopubic eminence
Head of femur
Right hip joint
Neck of femur
Greater trochanter
Pubi
s
Ischiatic tuber
Ischiatic table
Trichanteric fossa &

intertrochanteric
crest
Obturator
foramen
Lesser trochanter
Femur
No Labels
The Hip joint

Pelvis: V-D view, Hip dysplasia
Pelvis:
V-D view, Hip dysplasia
This radiograph of a young dog shows
subluxation of the left coxofemoral joint,
which is a typical appearance for hip
dysplasia. Note the scrotum on the
midline; some vets will routinely cover it
with a lead sheet to protect the testicles
from x-rays.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Intervertebral disc
space between L7
&S1
Right sacroiliac joint
Body of ilium
Right hip joint
Wing of ilium
Faeces in descending
colon
Sacrum
Iliopubic eminence
Head of femur
Neck of femur
Fovea capitis
Pubi
s
Lesser trochanter
Greater trochanter
Obturator foramen
Ischiatic tuber
Ischiatic table
Scrotum
Femur
Patella
Lateral sesamoid
bone of
gastrocnemius m
No Labels
The Thorax
The Oesophagus
The Lungs
The Ribs
The Thymus
The Heart
General Thorax views
General Thorax views

Thorax: Overweight, DV view
Thorax: Overweight, lateral view
Thorax: Lateral view
Thorax: Left lateral view
Thorax: Right lateral view
Thorax: VD view
Thorax:
Overweight,
DV view
This radiograph shows that
although there is air within both
the left and right lung the
cardiac border is indistinct. The
cranial mediastinum is wide as
a result of fat deposition.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Rib 1
Cranial vena
cava
Trachea
Aortic arch
Left
ventricle
Ribs
Apex of
Heart
Diaphragm
No Labels
Thorax:
Overweight, Lateral
view
In this radiograph of an obese Terrier the

presence of intrathoracic and intra abdominal
fat means that the lung is less well inflated
than in the other radiographs. For this reason
intrathoracic structures are more difficult to
see, for example the heart has a much less
well defined border than in the other
radiographs.
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Labels
Thoracic
aorta
Tracheal
bifurcation
Pulmonary vessels to
caudal lobes of lungs
Right
crus
Left crus
Trache
a
Left
ventricle
Cr. lobar
Pulmonar
y artery.
Cr. lobar
Pulmonary
vein
Stomach
Live
r
Spleen
Right ventricle
Heart apex
No Labels
Cervicothorac
ic ganglion
Middle cervical
ganglion
Sympathetic
(sympathetic)
trunk
Subclavian a.
Dorsal
intercostal
a.v.
Thoracic
aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal &

ventral branches
Oesophagu
s
Vagosympathetic
trunk
Internal
thoracic a.v.
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Right
auricle
Right cranial lung
lobe
Left auricle
Mediastinum: over
the right accesssory
Left ventricle
lung
Mediastiinum:over
right
Right ventricle
Left principal
middle lung lobe
bronchus
Paraclonal a.v.
Thorax:
Lateral view
This radiograph shows a relatively

deep chested dog. The heart, aorta
and pulmonary vessels are clearly
visible, although (unusually) the
caudal vena cava is not. Note that
the trachea, the lungs and other
intrathoracic structures are visible
because of the air contained in the
thorax. When we make thoracic
radiographs, we try to expose the
film at peak inspiration in order to
maximise the amount of air in the
lung and hence maximise the
visibility of intrathoracic structures. In
animals with relatively little air in the
lungs (e.g. because of pneumonia) it
can be difficult to see anything
radiographically.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Thoracic
aorta
Tracheal
bifurcation caudal lobes of lungs
Trache
a
Left crus
Right
crus
Cranial vena
cava Cr. Lobar
Caudal vena
cava
Pulmonar
y artery
Cr. Lobar
Pulmonary
vein
Liver
Left
ventricle
Right ventricle
Heart apex
No Labels
Cervicothorac
ic ganglion
Middle cervical
ganglion
Sympathetic
(sympathetic)
trunk
Subclavian a.
Dorsal
intercostal
a.v.
Thoracic
aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal &

ventral branches
Oesophagu
s
Vagosympathetic
trunk
Internal
thoracic a.v.
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Right
auricle
Right cranial lung
lobe
Left auricle
Mediastinum: over
Left ventricle
lung
Mediastiinum:over
right
Right ventricle
Left principal
middle lung lobe
bronchus
Paraclonal a.v.
Thorax:
Left lateral view
This radiograph is of the same dog as the

right lateral and shows the difference in
the appearance of the diaphragm with the
animal laying on its left: now the
diaphragmatic crura diverge. This
difference between left and right is often
observed in dogs.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Thoracic
aorta
Tracheal
bifurcation caudal lobes of lungs
Left crus
Right
crus
Trache
a
Right cr. Lobar
Pulmonary
artery
Caudal vena
cava
Right cr.
Lobar
Pulmonary
vein
Liver
Left
ventricle
Right ventricle
Heart apex
No Labels
Cervicothorac
ic ganglion
Middle cervical
ganglion
Sympathetic
(sympathetic)
trunk
Subclavian a.
Dorsal
intercostal
a.v.
Thoracic
aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal &

ventral branches
Oesophagu
s
Vagosympathetic
trunk
Internal
thoracic a.v.
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Right
auricle
Right cranial lung
lobe
Left auricle
Mediastinum: over
Left ventricle
lung
Mediastiinum:over
right
Right ventricle
Left principal
middle lung lobe
bronchus
Paraclonal a.v.
Thorax:
Right lateral view
This radiograph is made with the animal

in lateral recumbency with its right side
down. Note that the diaphragm has a
smooth continuous curved shape and
that the diaphragmatic crura are parallel,
almost superimposed. Contrast this
appearance with that of the left lateral
radiograph.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Thoracic
aorta
caudal lobes of lungs
Right
crus
Left crus
Caudal
vena cava
Trache
a
Cr. Lobar
Pulmonar
y artery
Cr. Lobar
Pulmonary
vein
Liver
Left
ventricle
Right ventricle
Heart apex
No Labels
Cervicothorac
ic ganglion
Middle cervical
ganglion
Sympathetic
(sympathetic)
trunk
Subclavian a.
Dorsal
intercostal
a.v.
Thoracic
aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal &

ventral branches
Oesophagu
s
Vagosympathetic
trunk
Internal
thoracic a.v.
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Right
auricle
Right cranial lung
lobe
Left auricle
Mediastinum: over
Left ventricle
lung
Mediastiinum:over
right
Right ventricle
Left principal
middle lung lobe
bronchus
Paraclonal a.v.
Thorax:
VD view
A ventrodorsal radiograph that

shows the normal position of
the heart, slightly to the left of
mid-line, and the caudal vena
cava to the right of mid-line.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Cr Vena Cava
Rt. atrium
Pulmonary
artery
Lt. atrium
Aorta
Rt. Ventricle
Lt. Ventricle
Ca. Vena cava
Caudoventral
mediastinum
No Labels
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
L. Subclavian artery
L. auricle
L.
pulmonary
L. atrium
artery
L. pulmonary
veins
Left
subclavian
Brachiocephali
artery
trunk
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Cranial
vena cava
R. auricle
Caudal
vena cava
R. ventricle
Apex
L. ventricle R. pulmonary
artery
R.
pulmonary
veins
Azygous vein
The Heart
Angiogram: LV injection, lateral view
Angiogram: RV injection, lateral view
Angiogram:
LV injection, lateral
view
The heart normally has a uniform soft tissue opacity in

radiographs and the internal structures (e.g. chambers,
valves) are not visible. These structures can be outlined
by injecting contrast medium which mixes with the blood.
In this instance, a catheter has been passed up the aorta
(where was it inserted into the dog?) until its tip is in the
left ventricle. Injection of contrast outlines the left
ventricle, aorta, coronary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk
and left subclavian artery. This appearance is normal.
(Ignore the catheter cranial to the heart; it is relevant for
the next radiograph.)
Full screen
Labels
RoyalVeterinary
VeterinaryCollege
College2009
2009
Royal
Labels
Left subclavian
a
Thoracic aorta
Left crus
of
diaphrag
Right crus
m
of
diaphragm
Common
carotids
Brachiocepha
lic trunk
Gas in
pylorus of
stomach
R + L internal
thoracic
arteries
Left
ventricle
No Labels
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
L. auricle
L.
pulmonary
L. atrium
artery
L. pulmonary
veins
Left
subclavian
Brachiocephali
artery
trunk
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Cranial
vena cava
R. auricle
Caudal
vena cava
R. ventricle
Apex
artery
R.
pulmonary
veins
Azygous vein
Angiogram:
RV injection,
lateral view
In this instance, a catheter has been passed down a

jugular vein. Injection of contrast outlines the right
atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary arteries. This
appearance is normal.
(The thin black line crossing the caudal part of the lungs
is an artefact that occurred because the film was
inadvertently folded before processing.)
Pot
Full screen Labels
Labels
Left pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
trunk
Cranial
lobar
pulmonary
artery
Right
ventricle
Right pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
arterial supply
to the right
middle lobe
No Labels
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
L. auricle
L.
pulmonary
L. atrium
artery
L. pulmonary
veins
Left
subclavian
Brachiocephali
artery
trunk
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Cranial
vena cava
R. auricle
Caudal
vena cava
R. ventricle
Apex
artery
R.
pulmonary
veins
Azygous vein
The Lungs
Bronchogram: Lateral view
Pulmonary Vasculature: Bulldog, DV view
Pulmonary Vasculature: Close-up, Lateral view
Bronchogram:
Lateral view
In the days before flexible endoscopy, vets sometimes did

bronchography to examine the airways. In this radiograph a
small volume of barium sulphate suspension has been infused
into the trachea and the lung inflated to spread it along the
bronchial mucosa. It is amazing how clearly the bronchi are
seen isnt it? Notice that they have straight or gently curved walls
and gently tapering lumen. This appearance is normal.
Full screen
Pot 1
Pot 2
Labels
Labels
Bronchi of caudal
lobes
Tracheal
bifurcation
Bronchus
end on
Trachea
Right
principle
bronchus to
cranial lobe
No Labels
Caudal lobe
of left lung
Obtuse margin
Trachea
Cranial part of
cranial lobe of
left lung
Interlobular
fissure
of cranial lobe of
left lung
Cardiac notch
Right
ventricle of
heart
Caudal interlobular
fissure of left lung
Accute margin
Left
ventricle of
heart
Caudal part of cranial

lobe of left lung
Trachea
Right cranial lobes
Left cranial lobe

Bifurcation
of the
trachea
Primary bronchii
Bronchioles
Caudal lobes
Pulmonary Vasculature:
Bulldog, DV view
This radiograph shows the

right and left caudal lobar
arteries and veins
superimposed over the cranial
part of the abdomen. It is
useful to examine these
vessels in dogs or cats with
suspected cardiac failure.
Pulmonary congestion is often
visible as enlargement of the
veins relative to the arteries.
The dorsoventral view gives a
better depiction of these
vessels than a ventrodorsal.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Heart
Left caudal
lobar
vessels
Right caudal
lobar vessels
Diaphragm
Air in the fundus of

stomach
No Labels
Trachea
Right cranial lobes
Left cranial lobe

Bifurcation
of the
trachea
Primary bronchii
Bronchioles
Caudal lobes
Pulmonary Vasculature:
Close-up, Lateral view
This radiograph shows the right cranial

lobar artery and vein. They are roughly
parallel, similar in size and gradually
taper as they extend towards the
periphery of the lung.
Pot 1
Pot 2
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Trache
a
Tracheal
bifurcation
Cr. Lobar bronchus
Cr. Lobar
Pulmonary artery
Cr. Lobar
Pulmonary vein
Right ventricle
No Labels
Caudal lobe
of left lung
Obtuse margin
Trachea
Cranial part of
cranial lobe of
left lung
Interlobular
fissure
of cranial lobe of
left lung
Cardiac notch
Right
ventricle of
heart
Caudal interlobular
fissure of left lung
Accute margin
Left
ventricle of
heart
Caudal part of cranial

lobe of left lung
Trachea
Right cranial lobes
Left cranial lobe

Bifurcation
of the
trachea
Primary bronchii
Bronchioles
Caudal lobes
The Ribs
Crusty Ribs: Lateral view
Crusty Ribs:
Lateral view
It is common to observe large irregular

exostosis at the costochondral junctions of
old dogs. This appearance is considered
an age-related change and should not be
confused with disease.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Caudal
vena cava
Left
ventricle
Exotoses at
costochondr
al junctions
Liver
Right ventricle
Heart apex
No Labels
Cervicothorac
ic ganglion
Middle cervical
ganglion
Sympathetic
(sympathetic)
trunk
Subclavian a.
Dorsal
intercostal
a.v.
Thoracic
aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal &

ventral branches
Oesophagu
s
Vagosympathetic
trunk
Internal
thoracic a.v.
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Right
auricle
Right cranial lung
lobe
Left auricle
Mediastinum: over
Left ventricle
lung
Mediastiinum:over
right
Right ventricle
Left principal
middle lung lobe
bronchus
Paraclonal a.v.
The Oesophagus
Oesophagram: lateral view
Oesophagram:
lateral view
The oesophagus is not normally visible
radiographically, although it might be if it is dilated or
has abnormal contents. To make the oesophagus
visible and to assess its function, we perform contrast
radiography. This series of radiographs made at 1
second intervals shows a bolus of food/barium mixture
passing through the thoracic oesophagus, leaving a
slight mucosal coating behind. This is a normal
appearance.
View in sequence Pot
Finish Sequence
Labels
Oesophageal
bolus
Finish Sequence
Bronchiol
e
Thoracic
aorta
No Labels
Superimposed caudal lobar branches

of pulmonary arteries & veins
Caudal Vena
Cava
Labels
Thoracic
aorta
Bronchiol
e
Oesophageal
bolus
No Labels
Caudal Vena
Cava
Labels
Oesophageal
bolus
Thoracic
aorta
No Labels
Caudal Vena
Cava
Labels
Finish Sequence
Thoracic
aorta
Oesophag
us
Superimposed caudal lobar branches

of pulmonary arteries & veins
No Labels
Caudal Vena
Cava
Finish Sequence
Cervicothorac
ic ganglion
Middle cervical
ganglion
Sympathetic
(sympathetic)
trunk
Subclavian a.
Dorsal
intercostal
a.v.
Thoracic
aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal &

ventral branches
Oesophagu
s
Vagosympathetic
trunk
Internal
thoracic a.v.
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Right
auricle
Right cranial lung
lobe
Left auricle
Mediastinum: over
Left ventricle
lung
Mediastiinum:over
right
Right ventricle
Left principal
middle lung lobe
bronchus
Paraclonal a.v.
The Thymus
Thymus: DV view
Thymus: Lateral view
Thymus:
DV view
A dorsoventral radiograph of a
3-month-old pup shows a broad
curved soft tissue structure on
the left cranial aspect of the
heart. This is the thymus,
which will shortly involute and
cease to be visible
radiographically.
Full screen
Labels
Labels
Thymus
Lt. atrium
Rt. atrium
Lt. Ventricle
Rt. Ventricle
No Labels
Thymus:
Lateral view
This radiograph of a 3-month-old pup shows a lack of

ossification of the distal part of the rib which is
therefore not visible radiographically. Notice how the
thymus is virtually invisible on a lateral view.
Pot
Full screen
Labels
Common
carotid a.
Lung (left)
Oesophagus
Thymus
Heart
Diaphragm
Labels
Thoracic
aorta
Right
crus
Left crus
Trache
a
Liver
Left
ventricle
Non-ossified Right ventricle Heart apex

costochondral
junction
No Labels
The Abdomen
General Abdomen views
The Gastrointestinal System

The Spleen
The Liver
The Kidneys and Ureters
The Bladder
and Urethra
The Reproductive System
The Gastrointestinal System

Caecum detail: VD view
Gastric Antrum: Left lateral view
Gastric Antrum: Right lateral view
Gastric Rugae: Lateral view
Pneumogastrogram: VD view
Pneumogastrogram: Lateral view
Caecum detail:
VD view
This close up view of part of the
ventrodorsal abdominal radiograph
of the dog shows gas filling the
caecum, which lies just right of the
mid-line at the level of L3 to L5.
This is a normal appearance.
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
L3
Gas filled
caecum
L4
L5
No Labels
Gastric Antrum:
Right lateral view
This lateral radiograph of a large dog was made

with the dog lying in right recumbency. Gas is
visible in the gastric fundus, but the antrum and
body of the stomach are predominantly fluid-filled
and appear as a regular rounded structure in the
cranioventral part of the abdomen. This
appearance can be mistaken for a ball in the
stomach.
Pot 1
Pot 2
Full Screen
Labels
Enlarged spleen
Descending
colon
Reflected
abdominal
muscles &
skin
Left lateral
lobe of liver
Greater
omentum
Caudal division
of cranial lobe
of left lung
Longissimus
Caudal
thoracic m
lobe of left
Iliocostalis
lung
m
Diaphrag
m
Left kidney
Stomach;
fundus
Pericarida
l fat
Left auricleLeft
ventricl
Left
medial
Left lateral
lobe
Stomach; body
Labels
Right
kidney
Gas filled colon
Gas filled
gastric
fundus
Liver
Fluid filled
gastirc body
and antrum
Small intestines
No Labels
Gastric Antrum:
Left lateral view
By repositioning the dog into left recumbency, gas

can be redistributed in the stomach and now fills the
gastric antrum. The fluid that was in the antrum and
body has now moved into the fundus, so the
appearance of the stomach is now the opposite of
what it was in right lateral recumbency. The
presence of gas in the antrum makes gastric foreign
body unlikely.
Full Screen
Pot 1
Pot 2
Labels
Descending
duodenum
Greater omentum
Right kidney
Caudate
lobe of
liver
Right lateral
lobe of liver
Caudal, middle &

cranial lobes of the
right lung
Stomach;
antrum
Diaphragm
Left lateral
Right medial
Quadrate
lobe
Labels
Fluid filled
gastric
fundus
Liver
Gas filled
gastirc body
and antrum
Small intestines
No Labels
Gastric Rugae:
Lateral view
This close-up view of part of the lateral
abdominal radiograph of a dog shows the
appearance of the gastric rugae, which in
this instance are well outlined by gas.
They have fairly uniform thickness and
an undulating course. As the stomach
distends, gastric rugae are stretched out
and flattened and are less visible
radiographically.
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
Gastric rugae
No Labels
Pneumogastrogram:
VD view
This ventrodorsal radiograph of a

dog with an air filled stomach shows
the relatively large rounded fundus
of the stomach, which lies to the left
of midline, and the more oblong
gastric body extending across the
mid-line to the right where the pyloric
canal connects the gastric antrum
with the duodenum. The duodenum
is the most lateral of the gas-filled
intestinal loops visible in this
radiograph.
Pot 1 Pot 2
Full Screen
Pot 3
Labels
Right medial
lobe of liver
Cranial duodenal
flexure
Left lateral
lobe
Stomach;
antrum
Stomach; fundus
Right lobe of
pancreas
Descending
duodenum
Caudal
duodenal
flexure
Left lobe of
pancreas
Sternum
Left medial lobe

Diaphragm
Quadrate
lobe
Xiphoid
process
Left lateral
lobe
Right medial
lobe
Stomach;
fundus
Left kidney
Right
kidney
Caudal
vena
Stomach
Greater
omentum
Descending
duodenum
Enlarged
spleen
Labels
Liver
Caudal lobar
branches of
pulmonary
vessels
superimposed
on the liver
Gas in
gastric
fundus
Gas in duodenum
Gas in gastric
antrum
No Labels
Pneumogastrogram:
Lateral view
For this radiograph a large bore
gastric tube has been passed
and the stomach inflated to
more clearly demonstrate its
size, position and shape.
Pot 1
Full Screen
Pot 2
Labels
Serratus
dorsalis pars
cranialis
Serratus dorsalis pars

caudalis
External intercostal
m
Stomach; fundus
Perirenal fat
Left lobe of pancreas
Cut edge of internal

abdominal oblique

cranialis
Right lobe of
pancreas
Descending duodenum
Stomach; Left lateral lobe
antrum
Labels
Large bore
gastric
tube
Air filled gastric

body and fundus
Liver
No Labels
The Kidneys and Ureters

Intra-venous Ureterogram (IVU): VD view
Nephrogram: VD view, DSA
Renal non-selective angiogram: VD view
Intra-venous
Ureterogram (IVU):
VD view
This ventrodorsal radiograph was made several
minutes after injection of contrast medium into a
peripheral vein. Circulation of the contrast through
the heart and lungs is followed by systemic
distribution to all organs, including the kidneys.
The kidneys filter contrast and excrete it into the
renal pelvis and ureters which are visible clearly in
this instance. This procedure is called an
intravenous urogram (IVU). Opacification of the
renal collecting system, pelvis and ureters is also
known as a pyelogram. Note that the urinary
bladder has been filled with air
(pneumocystogram) to help identify it and to
improve visualisation of the ureters as they pass
over the urinary bladder in this view. Each ureter in
this dog passes in a caudal direction and then
makes an approximately 180 turn before draining
into the bladder. This is a completely normal
appearance.
Pot 1
Pot 2
Full Screen
Pot 3
Labels
Medulla
Cortex
Renal artery
Arcuate aa
Renal vein
Renal sinus
Ureter
Interlobular artery
Pelvis recess
Impression of renal crest
Interlobar artery
Ureter
Renal artery
Vena cava
Aorta
Oesophagus
Quadrate lobe of
liver
Left medial
lobe of liver
Gall bladder
Left lateral
lobe of liver
Right medial lobe
Adrenal gland
Right kidney
Left kidney
Renal a&v
Caudal vena
Labels
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
No Labels
Nephrogram:
VD view, DSA
This radiograph was made in a similar
way to the renal non-selective
angiogram, but the technique of digital
subtraction has enabled other
abdominal structures not containing
contrast medium to be removed from
the image, leaving a particularly clear
depiction of the contrast within the
aorta and its various branches.
Contrast medium arriving in the
kidneys is quickly distributed evenly
through the cortex where it is filtered
by the glomerulus. Opacification of the
renal parenchyma is known as a
nephrogram.
Pot 1
Pot 2
Pot 3
Full Screen
Labels
Medulla
Cortex
Renal artery
Arcuate aa
Renal vein
Renal sinus
Ureter
Interlobular artery
Pelvis recess
Interlobar artery
Ureter
Renal artery
Vena cava
Aorta
Oesophagus
Quadrate lobe of
liver
Left medial
lobe of liver
Gall bladder
Left lateral
lobe of liver
Right medial lobe
Adrenal gland
Right kidney
Left kidney
Renal a&v
Caudal vena
Labels
Celiac a
Cr. Mesenteric a
Interlobar aa
Renal aa
External iliac a
Internal iliac
a
Median sacral a
No Labels
Renal non-selective
angiogram:
VD view
This radiograph was made
during injection of contrast
medium into the mid-abdominal
aorta via a catheter and shows
contrast predominantly filling the
renal arteries and the interlobar
arteries of the kidneys. In many
dogs, each kidney has two renal
arteries.
Pot 1
Pot 2
Pot 3
Full Screen
Labels
Medulla
Cortex
Renal artery
Arcuate aa
Renal vein
Renal sinus
Ureter
Interlobular artery
Pelvis recess
Interlobar artery
Ureter
Renal artery
Vena cava
Aorta
Oesophagus
Quadrate lobe of
liver
Left medial
lobe of liver
Gall bladder
Left lateral
lobe of liver
Right medial lobe
Adrenal gland
Right kidney
Left kidney
Renal a&v
Caudal vena
Labels
Interlobar aa
Renal aa
Deep circumflex a
External iliac a
Internal iliac
a
Median sacral a
No Labels
The Bladder and Urethra

Male Urethrogram: Lateral view
Bladder: Lateral view, Pelvic
Male Urethrogram:
Lateral view
This radiograph was made during injection of contrast

medium into a urethral catheter and shows the contrast
within the penile and pelvic urethra, the bladder and a
small amount of contrast refluxing up one of the
ureters. Note the uniform calibre of the urethra as it
bends around the caudal aspect of the ischium before
becoming wider within the pelvis. An elongated gas
bubble is present in the caudal part of the pelvic
urethra and could be confused with a lesion.
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
Bladde
r
Ureter
Slight dorsal
Preprostatic dip marks the
seminal
urethra
Penile
urethra
Isthmus
(narrowing of
lumen)
No Labels
Bladder:
Lateral view, Pelvic
This radiograph of a small breed female dog shows

contrast medium (and a large air bubble) in the
vagina and uterus. The oblique filling defect in the
uterus dorsal to the bladder represents the site of
the cervix. In this dog the urinary bladder has a very
wide neck, which is located within the pelvis. Dogs
(male or female) with this conformation often have
urinary incontinence.
Note: Male dog used for photo,
female in radiograph!
Pot
Full Screen
Labels
Spinal cord
Sacrum
Rectum
7 Lumbar vertebra
th
Urethra
Vestibule
Anus
Rectus abdominis m.
Bladder
Adductor m. Lips of vulva
Intervertebral disc
Symphyseal surface
of os coxae
Labels
Vagin
a
Uterine horns
Bladder Cervix
Urethra
Bladder
neck
Pubis
Vestibule
No Labels
The Reproductive System

Vaginogram: Lateral view, Oestrus
Uterus: Lateral view, Metoestrus
Prostate: Lateral view
Vaginogram:
Lateral view, Oestrus
This radiograph was made by injection of

contrast medium into the vagina and urethra
of an entire female dog. Contrast opacifies
the urethra, bladder, vagina and the two
horns of the uterus, which are visible as
narrow coiled structures superimposed on
the craniodorsal aspect of the bladder. The
large diameter of the vagina and the open
cervix are compatible with oestrus.
Pot
Full Screen
Labels
Right ovary
Broad ligament
Right uterine horn
Cervix
Dorsomedian fold
continuing the
cervix
Bladder
Vagina
External urethral orifice

Vestibule
Clitoris
Labels
L5
Uterine horns
Bladder
Cervix
Urethra
Vaginal fornix
Pubis
Vagin
a
Vestibule
No Labels
Uterus:
Lateral view, Metoestrus
In this lateral abdominal radiograph

the uterus can be faintly seen as a
curved elongated, faintly lumpyappearing structure superimposed
over the bladder. This appearance is
normal, although the uterus in many
dogs is too small to be seen
radiographically.
Pot
Full Screen
Labels
Right ovary
Broad ligament
Right uterine horn
Cervix
Dorsomedian fold
continuing the
cervix
Bladder
Vagina
External urethral orifice

Vestibule
Clitoris
Labels
L5
Left
kidney
Faeces in
descendi
ng colon
Uterus
Bladder
Small
intestines
Ventral abdominal
wall
No Labels
Prostate:
Lateral view
In this radiograph of a male dog a rounded soft tissue structure is visible just
caudal to the bladder and ventral to the faeces-filled colon at the pelvic inlet.
This is the prostate. It is often difficult to see the prostate because it is usually
within the pelvis, so is obscured by the surrounding bones. In entire male dogs
the prostate gradually enlarges with increasing age and moves cranially so that
it becomes visible cranial to the pelvic inlet, as in this instance. Note the
triangular lucency that occupies the angle formed by the ventral abdominal
wall, the ventral wall of the bladder and the cranioventral aspect of the
prostate; this is abdominal fat and it is the fact that it is less opaque than soft
tissues that enables visualisation of the prostate.
Full Screen
Pot 1
Pot 2
Labels
Rectum
Anus
Deferent
duct
Pelvic
urethra
Bladder
Prostate
gland
Retractor
penis m.
Bulbospongios
us m.
Body of penis
Ischiocavernosus m.
over left crus
Anus
Urethra
Bulbospongios
us m.
Bladder
Right crus
Deferent
duct
(right)
Retracto
r penis
m.
Dorsal a. and v.
of penis
Spermatic cord
Testis (right)
Descending
colon
Ureter (right)
Kidney (left)
Testicular
vessels
Bulbus
glandis
Pars longa
glandis
Prepuce
Labels
L5
Ilium
Hip joint
Femoral
head
Prostate
Fat
between
bladder
neck &
abdomin
al wall
Bladder
Ventral abdominal
wall
No Labels
General Abdomen views

Abdominal Aortogram: Lateral view
Abdomen: Lateral view
Abdomen: VD view
Pup Abdomen: Lateral view
Abdominal Aortogram:
Lateral view
This lateral radiograph was made

immediately after injection of
positive contrast medium into the
left ventricle and shows
opacification of the abdominal aorta
and its major branches.
Muscle layers
Pot 1
Pot 2
Pot 3
Full Screen
Labels
Enlarged spleen
Descending
colon
Reflected
abdominal
muscles &
skin
Left lateral
lobe of liver
Greater
omentum
Caudal division of
cranial lobe of left
lung
Longissimus thoracic
Caudal m
Iliocostalis
lobe of left
m
lung
Diaphrag
m
Left kidney
Stomach;
fundus
Pericaridal
fat
Left
ventricle
Left
auricle
Left medial
lobe
Left lateral
lobe
Stomach; body
Serratus
dorsalis pars
cranialis

caudalis
m
Stomach; fundus
Perirenal fat

abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal
oblique m
External abdominal oblique

m
Transverse abdominal m
External abdominal oblique

Internal abdominal m
oblique m
Labels
Right kidney
Left
kidney
L4
Renal
aa
Aorta
Celiac
a
Internal iliac aa
Cr. Mesenteric
a
External iliac aa
Deep femoral aa
Small
intestines
Bladd
er
No Labels
Abdomen: This is a typical lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog, in which the abdominal
viscera are visible but are difficult to discern because of superimposition and
Lateral
because of the similar opacity of the organs and surrounding tissues. The liver is
present on the cranioventral aspect of the abdomen between the stomach, which is
gas-filled, and the diaphragm. In this instance the caudal port of the liver extends
view
several centimetres caudal to the last ribs and some would interpret this as
enlarged. Just caudal to the liver is an oblong soft tissue structure that corresponds
to the tail of the spleen. Dorsal to this there are numerous loops of small intestine,
some containing gas which makes them easier to see, and others containing a
small amount of fluid. Dorsal to the small intestinal loops and bladder is the colon.
This is recognisable because of its speckled content, which represents faeces. The
kidneys are relatively difficult to see in many dogs and this is no exception. The left
kidney is present in the mid-dorsal abdomen from the level of L2 to L4. The right
kidney overlaps with the left and occupies the region from approximately T13 to L2.
Full Screen
Pot 1
Muscle layers
Pot 2
Pot 3
Labels
Enlarged spleen
Descending
colon
Reflected
abdominal
muscles &
skin
Left lateral
lobe of liver
Greater
omentum
Caudal division
of cranial lobe
of left lung
Longissimus
Caudal
thoracic m
lobe of left
Iliocostalis
lung
m
Diaphrag
m
Left kidney
Stomach;
fundus
Pericarida
l fat
Left auricleLeft
ventricl
Left
medial
Left lateral
lobe
Stomach; body
Serratus
dorsalis pars
cranialis

caudalis
m
Stomach; fundus
Perirenal fat

abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal
oblique m
External
abdominal
oblique m
Transverse abdominal m
Internal abdominal
oblique m
External
abdominal
oblique m
Labels
Gas in body of
stomach Right kidney Left
kidney
Caudal
extremity of
liver
L4
Tail
Small
end of intestines
spleen
Faeces in
descending
colon
Bladd
er
No Labels
Abdomen:
VD view
This is the corresponding ventrodorsal view to the

previous lateral. Again it is difficult to discern the
individual abdominal organs in this typical dog. The
left kidney is visible from approximately L1 to L3 with
the elongated curvilinear spleen lateral to it and
overlapping its caudal pole. The right kidney is
virtually invisible. In this dog most of the small
intestine appears to lie to the right of midline; this is
not abnormal. The stomach is gas-filled, as it was in
the lateral view, and has a rounded fundus to the left
of midline and a narrower, more elongated body that
crosses the midline towards the antrum, which lies on
the right. The gas-filled piece of small intestine seen
superimposed over the right 12th and 13th ribs is
probably the duodenum, although its connection to
the stomach is not visible. An incidental finding in this
dog is the unusual left rib at T13, which is shorter and
thicker than the other ribs. This represents transitional
anatomy, having some of the features of a normal rib
and some of the features of a normal lumbar
transverse process. Transitional thoracolumbar
vertebrae or lumbosacral vertebrae are commonly
seen in dogs but are usually of no clinical significance.
Full Screen
Pot 1
Pot 2
Pot 3
Pot 4
Labels
Vena cava
Aorta
Oesophagus
Quadrate lobe of
liver
Left medial
lobe of liver
Gall bladder
Left lateral
lobe of liver
Right medial lobe
Adrenal gland
Right kidney
Left kidney
Renal a&v
Caudal vena
Right medial
lobe of liver
Cranial duodenal
flexure
Left lateral
lobe
Stomach;
antrum
Stomach; fundus
Right lobe of
pancreas
Descending
duodenum
Caudal
duodenal
flexure
Left lobe of
pancreas
Sternum
Left medial lobe

Diaphragm
Quadrate
lobe
Xiphoid
process
Left lateral
lobe
Right medial
lobe
Stomach;
fundus
Left kidney
Right
kidney
Caudal
vena
Stomach
Greater
omentum
Descending
duodenum
Enlarged
spleen
Labels
Gas filled
antrum of
stomach
Duodenum
Gas within fundus

of stomach
Transitional left
rib of T13
Body of spleen
Left kidney
Faeces within
descending colon
Vertebrae L5
No Labels
Pup Abdomen: This lateral abdominal radiograph of a very young puppy shows
open growth plates in the vertebrae, the pelvis and distal femurs.
The abdomen has a virtually featureless, uniform opacity except for
Lateral view
a few gas shadows in the stomach and parts of the intestine. Other
abdominal organs are invisible. This is a normal appearance that
occurs because in neonatal puppies and kittens there is very little
abdominal fat, and in the absence of fat there is no contrast
(difference) between the opacity of the different abdominal
structures which therefore merge into one uniform grey.
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
Physes
Ilium
Pubis
Ischiu
m
Liver
No Labels
The Spleen
Spleen: Lateral view
Spleen:
Lateral view
A lateral abdominal radiograph shows the spleen having a more elongated

and shapely demarcated appearance than in the Abdomen: Lateral View
radiograph. The appearance of the spleen depends greatly on its position
in the abdomen and as it is somewhat mobile it can vary from dog to dog
and even from minute to minute. It is very easy to over-interpret the
appearance of the spleen because of these variations. Dorsal to the
spleen in the mid-abdomen there are a few small intestinal loops which
are non-dilated and dorsal to that there is gas outlining the large intestine
and caecum. The bladder occupies the caudoventral part of the abdomen
and has the large intestine and rectum draped over its dorsal aspect.
Pot
Full Screen
Labels
Enlarged spleen
Descending
colon
Reflected
abdominal
muscles &
skin
Left lateral
lobe of liver
Greater
omentum
Labels
Ascending
colon
Ventral
extremity of
Faeces within
descending colon
Non dilated
small
Lumbar
vertebrae 5
Caecum
Bladder
No Labels
The Liver
Liver: Portogram
Liver:
Portogram
This ventrodorsal radiograph is made

immediately following injection of contrast
medium into a mesenteric vein at laparotomy.
Contrast within the vein flows cranially into the
hepatic portal vein and into the intrahepatic
branches of the portal vein. This is a normal
study.
In this image, the blood vessels appear as
black structures, which is the opposite of what
you might have been expecting based on
experience of other angiograms. This is a digital
subtraction angiogram in which the other parts
of the body such as the bones and the other
abdominal organs do not contribute to the
image, and the contrast medium appears as
black on a uniform grey background. This
technique makes it possible to see clearly the
tiny portal branches extending out into the
periphery of the liver.
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
Intrahepatic
portalveins
Splenic
vein
Hepatic Portal
vein
No Labels
The Spine
Cervical region
Lumbar region
Thoracic region
Sacral region
Coccygeal vertebrae
The Vertebrae;
Atlas
Axis
Cervical, thoracic & lumbar
1= Dorsal Tubercle
2= Cranial articular fovea
3= Transverse process
4= Body
5= Dorsal arch
6= Arch
7= Caudal articular fovea
8= Odontoid process (fovea for
dens)
9= Ventral tubercle
10= Lateral vertebral foramen
11= Transverse foramen
1
5
3
4
Cranial aspect
1
6
10
11
Lateral aspect
ATLAS
3
6
7
8
9
Caudal
aspect
1=
2=
3=
4=
5=
6=
7=
8=
9=
Transverse process
Body
Spinous process
Caudal articular process
Cranial articular process
Dens (Odontoid process)
Transverse canal
Body of axis
Arch
3
4
7
Cranial aspect
1
6
2
3
4
AXIS
10
Lateral
aspect
5
1
3
4
Caudal aspect
7
1
Cranial
1
Cervical
v.
Lateral
1
1
1
Thoracic
v.
Lumbar
1= Spinous process
2= Body
3= Transverse process
4= Vertebral foramen
5= Lamina
6= Cranial articular
surface
7= Caudal articular
surface
8= Mamillary process
9= Caudal costal fovea
10= Cranial costal
fovea
process
12= Caudal articular
process
4
3
Caudal
6
2 4
2
5
9
11
10
1
12
8
12
4
2
1
8
11
4
2
8
12
Cervical region
Yorkshire Terrier cervical spine: Lateral view, neutral position
Yorkshire Terrier cervical spine: Lateral view, flexed position
Puppy cervical spine: Lateral view
Cervical spine survey: Lateral view
Cervical myelogram: Lateral view
Yorkshire Terrier cervical spine:

Lateral view, neutral position
In small and toy breeds of dogs the vertebral canal is relatively wider than in large
breeds. This lateral radiograph of a Yorkshire terrier shows the wide gap between
the vertebral bodies and the corresponding dorsal laminae, which are projected
dorsal to the articular facets. C1 looks tall and narrow compared with its
appearance in large breed dogs.
Pot
Full Screen
Labels
Atlas
Axis
3
6
3 3rd Ce
4
2
8
7
3 4th Ce
4
1= Lateral vertebral
foramen
2= Wing of atlas
3= Spinous processes
4= Transverse processes
5= Extended plate of
transverse process of Ce
6
process
8= Caudal articular
process
5th
Ce
3
4
4
5
Labels
Dorsal
tubercle of
atlas (C1)
Tympanic Ventral
bulla
tubercle
of atlas
Spinous
process
of axis
(C2)
Dorsal &
ventral
borders of
vertebral
canal
Transvese process
(wings) of atlasEndotracheal
tube within
Caudal
articular
process of
C3
Intervertebral
foramen
between C4
&C5
Cranial articular
process of C4
Intervertebral Extended plate of

disc space
transverse proces
between C4
of C6
&C5
No Labels
Yorkshire Terrier cervical spine:

Lateral view, flexed position
Another radiograph of the same

Yorkshire terrier made with the head
ventroflexed shows that flexion
occurs at the occipitoatlantal joint
(yes joint) but not at the
atlantoaxial joint (no joint). This
appearance is normal. In dogs
suspected of having atlantoaxial
subluxation, abnormal displacement
of C1 may occur when the neck is
manipulated, typically producing a
widened gap between C1 and C2 in
a ventroflexed lateral radiograph like
this.
Full Screen
Labels Pot
Atlas
Axis
3
6
3 3rd Ce
4
2
8
7
3 4th Ce
4
foramen
2= Wing of atlas
6
process
8= Caudal articular
process
5th
Ce
3
4
4
5
Labels
External
occiptal
protruberan
ce
Dorsal
tubercle of
atlas (C1)
Spinous
process
of axis
(C2)
Atlanto occipital
condyle
Tympanic
bullae
Transverse
process
(wings) of
atlas
Endotrache
al tube
within
trachea
No Labels
Puppy cervical spine:

Lateral view
Just as in the limb bones, open physes are normally visible in the vertebral bodies
in dogs less than 9 months old. Each vertebral body (except C1) has two physes.
Full Screen
Pot
Labels
Atlas
Axis
3
6
3 3rd Ce
4
2
8
7
3 4th Ce
4
foramen
2= Wing of atlas
6
process
8= Caudal articular
process
5th
Ce
3
4
4
5
Labels
Atlas
(cervical
vertebrae
1)
Endotracheal
tube within
trachea
Spinous
process
of axis
(C2)
Dorsal &
ventral
borders of
vertebral
canal
Open
physes of
C3
Dorsal spinous
process of C7
Intervertebral
disc space
between C4
&C5
No Labels
Cervical spine survey:

Lateral view
This lateral radiograph of the cervical spine shows the normal features of the 7
cervical vertebrae. C2 (axis) is the easiest to recognise because of its large dorsal
spine. Immediately cranial to it is the spineless dorsal lamina of C1 (atlas). The
wings of the atlas are superimposed over the cranial aspect of the body of C2. The
cervical vertebrae are well aligned and the intervertebral spaces are regular in width.
C6 is recognisable because of the large bent transverse processes, which project
ventral to the vertebral body in a lateral radiograph.
Full Screen
Pot
Labels
Atlas
Axis
3
6
3 3rd Ce
4
2
8
7
3 4th Ce
4
foramen
2= Wing of atlas
6
process
8= Caudal articular
process
5th
Ce
3
4
4
5
Labels
Dorsal
tubercle
Lateral
vertebr
Spinous
al
forame process
of axis
n
(C2)
Dorsal &
ventral
borders of
vertebral Caudal
canal
articular
process of
C3
Cranial
articular
process of
C4
Dorsal spinous
process of C7
Atlas
(cervical
vertebrae
1)
Ventral
tubercle
of atlas
Occipital
condyle
Tympanic
bulla
Stylohyoid bone
Transvese
process
axis (C2)
Intervertebr
al foramina
between C4
&C5
Intervertebral
disc space
between C4
&C5
Cr. & Cd.

Transvese process
Transverse
(wings) of atlas processes
Endotracheal tube
within trachea
Extended plate of
transverse process
of C6
No Labels
Cervical myelogram:
Lateral view
Injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space of the same dog as in the
cervical spine survey image outlines the spinal cord, which is now visible as a lucent
space between the two thin contrast lines. The ventral contrast line bends slightly
dorsal above the intervertebral spaces, most noticeable at C2-3 and C6-7; this
appearance is normal.
Pot
Full Screen
Labels
Atlas
Axis
3
6
3 3rd Ce
4
2
8
7
3 4th Ce
4
foramen
2= Wing of atlas
6
process
8= Caudal articular
process
5th
Ce
3
4
4
5
Labels
Atlas
(cervical
vertebrae
1)
Spinous
process
of axis
(C2)
Dorsal &
ventral
borders of
vertebral
canal
Transvese
process
axis (C2)
Endotracheal
tube within
Transvese process
(wings) of atlas
Contrast media
within subarachnoid
space
Intervertebral
disc space
between C4
&C5
Dorsal spinous
process of C7
Extended plate of
transverse process
of C6
No Labels
Thoracic region
Thoraco-lumbar myelogram: Lateral view, large dog
Thoraco-lumbar spondylosis: Lateral view
Thoraco-lumbar myelogram:
Lateral view, large dog
The thoracolumbar region (T11-L2) is a frequent site of disc prolapse in dogs. This
radiograph show the normal appearance of a thoracolumbar myelogram in a large
breed dog. The contrast lines are regular and gently curved, with no sign of
deviation over the intervertebral spaces. It is normal for the dorsal contrast line to be
thicker than the ventral. This radiograph is slightly oblique - as you can see from the
lack of superimposition of the ribs (ribs on one side projected dorsal to contralateral
ribs) - but this is not a major problem; in a perfect lateral both sets of ribs may be
superimposed over the myelogram, making it hard to see clearly. It is sometimes
easier to see the myelogram in a slightly oblique radiograph like this.
Pot
Full Screen
Labels
Tubercle
Hea
d
Caudal articular
process
Neck Angle
Spinous
process
Body
Vertebr
al body
Labels
Caudal articular
process
Cranial articular
process
Dorsal & ventral

borders of
vertebral
foramen
Thoracic
vertebrae
13
Dorsal spinous
process
Contrast medium
within the
subarachnoid space
Intervertebr
al foramina
Transverse
process of
L3
No Labels
Thoraco-lumbar spondylosis:
Lateral view
In middle aged or old dogs (and cats), exostoses are frequently observed arising
from the ventral and lateral aspects of the vertebral bodies adjacent to the endplates. These exostoses can be quite large and pointed and extend ventral to the
intervertebral space, sometimes bridging the space with solid bone. This condition is
called spondylosis deformans. It is not a cause of clinical signs.
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
Caudal articular
process
Thoracic
vertebrae
Cranial articular
process
Exostoses
Dorsal spinous
process
Transverse
process of
L3
Intervertebral
foramina
Dorsal & ventral

borders of
vertebral
No Labels
Lumbar region
Lumbar spine: Lateral view
Lumbar myelogram: Lateral view
Lumbar epidurogram: Lateral view
Lumbar spine:
Lateral view
This lateral radiograph of the lumbar spine shows the normal features of the 7
lumbar vertebrae, which are well aligned and the intervertebral spaces are
regular in width. L7 is often a bit shorter than the others, although that is not very
noticeable in this dog.
Pot
Full Screen
Labels
Mamillary Accessory
process process
Transverse
process
Spinous process
Vertebral body
Labels
Caudal articular Cranial articular

process
process
1st
Lumbar
vertebra
e
Dorsal spinous
process
Vertebral body Transverse

process of
L4
Intervertebral
foramina
Dorsal &
ventral
borders of
vertebral
foramen
Wings of
the ilium
L7
Sacrum
No Labels
Lumbar myelogram:
Lateral view
This lumbar myelogram shows the very regular, almost straight, contrast
lines that we see in large breed dogs. Note that the ventral contrast line
goes over each intervertebral space (i.e. over each disc) without any dorsal
deviation. Also note the gradually tapered thecal sac, which contains the
cauda equina. In this dog it terminates at the cranial aspect of the sacrum.
Full Screen
Pot
Labels
Mamillary Accessory
process process
Transverse
process
Spinous process
Vertebral body
Labels

process
process
1st
Lumbar
vertebra
e
Vertebral body
Dorsal spinous
process
Transverse
process of
L4
Contrast medium
within the
subarachnoid space
Dorsal &
ventral
borders of
vertebral
foramen
Wings of
the ilium
Sacrum
No Labels
Lumbar epidurogram:
Lateral view
A myelogram is a radiograph made after contrast medium has been injected into the
subarachnoid space. To do this a needle is inserted through the dura, the thick outer layer of
the meninges. Sometimes it is difficult to place the needle accurately, and if the tip fails to
penetrate the dura there is the possibility that injected contrast will be deposited in the tissues
around the dura instead (i.e. in the epidural space). This lateral radiograph of the lumbar spine
shows epidural deposition of contrast medium. Compared to a myelogram, the contrast has
an uneven wavy appearance with focal accumulations at each of the intervertebral foramina
because epidural contrast ends to spread along the spinal nerves. An epidurogram is not as
satisfactory for diagnosis as a myelogram.
Pot
Full Screen
Labels
Mamillary Accessory
process process
Transverse
process
Spinous process
Vertebral body
Labels

process
process
1st
Lumbar
vertebra
e
Vertebral body
Dorsal spinous
process
Transverse
process
Intervertebral
foramina
Dorsal &
ventral
borders of
vertebral
foramen
Contrast medium
within the epidural
space
No Labels
Sacral region
Thecal sac myelogram: VD view, normal appearance
Thecal sac myelogram: Lateral view, normal appearance
Lumbosacral joint: Lateral view
Thecal sac myelogram:

VD view,
normal appearance
This is a ventrodorsal radiograph of the
lumbosacral region of a dog. What surgical
procedure has been performed on this dog?
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
Lumbar
vertebrae
7
Cranial
ventral iliac
spine
Lumbosacra
l joint
Body of ilium
Faeces in
rectum
1st caudal
vertebrae
Hip joints
Hip prosthesis
Hip prosthesis
No Labels
Thecal sac myelogram:

Lateral view, normal appearance
In large breed dogs, the thecal sac is frequently wide in the lumbosacral region period. In this
instance it has a blunted termination well within the sacrum. This is a normal anatomical
variation.
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
Dura mater & arachnoid

mater: the thecal sac.
Cranial dorsal
iliac spine
Iliac
crest
Lumbar
vertebrae
7
1st caudal
vertebrae
Body of ilium
No Labels
Lumbosacral joint:
Lateral view
This lateral radiograph shows the lumbosacral joint

in a large dog. Note that in a lateral radiograph the
lumbosacral joint and L7 must be viewed through
the wings of the ilium This is a common site of disc
disease. This dog has spondylosis at the
lumbosacral joint.
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
Cranial dorsal
iliac spine
Iliac
crest
Lumbar
vertebrae
7
Sacru
m
End plates of L7 and sacrum
No Labels
Coccygeal vertebrae
Screw-tail: Lateral view
Tail: Lateral view
Screw-tail:
Lateral view
Congenital anomalies affecting the vertebrae are common in brachycephalic breeds such as
the bulldog and pug. This lateral radiograph shows a short, bent tail in an English bulldog.
This malformation is known as a screw tail.
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
Short,
bent
screw tail
Body of
ilium
Hip joint
No Labels
Tail:
Lateral view
This lateral radiograph of the pelvis includes the

sacrum and first few caudal vertebrae. The remainder
of the tail is thin and hence overexposed in this
radiograph. The vertebral canal through the lumbar
vertebrae, sacrum and tail is fairly straight.
Full Screen
Labels
Labels
Iliac
crest
Cranial dorsalCaudal
iliac spine
dorsal iliac
spine
1st caudal
vertebrae
Lumbar
vertebrae
7
Cranial
Faeces in
rectum
Lesser
ischiatic notch
ventral iliac
spine
Body of ilium
Ischiatic
tuberosity
Obturator
foramen
Hip joints
Head of femur
Femur
Pubi
s
No Labels
What do I need to
know?
Pre-clinical students:
This is a reference resource for you to use to improve your gross anatomical
knowledge whilst becoming familiar with normal radiographic anatomy.
Each image is labelled in great detail; each detail is NOT ESSENTIAL knowledge.
This resource is designed as a comprehensible reference tool.
Clinical students:
This programme is designed to allow you to familiarise yourself with normal
radiographic anatomy whilst providing you with a chance to revise and integrate
your anatomical knowledge. Each radiograph is accompanied by informative text
and an image of the animal in position for that radiograph to help you understand
how the picture was taken. It is designed for you to use throughout your IMR,
EMS and revision.
Useful resources
1. Useful background knowledge for pre-clinical students.
2. Clinical skills Digital imaging skill sheets and videos.
BLE > Clinical skills centre > further resources
Credits
Created by:
C Lamb, L White, C Trace, S Frean and D Kilroy

eMedia Unit
Royal Veterinary College
Royal College Street
London
UK
NW1 0TU
Last update 9/12/09

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This radiograph shows a typical appearance of the

Hard palate Olfactory

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The Frontal Sinuses

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The Tympanic Bullae

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This radiograph of the larynx made in an

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Cricoid Air in the

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Radiographs of brachycephalic dogs such as the

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NasopharynxFrontal sinus Pon

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