Chem 16

rd

3 Long Exam Reviewer

May 2015

PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
Solutions all particles in a solution are
individual atoms, ions or molecules
o solute dissolves in a solvent to form
a solution
o miscible substances are substances
wherein both solute and solvent are
soluble in each other in any
proportion
Solubility maximum amount of solute
that dissolves in a fixed quantity of
solvent at a given temperature
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES IN
SOLUTION
like dissolves like
1. Ion-dipole forces ionic compound
dissolves in water
2. Hydrogen bonding polar solutions
with O bonded to F, O, N; alcohols,
amines and acids are under this
3. Dipole-dipole forces polar
solutions with the absence of H
bonding
4. Ion-induced dipole forces relies
on polarizability; when an ions
charge disrupts the electron cloud of
a non-polar molecule
5. Dipole-induced dipole forces
polar molecule disrupts electron cloud
of non-polar molecule
6. Dispersion forces principal
intermolecular force of nonpolar
substances
ROLE OF POLARITY
the smaller the alcohol, the higher its
solubility in water, but the lower its
solubility in hexane
GAS-LIQUID SOLUTIONS
for nonpolar or slightly polar gases, the
boiling point generally relates to
solubility in water
1. Gas-Gas Solutions - all gases are
miscible with each other
2. Gas-Solid Solutions When a
gas dissolves in a solid, it occupies
the spaces between the closely
packed particles
3. Solid-Solid Solutions - Many
alloys and waxes are solid-solid
solutions; usually heterogeneous

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HEAT OF SOLUTION
Hsoln = Hsolute + Hsolvent + Hmix
Exothermic Process: Hsoln < 0
Endothermic Process: Hsoln > 0
HEAT OF HYDRATION
Solvation process of surrounding a
solute particle with solvent particles
Hydration solvation in water
Hsoln = Hsolute + Hhydr
Charge Density ratio of an ions
charge to its volume
o decreases down a group and
increases across a period
AQUEOUS HEATS OF SOLUTION
Hsoln = Hlattice + Hhydr of the ions

ENTROPY AND FORMATION OF

SOLUTIONS
A solution usually has higher entropy
than the pure solute and pure solvent
Ssoln > (Ssolute + Ssolvent) or Ssoln > 0
Systems change naturally toward a state
of lower enthalpy and higher entropy
Relative size of enthalpy and entropy
changes determine solution formation

SOLUBILITY AS AN EQUILIBRIUM
PROCESS
Saturated solution at equilibrium and
contains the max amount of dissolved
solute at a given temperature of
undissolved solute; adding more solute
wont dissolve
Unsaturated solution less than the
equilibrium concentration of dissolved
solute; adding more solute dissolves
until solution is saturated
Supersaturated solution more than
the equilibrium concentration and is
more unstable than the unsaturated
solution; excess solute causes
crystallization

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Properties of Solutions

Chem 16

rd

3 Long Exam Reviewer

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON
SOLUBILITY
most solids are soluble at higher
temperatures
solubility of gas in water decreases with
rising temperature

PRESSURE AND SOLUBILITY

has little effect on solids and liquids
Major effect on solubility of gases;
solubility of gas is directly proportional
to its partial pressure above the
solution
Henrys Law
Sgas = kH x Pgas
Wherein: Sgas is solubility; kH is is
Henrys constant and Pgas is the partial
pressure of gas in atm
CONCENTRATION TERMS
Molarity (M) = amount (mol) of
solute/volume (L) of solution
Molality (m) = amount (mol) of solute/
mass (kg) of solvent
Parts by mass = mass of solute/mass
of solution
Parts by volume = volume of
solute/volume of solution
Mole fraction (X) = amount (mol) of
solute/(amount (mol) of solute + amount
(mol) of solvent)

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF
SOLUTIONS
Electrolytes solute separates into
ions as it dissolves
Nonelectrolytes - compounds do not
dissociate into ions at all and do not
conduct a current
NONVOLATILE NONELECTROLYTE
SOLUTIONS
1. Vapor Pressure Lowering- the vapor
pressure of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte
is always lower than the vapor pressure
of a pure solvent
o Raoults Law
Psolvent = Xsolvent x Posolvent

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2. Boiling Point Elevation A solution

boils at a higher temperature than a
pure solvent
Tb = Kbm
3. Freezing Point Depression a
solution freezes at a lower temperature
than a pure solvent
Tf = Kfm
4. Osmotic Pressure occurs when
solutions of different concentrations are
separated by a semipermeable
membrane (one that allow solvent but
not solute to pass through)
o osmosis: net flow of solvent into
the more concentrated solution
= (nsolute/Vsoln)RT = MRT
VOLATILE NONELECTROLYTE
SOLUTIONS
vapor consists of both solute and solvent
molecules
the presence of each volatile component
lowers the vapor pressure of the other
by making each mole fraction less than
1
vapor has a higher mole fraction of the
more volatile component
STRONG ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
vant Hoff Factor
i = measured value for electrolyte
solution/expected value for
nonelectrolyte solution
For vapor pressure lowering:
P = i(Xsolute x Posolvent)
For boiling point elevation:
Tb = i(Kbm)
For freezing point depression:
Tf = i(Kfm)
For osmotic pressure:
= i(MRT)

Posolvent - Psolvent = P = Xsolute x

Posolvent

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Properties of Solutions