clause

description
A clause is a group of related words containing a subject that tells readers
what the sentence is about, and a verb that tells readers what the subject
is doing. A clause comes in four types; independent, dependent, relative
or noun clause.
Independent Clause
An independent clause, also called a main clause, is a clause that can
stand on its own. It contains all the information necessary to be a
complete sentence. An independent clause has a subject that tells you
what the sentence is about and a verb that tells you what the subject is
doing. It expresses a complete thought, relaying that something has
happened or was said.
Examples:
1. the petrology class finish at 03.00 pm before other lesson started
again .
(kelas petrologi berakhir pada jam 3 sore sebelum pelajaran lain
dimulai kembali)
2. he observed fault in the rocks in the area Wonosari
(dia mengamati patahan di batuan di daerah Wonosari)
dependent clause
A dependent clause, also called a subordinate clause, is a clause that
cannot stand on its own because it does not contain all the information
necessary to be a complete sentence. A clause is dependent because of
the presence of words such as before, after, because, since, in order to,
although, and though.

noun clause
a noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun (that
is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also
known as a nominal clause.
Examples:
1. that faults and folds are the same thing is not true, there must
have certain characteristics.
(tidak benar bahwa patahan dan lipatan adalah hal yang
sama, pasti ada karakteristik tertentu.)
2. Basaltic lavas erupt with temperatures ranging between 1000
and 1200C

(lava basaltik meletus dengan suhu berkisar antara 1000

dan 1200 C)
3. Magma is molten rock that originates from the partial melting
of the lower crust and the upper mantle
(Magma adalah batuan cair yang berasal dari peleburan
sebagian dari kerak yang lebih rendah dan mantel atas)

adjective clause
An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (which,
that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a
zero relative.
Example:
1. Oil will be stored properly in a specific geological structures
(minyak akan tersimpan dengan baik dalam struktur geologi
yang spesifik)

adverbial clause
In English grammar, an adverb clause is a dependent clause used as
an adverb within a sentence to indicate time, place, condition,
contrast, concession, reason, purpose, or result.
Examples:
1. Although they are large structures, they are much smaller than
the huge shields formed on the ocean floor (meskipun mereka
adalah struktur besar, mereka jauh lebih kecil dari perisai besar
yang terbentuk pada dasar laut)
2. When eruptions occur, they are highly explosive
(saat letusan terjadi , mereka sangat eksplosif)

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm
http://study.com/academy/lesson/clause-definition-examples-quiz.html
http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/clauseterm.htm

sentence

A sentence is a linguistic unit consisting of one or more words that are

grammatically linked. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully
to express a statement,question, exclamation,
request, command or suggestion
Type of Sentence
There are four types of sentence, that are simple sentence, compound
sentence, complex sentence, and compound-complex sentences.

simple sentence (consists of one independent clause)

The earthquake arrives late.

compound sentence (consisting of two or more independent clause)

I borrowed him the magnetometer, but he didnt use it.

complex sentence (consists of one independent clause and one or

more dependent clause)
I was survey gravity when you called.

compound-complex sentence (the combination of compound and

complex sentence)
i borrowed him gravitymeter , but he didnt need it because he will
survey ground water

Meanwhile, based on usage , sentence can be categorized into:

declarative sentence (to make a statement)

: The magma is
hot.
interrogative sentence (to make inquiries)
: How much
kuarsa in sabak rocks?
exclamatory sentence (to express feelings)
: learn geology is
very difficult!
imperative sentence (to govern , instruct , or ask) : you must help
me drill this rock!