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Abu
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Public Realm & Street
Lighting
Handbook
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Abu
Dhabi
Public Realm & Street
Lighting
Handbook
F I R S T
E D I T I O N
2 0 1 4
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His
Crown P
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Note:
The Abu Dhabi Public Realm & Street Lighting Handbook development process brings together contributors representing varied
viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the contributors tried to administer the process and
to establish policies and procedures to promote at first independency in the development of consensus, it must be said that a main basic
input is to develop the lighting design and implementation process especially for the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In this regard it makes no
guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.
The contributors disclaim liability for any injury to persons or property or for damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect,
consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.
In issuing and making this document available, the contributors are not undertaking to render professional or any other kind of services
for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor are the contributors undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone
else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgement or, as appropriate, seek the advice of competent
professionals in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.
The contributors have no power, nor do they undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor do the
contributors list, certify, test or inspect products, designs or installations for compliance with this document. Any certifications or statements
of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the contributors and is solely the responsibility of the
certifier or maker of the statement.
It is acknowledged by the editors and the publisher that all the service marks, trademarks, and copyrighted images/graphics (if any) in
this book are for editorial purposes only and to the benefit of the service mark, trademark or copyright owner, with no intention of infringing
on that service mark, trademark, or copyright. Nothing in this handbook should be construed to imply that respective service mark, trademark, or copyright holder endorses or sponsors this handbook or any of its contents.
For general information please visit the Abu Dhabi City Municipality at www.adm.gov.ae page.
Imprint
Department of Municipal Affairs Abu Dhabi; Abu Dhabi Public Realm & Street Lighting Handbook, First Edition
Copyright 2014 by Abu Dhabi City Municipality, and the Editing Consultant Team:
World Planners Consultant Engineers LLC and
Lichttechnische Planung - Lighting Design Austria e.U.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,
in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission
of the Abu Dhabi City Municipality and that of the contributors.
ISBN 978-3-200-03884-4
Printed in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi
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Foreword:
Abu Dhabi has long been recognized worldwide as a global leader in the promotion and
development of sustainable infrastructure. The Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council developed
the Abu Dhabi 2030 Structure Framework Plan to optimize the Emirates development through
a 25-year program of urban evolution and in doing so it is laying the foundation for socially
cohesive and economically sustainable community that preserves the Emirates unique cultural
heritage. This foresight to plan for sustainable infrastructure ahead of time is a key example
of visionary government.
The Abu Dhabi City Municipality working with The Department of Municipal Affairs in 2010
launched the Abu Dhabi Sustainable Lighting Strategy to ensure the vision for quality and
sustainable lighting would be at the core of all future development.
Le Corbusier, the iconic Swiss architect and renowned protagonist of the modern architecture
movement wrote in 1950 Urbanism and Architecture and Light are Inseparable and the
Municipality of Abu Dhabi has long since recognized the importance of Light and Sustainable
Lighting to be provided as an essential public service both within the City limits and beyond in
the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.
The Municipalities over the last four years have taken the initiative forward through new
Lighting Specifications and project designs to address the overriding importance of Urbanism,
Architecture and Sustainable Lighting and now prides itself on being among the first Civic
Authorities to promote an expansive technical lighting handbook in support of the Sustainable
Lighting Strategy.
The Department of Municipal Affairs, Abu Dhabi City Municipality, Al Ain Municipality and
Western Region Municipality are pleased and proud to introduce this new Abu Dhabi Public
Realm & Street Lighting Handbook as a universal guide for lighting design, for the promotion
of the art, science and technical aspects of lighting and as a tool to aid understanding,
promote education and improve sustainable lighting practice in the years ahead.
Abu Dhabi
Lighting
Handbook
Foreword
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Stakeholders:
Department of Municipal Affairs (DMA)
Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC)
Al Ain City Muncipality (AAM)
Department of Transport (DoT)
Musanada
Acknowledgements
H.E. Musabbah Mubarak Musabbah Al Marar, Acting General Manager, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Eisa Mubarak Al Mazrouei, Executive Director, Municipal Infrastructure & Assets Sector, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Majed Abed Al Kathiri, Division Director, Internal Roads and Infrastructure, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Ahmed Saif Al Saedi, Section Head O&M of Internal Roads & Street Lighting and Public realm Team, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Jamal El Zarif, Ph.D. Technical Advisor, Municipal Infrastructure & Assets Sector, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Ian Rose, Landscape Consultant, Parks & Recreational Facilities Division, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Mona Rizk, Project Development Consultant, Parks & Recreational Facilities Division, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Khaled N. Al Junadi, Environment Expert, Town Planning Sector, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Khaled Jaman Al Sokhny, Consultant-Coordination-ADEA, Infrastructure Coordination & Services, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Martin Valentine MSLL PLDA, Lighting Expert, Executive Director Office, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Gordon McMurray, Head of Project Management, World Planners Consultant Engineers (WP) llc
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LLC
Local Consultant:
World Planners Consultant Engineers LLC
Address: P.O.Box: 126634 Abu Dhabi, UAE
Tel: 00971-2-22 22 052
Fax: 00971-2-22 22 171
Email: info@wpc.ae
Managing Director Mr. Arch. Camille Feghali
ouncil (ADQCC)
unicipality
Dhabi City Municipality
11
Contributors
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Preface:
Abu Dhabi City Municipality and the contributors produce this Abu Dhabi Public Realm &
Street Lighting Handbook to guide and to give
authoritative recommendations to those who
design, specify, install, and maintain lighting
systems, and as an impartial source of information for the public. The Abu Dhabi Public
Realm & Street Lighting Handbook contains
a mix of science, technology and design;
mirroring the nature of lighting itself.
Four main sections are represented in this first
edition: Visual Effects of Lighting, Recommendations ADM Sustainable Lighting Strategy
Efficiency The Problem of Light Pollution
Visual Hierarchies for Public Realm Lighting,
Equipment and Lighting Design Standards.
Visual Effects chapters describe the science
and technology related to lighting, including
vision, optics, non-visual effects of optical radiation, photometry and light sources.
Recommendations ADM Sustainable Lighting
Strategy Efficiency The Problem of Light
Pollution Visual Hierarchies for Public Realm
Lighting chapters include not only fundamental
considerations of artificial lighting, but also
energy management, controls, and economics.
Equipment and Lighting Design Standards
chapters establish the design context for many
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Preface
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Chapter A
Fundamentals
1.0
1.1
1.2
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
Light
The Nature of Light
The CIE Standard Observers
The Measurement of Light Photometry
Luminous Flux
Luminous Intensity
Illuminance
Luminance
Reflectance
Typical Values
The Measurement of Light Colourimetry
The CIE Chromaticity Diagrams
Correlated Colour Temperature
CIE Colour Rendering Index
Colour Gamut
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34
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Chapter B
Vision
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.0
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.10.3
2.10.4
2.10.5
2.11
2.12
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Chapter C
Technology
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.11
2.12
2.12.1
2.12.2
2.12.3
2.12.4
2.12.5
2.12.6
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
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Chapter D
Luminaires
1.0
2.0
2.1
2.2
3.0
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
4.0
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.2
6.3
6.4
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.5
7.5.1
Basic Requirements
Electrical
Electrical Wiring
Earthing
Mechanical
Materials
Steel
Stainless Steel
Aluminium Sheet
Cast Aluminium Extruded Aluminium
Plastics, PVC, Acrylic, etc.
Glass
Ceramics
Construction
Optical Control
Reflectors
Refractors
Diffusers
Baffles
Louvres
Filters
Luminaire Efficiency
Thermal
Environmental
Luminaire Types
Exterior Lighting
Road Lighting Luminaires
Post-Top Luminaires
Secondary Reflector Luminaires
Floodlights
Wall-mounted Luminaires
In-Ground (Above-Ground)
Up-Lights, Directional Lights
Certification and Classification
Certification
European (EU) Standards and Safety Trade Marks
United States of America (US) Standards
and Safety Trade Marks
The ANSI/UL 153 Standard
The ANSI/UL 1598 Standard
The ANSI/UL 8750 Standard
International used Standards and Safety Trade Marks
Operating Conditions (IP-Rating)
IK Code and Impact Energy
Electrical Protection
Separated or Safety Extra-Low Voltage (SELV)
Class II Insulation
Flammability
ADQCC and ESMA
Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council (ADQCC)
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Page
7.5.1.1 Abu Dhabi Certification Scheme
for LED Exterior Lighting Fixtures (Luminaires)
7.5.1.2 Conformity Certificate
7.5.2 ESMA
7.5.2.1 Scope
7.5.2.2 Emirates Quality Mark
7.5.2.3 Energy Efficiency Label
8.0
Road Lighting Luminaires
8.1
Luminous Intensity Distribution
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Chapter E
Electrics
1.0
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.6
1.1.7
1.1.8
1.1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
Control Gear
Ballasts for Discharge Light Sources
General Principles
Electromagnetic Control Gear
for Fluorescent Light Sources
Electromagnetic Control Gear for HID Light Sources
Low Pressure Sodium Lamp
High Pressure Sodium Lamp
Electronic Control Gear
for Fluorescent Light Sources
Electronic Control Gear for HID Light Sources
Iron-Core Transformers for Low-Voltage
Light Sources
Electronic Transformers for Low-Voltage
Light Sources
Drivers for LEDs
Lighting Controls
Options for Control
Input Devices
Manual Inputs
Presence Detectors
Timers
Photocells
Advanced Lighting Control Systems
Control Processes and Systems
0-10V or 1-10V Dimming Systems
DSI/DALI Lighting Control /
Dimming System Description
DMX 512 or DMX512-A Lighting Control
System Description
LON (Local Operating Network)
Lighting Control Systems
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Chapter F
Applications
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.3
Lighting Design
Objectives and Constraints
A Holistic Strategy for Lighting
Legal Requirements
Visual Function
Visual Amenity
Lighting and Architectural Integration
Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
Maintenance
Lighting Costs
Photopic or Mesopic Vision
Light Trespass and Skyglow
Basic Design Decisions
Choice of Electric Lighting System
Integration
Integration within the Space
Integration with the Surroundings
Integration with other Services
Integration with Daylight
Equal and Approved
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185
186
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198
201
201
203
204
205
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Chapter G
Road Lighting
1.0
1.1
2.0
2.1
3.0
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
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3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.6.5
3.7
3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
3.8.4
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
10.0
Lighting Recommendations
for Areas adjacent to the Carriageway
Lighting Recommendations for Conflict Areas
Average Road Surface Illuminance
Overall Illuminance Uniformity
Samples of typical Conflict Area Lighting
Calculations
Sample of a Street Lighting Calculation
for a typical Two Lane Roundabout Layout
Sample of a Street Lighting Calculation
for a typical One Lane Roundabout Layout
Sample of a Street Lighting Calculation
for a typical Street (mini) Roundabout Layout
Sample of a Street Lighting Calculation for a
typical Junction of Boulevard / Boulevard Layout
Sample of a Street Lighting Calculation
for a typical Junction of Street / Street Layout
Coordination
Traffic Route Lighting Design Fundamentals
Selection of the Lighting Class and Definition
of relevant Area
Collection of Preliminary Data
Calculation of Design Spacing
Plotting of Luminaire Positions
Lighting for Subsidiary Roads
Lighting Recommendations for Subsidiary Roads
Lighting Design for Subsidiary Roads
Selection of the Lighting Class and Definition
of relevant Area
Collection of Preliminary Data
Calculation of Design Spacing
Plotting of Luminaire Positions
Lighting for Urban Centres and Public
Amenity Areas
Pedestrian Underpasses in Public Realm Areas
Tunnel Lighting
Entrances or Underpasses, Underground Car Park
Facilities
Car Parks (above Ground)
Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical
Low-Risk Car Park next to Streets
Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical
Medium-Risk Car Park next to Streets
Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical
Medium-Risk Car Park
Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical
HighRisk Car Park
Service Stations and Mini-marts
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Chapter H
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299
Chapter I
Security Lighting
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.0
3.1
3.1.1
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304
305
305
307
307
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308
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Chapter J
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.5
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321
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328
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Chapter K
Sports Lighting
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.6.4
1.6.5
1.6.6
1.6.7
1.7
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361
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362
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365
Chapter L
Lighting Performance
Verification
1.0
1.1
2.0
2.1
2.2
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
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Chapter M
Lighting Maintenance
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.0
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Chapter N
On the Horizon
1.0
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
3.0
3.1
3.1.1
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4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
9.0
10.0
11.0
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Chapter O
Lighting Vocabulary
from A to Z
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A Z
Chapter P
References
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
7.0
Acknowledgements
Executive Leadership and Higher Steering
Committee
Technical Advisory Committee
DMA Project Coordinator / Advisor
Consultant Team The Contributors
References, Standards and Documents used to
develop this Comprehensive Handbook
Authorities, Local Standards and Guidelines
to be referred to for Development and Design
of Public Realm and Street Lighting
Norms, Standards and Publications used to
develop this Handbook
Referenced Norms and Standards International
Referenced Norms and Standards - Local
Referenced Lighting Societies and Organisations
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Chapter A
Fundamentals
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Fundamentals
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1.0 Light
1.1 The Nature of Light
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that
cess of seeing.
Figure 1
A schematic diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum showing
the location of the visible spectrum. The divisions between the
different types of electromagnetic radiation are indicative only.
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B / 2.2).
Figure 2
The relative luminous efficiency functions for the CIE Standard Photopic Observer, the CIE Modified Photopic Observer,
the CIE Standard Scotopic Observer, and the relative luminous efficiency function for a 10 degree field of view in photopic
conditions.
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= Km V
where:
V
Km
In System International (SI) units, the radiant flux is measured in watts (W) and the luminous flux in lumens (lm).
The values of Km are 683 lm/W for the CIE Standard and Modified Photopic Observers and 1699 lm/W for the
CIE Standard Scotopic Observer. It is always important to identify which of the CIE Standard Observers is being
used in any particular measurement or calculation. The CIE recommends that whenever the Standard Scotopic
Observer is being used, the word scotopic should precede the measured quantity, i.e. scotopic luminous flux.
Luminous flux is used to quantify the total light output of a light source in all directions.
Figure 3
The process for converting from radiometric to photometric quantities. The left-hand Figure shows the spectral power distribution of a light
source in radiometric quantities (watts/wavelength interval). The centre Figure shows the CIE Standard Photopic Observer.
Multiplying the spectral power at each wavelength by the luminous efficiency at the same wavelength given by the CIE Standard Photopic
Observer, the right-hand Figure is produced. The right-hand Figure is the spectral luminous flux distribution in photometric quantities
(lumens/wavelength interval).
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2.4 Luminance
2.5 Reflectance
2.3 Illuminance
luminance
(illuminan ce u reflectanc e)
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Table 1
The photometric quantities:
Measure
Definition
Units
Luminous flux
lumens (lm)
Luminous intensity
candela (cd)
Illuminance
lumen/m2 or lux
Luminance
candela/m2
Luminance coefficient
candela/lumen
Reflectance
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luminance
(illuminan ce u reflectanc e)
Measure
Definition
Luminance factor
Units
luminance
Illuminance (lm/m2)
or lux
Typical surface
Luminance
(cd/m2)
Clear sky in
summer in
temperate zones
100,000 lx
Grass
1,910
Overcast sky in
summer in
temperate zones
16,000 lx
Grass
300
Moonlight
0.5 lx
0.01
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Colourimetry
Figure 5
Two sets of colour matching functions: The CIE 1931standard observer (2 degrees)
(solid line) and the CIE 1964 standard observer (10 degrees) (dashed line).
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Figure 6
The CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram showing the spectrum locus, the Planckian locus and the equal energy point).
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attempt to improve this situation, the CIE first introduced the CIE 1960 Uniform Chromaticity Scale
Figure 7
The CIE 1976 Uniform Chromaticity Scale diagram.
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kelvins (K).
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Figure 8
The Planckian locus and lines of constant correlated colour temperature plotted on the CIE 1931 (x,y) chromaticity diagram.
Also shown are the chromaticity coordinates of CIE Standard Illuminants, A, C, and D65.
Figure 9
The Ra8 and Ra14 colour fields
for description of colour rendering.
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Figure 10
The colour gamuts for high pressure sodium, incandescent, fluorescent and metal halide light sources, and for the CIE Standard
Illuminant D65, simulating daylight, all plotted on the CIE 1976 uniform chromaticity scale diagram. The dotted curve is the
Planckian locus.
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Chapter B
Vision
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Vision
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brain.
this area, called the cornea, that light enters the eye.
Figure 11
The binocular visual field expressed in degrees deviation from the
point of fixation. The shaded areas are visible to only one eye.
Given this limited field of view for a fixed position, it is necessary
for the two eyes to be able to move. There are two ways this can
be done; by moving the head and by moving the eyes in the
head. Humans have a limited range of head movements but
a wide range of eye movements.
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Vision
Figure 12
A section through the eye adjusted for near and distant vision.
wavelength cones.
Figure 13
System sketch of retina section.
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Figure 14
The relative spectral sensitivities
of long wavelength (L),
medium wavelength (M)
and short wavelength (S)
cone photoreceptors.
Rods and cones are distributed differently across the retina (Figure 15). Cones are concentrated in one small
area that lies on the visual axis of the eye, called the fovea, although there is a low density of cones across the
rest of the retina.
Figure 15
shows the distribution of rod and
cone photoreceptors across the
retina. The 0 degree indicates the
position of the fovea. The three
cone types are also not distributed
equally across the retina. The Land M-cones are concentrated in
the fovea, their density declining
gradually with increasing eccentricity. The S-cones are largely absent
from the fovea; reach a maximum
concentration just outside the fovea
and then decline gradually in density with increasing eccentricity.
For more details about optics and function of eye please refer to the SLL Handbook article 2.1.3 and following ones.
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Figure 16
A schematic diagram of the pathways from the eyes to the visual cortex.
the fovea.
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Figure 17
The organisation of the human colour system showing how the three cone photoreceptor types are believed to feed into one achromatic,
non-opponent channel and two chromatic, opponent channels.
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distinct changes.
* Conversion between cd/m2 and Lux is indicative for understanding of the above
Figures and based on typical experienced situations.
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and a shift in spectral sensitivity to shorter wavelengths. The relevance of the different types of vision
identified as follows:
state.
retinal response is dominated by the cone photoreceptors so both colour vision and fine resolution of
* Conversion between cd/m2 and Lux is indicative for understanding of the above
Figures and based on typical experienced situations.
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2.3 Accommodation
correct.
Visual Threshold
mately 70 cm away.
values.
**
Conversion between cd/m2 and Lux is indicative for understanding of the above
Figures and based on typical experienced situations.
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measure.
ground.
Figure 18
The CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram with the MacAdam Ellipses displayed, multiplied by ten times.
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Vision
Figure 19
Visual discomfort the beach in front is not visible, it is not possible to walk safe.
Figure 20
Under-stimulation walkways are not recognisable.
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Figure 21
Over-stimulation glare, reflection, decorative lights, etc. the check of the contents is sometimes required.
Distraction, in which the observers attention is drawn to objects that do not contain the information
being sought (Figure 22).
Figure 22
The floor mounted lights are very bright, the parking and surrounding area is too dark to feel safe, or to recognise parking bays,
pedestrians, cars or other objects.
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Vision
Figure 23
Confusion through different light sources, different designs, different light distribution and glare.
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2.10 Glare
Figure 24
Disability glare makes the area darker as it is.
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For glare sources within an angular range of 0.1 to 30 degrees, this is given by the equation:
En
LV = 10 T 2
n
where:
Figure 25
Viewer in connection with luminaire producing glare.
The effect of the equivalent veiling luminance on the luminance contrast of an object can be estimated
by adding it to the luminance of both the object and the immediate background. Disability glare can be
associated with point sources and large area sources. The disability glare formulae can be applied directly
to point sources but for large area sources, the area has to be broken into small elements and the overall
effect integrated. Disability glare from point sources is experienced most frequently on the roads at night
when facing an oncoming vehicle. Disability glare from an extended source can occur when looking at
an object on a wall adjacent to a window. The sky seen through the window is the glare source.
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UGR = 8 log10
where:
L2s Z
0.25
Lb
U2
Ls
UGR values typically range from 13 to 30, the lower the value, the less the discomfort. Luminaire manufacturers
publish UGR values for regular arrays of their luminaires in a number of standardised rooms. This enables
comparisons to be made between different luminaire types. When making such a comparison the smallest
meaningful difference is one whole unit in UGR.
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Figure 26
A glossy dry street, with veiling reflections, caused by floodlights.
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Although veiling reflections are usually considered a negative outcome of lighting that can cause discomfort, they
can be used positively, but when they are, they are conventionally called highlights. Physically, veiling reflections
and highlights are the same thing. Display lighting of specularly reflecting objects is all about producing highlights
to reveal the specular nature of the surface.
2.12 Shadows
Although shadows can cause visual discomfort, it should be noted that they are also an essential element in
revealing the form of three-dimensional objects. Techniques of display lighting are based around the idea of
creating highlights and shadows to change the perceived form of the object being displayed. Many lighting
designers insist that the distribution of shadows is as important as the distribution of light in achieving an
attractive and meaningful visual environment.
The number and nature of shadows produced by a lighting installation depends on the size and number of light
sources and the extent to which light is inter-reflected around the space. The strongest shadow is produced
from a single point source in a black background. Weak shadows are produced when the light sources are large
in area and the degree of inter-reflection is high. See Figures 27, 28.
Figure 27
Shadows hiding light from above, safe walking is made more difficult.
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Vision
Figure 28
Shadows through trees does not promote feeling of safety.
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Chapter C
Technology
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Figure 29
Spectral power distribution of radiation according to Plancks Law.
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Figure 30
Electric discharge through an ionised gas.
The negatively charged electrons tend to drift towards the anode whilst the positively charged ions
drift towards the cathode. As the ions are several thousand times heavier than the electrons they
tend to be less mobile.
1.3 Electroluminescence
Some materials will convert electricity into
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1.4 Luminescence
The term luminescence is sometimes also known as
that is re-radiated.
Figure 31
Simplified representations of energy level schemes
in luminescence.
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Figure 32
The construction of a most typical GLS incandescent lamp.
Daylight
Incandescent (white)
Figure 33
Typical spectral light distribution of incandescent lamp in comparison to daylight spectrum.
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E 14s
E 27
E 14
E 27
E 27
Figure 34
Standard typical incandescent lamps (230V) with E40, E27, E14, S14s socket.
Figure 35
A coiled coil filament (enlarged).
E 40
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Figure 36
A representation of the tungsten halogen cycle.
The chemistry of the tungsten halogen cycle is highly complex. However the key stages are:
The halogen combining with the tungsten on the wall of the lamp (zone 3).
The tungsten halide vapour mixing with the fill gas of the lamp (zone 2).
The tungsten halide dissociating close to the filament of the lamp, leaving the
halogen free to migrate though the fill gas to the lamp wall again and the tungsten being
deposited on the filament (zone 1).
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To enable an efficient cycle it is necessary for the wall of the lamp to run at a temperature above 250C;
this means that the bulb has to be made from quartz or hard glass.
Tungsten halogen lamps are more efficient and have longer lives compared with standard tungsten lamps.
Also they are more compact than standard lamps. However they are more expensive as it is hard to make
the quartz outer bulb and it is harder to introduce the gas fill into the lamp due to the high filling pressure.
Daylight
Halogen
Figure 37
Typical spectral light distribution of tungsten halogen lamp in comparison to daylight spectrum.
R7s
GY9.5
2-pin
G22
G22
Figure 38
Professional typical Tungsten Halogen lamps (220V/240V) with R7s, GY9.5, 2-pin (heat-sink), G22 socket professional version.
Glass cylinder should not be touched, this will shorten the lifetime dramatically!
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E14
GY6.35
E27
GU10
E27
GU10
E27
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E27
Figure 39
Common use typical Tungsten Halogen lamps (220V/240V) with E14, GU10, E27 socket glass cylinder is protected by
outer bulb; Tungsten Halogen low voltage (12V) lamp GY6.35. Glass cylinder should not be touched, this may shorten the
lifetime dramatically, as required in the case of the GY 6.35 base capsule lamp NB!
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2.3 Fluorescent
Fluorescent lamps are the most commonly used
a number of advantages:
Driving the lamp at high frequency maintains the ions in the gas and thus
makes the lamp run more efficiently.
It reduces the amount of flicker in the lamp and, finally, electronic gear
consumes less power than a magnetic choke.
Figure 40
Working principle of a fluorescent lamp.
Daylight
Fluorescent (white)
Figure 41
Typical spectral light distribution of high pressure mercury lamp in comparison to daylight spectrum.
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Table 3
Colours of fluorescent lamps (code may vary depending on manufacturer):
Colour appearance
Northlight (60008000 K)
Triphosphor colour
rendering group 1b
Colour 865
Lumilux Plus ECO 860
Luxline Plus ECO 860
Polylux XLR 860
Skywhite 880
Daylight (50005500 K)
Cool White (4000 K)
Colour 840
Lumilux Plus ECO 840
Luxline Plus ECO 840
Polylux XLR 840
Intermediate White
(3500 K)
Colour 835
Lumilux Plus ECO 835
Luxline Plus ECO 835
Polylux XLR 835
Warm White
(3000 K)
Colour 830
Lumilux Plus ECO 830
Luxline Plus ECO 830
Polylux XLR 830
Colour 827
Lumilux Plus ECO 827
Luxline Plus ECO 827
Polylux XLR 827
Multi-phosphor colour
rendering group 1a
Colour 965
Colour 950
Lumilux De Luxe 950
Colour 940
Lumilux De Luxe 940
Polylux Deluxe 940
Colour 930
Lumilux De Luxe 930
Polylux Deluxe 930
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NOTE 1 The codes for same lamps may vary, depending on manufacturer and type of lamp e.g. for T5-54W
(samples of different company codes for 4000K colour of light):
FQ 54W/840 HO for indoor 30 - 40C / RA 8089
FQ 54W/840 HO constant for indoor 5 - 70C / RA 8089
FQ 54W/940 HO RA >90
FQ 54W/840 SPS protected against splinters / RA 8089
SUPREME T5 54W/840 HO long-life RA 85
SUPREME T5 54W/840 LL HO Thermo for outdoor and indoor -15 - +20C RA 85
SUPREME PROTECTOR T5 54W/840 LL HO protected against splinters RA 85
SUPREME REFLECTOR T5 54W/840 LL HO including reflector RA 85
ULTIMATE SIGNETTE T5 54W/840 LL HO for signs RA 85
T5 54W 4000 DFH RA >85
LT 54W T5-HQ/840 RA 1B(>85)
LT-XL 54W T5-HQ/840 extended life RA 1B(>85)
LT-SPT 54W T5-HQ/840 RA 1B(>85) protected against splinters
T5 FHO /840 RA 1B(>85)
NL-T5 54W/840/G5 RA8089
F54W/T5/840/LL RA 85
F54W/T5/840/LL/BULK RA 85
FHO 54W/840 RA 1B
MASTER TL5 HO Super 80 54W/840 RA 85
etc.
In general compact fluorescent lamps are less efficient than linear lamps, but because of their small size,
they are suited to many applications where a smaller lamp is needed. Some of the lamps have the control gear
built into them and can be retro-fitted into GLS lamp sockets.
Additionally fluorescent tube and CFL lamps are available in different colours such as
(depending on power of lamp and manufacturer availability may vary):
T8/26mm red, yellow, green, blue
T5/16mm red, green, blue
CFL colours available depending on manufacturers range
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GR8
G23
E27
G24q-2
G24d-1
E27
E27
2G11
G13
G5
Figure 42
Common use fluorescent lamps, GR8, G23, G24q-2, G24d-1, E27, 2G11, G13, G5, etc.
phases:
Ignition
Run-up
Stable running.
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The performance of these lamps is not considered to be very good today. Their efficacy is around 40 lumens
per watt. Their CIE general colour rendering index is between 40 and 50 and they can have a very long life but,
because of poor lumen maintenance and heat issues in hot environment, it is generally recommended that
the lamps are changed after 6,000 to 10,000 (from local experience) hours of use. Because of their poor
performance and the fact that better lamp types are available for almost all of the applications these lamps
are being phased out. See Figures 43, 44, 45.
E27
Figure 43
Construction of a high pressure mercury lamp.
Daylight
Figure 45
Typical high pressure mercury lamp E27 socket.
Figure 44
Typical spectral light distribution of high pressure mercury lamp in comparison to daylight spectrum.
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Figure 46
Construction of metal halide lamp E27.
Figure 47
Arc chamber detail.
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Daylight
Figure 48
Typical spectral light distribution of metal halide lamp in comparison to daylight spectrum.
Fc2
RX7s
G8.5
G12
E27
Figure 49
Common used metal halide lamps; Fc2, RX7s (green light), G8.5, G12 (green light), E27, E40.
E40
E40
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E27
Figure 50
Long life (double arc) metal halide lamp E27 details.
G12
Figure 51
Typical ling life MH G12 system.
NOTE1 Some manufacturers provide additional metal halide lamps with light colours:
Orange
Red
Magenta
Green
Blue
NOTE 2 Depending on manufacturers and colours, power; 70W(RX7s, G12), 150W(G12, E26,
RX7s-24; E40), 175W(E26), 250W(E39, E40), 400W(E39, E40), 1000W(E39) and socket may vary.
NOTE 3 All high pressure mercury vapour and metal halide lamps are to be used
ONLY inside enclosed luminaires! All these lamps are emitting high levels of UV-radiation!
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Figure 52
Typical construction of a low pressure sodium lamp.
Daylight
Figure 53
Typical spectral light distribution of low pressure sodium lamp in comparison to daylight spectrum.
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BY22d
Figure 54
Typical low pressure sodium lamp, socket BY22d.
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E27
E27
Figure 55
Typical high pressure sodium E27 system construction.
Daylight
Figure 57
Typical high pressure sodium lamp E27 socket.
Figure 56
Typical spectral light distribution of high pressure sodium lamp in comparison to daylight spectrum.
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E27
E40
Figure 58
Typical long life high pressure sodium lamp (double burner), E27, (opaque) E40.
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2.8 Induction
Induction lamps are essentially gas discharge lamps that do not have electrodes. Instead the electric field in the
lamp is induced by an induction coil that is operating at high frequency. The only types of induction lamps that are
currently in production are based on fluorescent lamp technology. See Figures 59, 60, 61.
Figure 59
Typical construction of a cavity type induction lamp.
Daylight
Fluorescent (white)
Figure 60
Typical spectral light distribution of high pressure sodium lamp in comparison to daylight spectrum.
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The lamp consists of a glass bottle with a cavity in it into which the induction coil is placed.
The glass vessel has a gas filling similar to a conventional fluorescent lamp and the phosphor
coating on the inside of the lamp is also similar.
The induction coil in the centre of the lamp is fed from a high frequency generator.
An alternative architecture for this type of lamp is to have the induction coil wrapped around
a toroidal lamp. Figure 61 shows a lamp of this type.
NOTE 1 Induction type lamps cannot be used if exact directional focused light is required,
due to the large physical size of the system.
Induction lamps have many of the same
requirement.
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Note 2 The lamp lifetime is to be seen in relation of the lumen depreciation. In this case (Figures 62, 63, 64)
the maintenance (exchangeability) is the more important problem as to achieve a certain light level
over all the life time.
Figure 62, 63
External coil type induction lamp in use, day night.
Figure 64
External coil type induction lamp in use, detail.
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Table 4
Materials used in LEDs and the radiation produced:
Materials
Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)
Aluminum gallium phosphide (AlGaP)
Aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP)
Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP)
Gallium phosphide (GaP)
Gallium nitride (GaN)
Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)
Zinc selenide (ZnSe)
Aluminum nitride (AlN),
Aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)
Diamond (C)
Radiation
Red and infrared
Green
Orange-red, orange, yellow, and green
Red, orange-red, orange, and yellow
Red, yellow and green
Green, pure green (or emerald green), and blue
Near ultraviolet, green, bluish-green and blue
Blue
Near to far ultraviolet
Ultraviolet
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Figure 65
The construction of low power (left) and high power (right) LEDs.
Daylight
Figure 66
Typical spectral light distribution of LED in comparison to daylight spectrum.
LED (white)
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LED engine
with active
cooling (COB*)
single LED + lens
E14
E14
E27
E27
E27
Figure 67
Samples of common use LED lamps and LED engines (professional use). Depending on manufacturer power, shape,
size, type, colour and features may vary, some of the require active cooling with additional fan or osculating membranes mounted
on the heat-sink (not recommended, especially in exterior use).
NOTE 1 The LED-Engines are now available in different shapes: round, array and special designed ones
to fit special applications.
LEDs generally have a long life and may last up to 100,000 hours. LEDs generally emit light in a relatively
narrow band so that most LEDs produce light that is a saturated colour. It is possible to make white LEDs
by using a blue or ultraviolet chip and putting a phosphor coat around it. White can also be achieved by
combining red, green and blue chips through colour mixing.
LEDs have a lot of applications associated with signals and signage. The use of saturated colours in these
applications is a real bonus. This coupled with the ease of producing light in a number of small units means
that LEDs are replacing a number of other light sources in these areas. It is also possible to make lamps
that are a cluster of LEDs of different colours. By controlling the outputs of the different colours it is possible
to make a lamp that can produce light in a wide variety of colours. At the time of writing, white LEDs are
making fast technical progress but have not yet proved to cover all applications in the area of general
lighting. In some cases the common lamps are still achieving better results.
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NOTE 7 The Figures given in the datasheets must provide correct lumen output for a minimum
50C-60C ambient temperature operation of the luminaire. Figures showing standard testing with
other ambient temperatures or laboratory conditions are not acceptable, as per latest DMA
specifications.
NOTE 8 The luminaire shall be fitted with optical refractors, diffusers and/or reflectors. Different
optics shall be used to suit exactly the application. Independent laboratory photometric test reports
shall be available including luminaire photometric files used in DIALux or Relux lighting calculation
programs. For LED luminaires or LED components used within conventional luminaires, the testing
should conform to IESNA LM-79-08 standards or CIE equivalent tests. The manufacturer must
supply light distribution files as it might be required for the clients specific approval.
NOTE 9 The LED modules shall be mounted on heavy duty heat sinks to ensure excellent heat
dissipation. The design of the heat sinks shall be such that there is a direct thermal path from the
LED junctions to the atmosphere thus providing a thermal transfer effect throughout the lifetime of
the luminaire. Active cooling through fans is not acceptable without matter of the task.
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2.11 Electroluminescence
this part.
in Figure 68.
Figure 68
A section through an electroluminescent panel.
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Figure 69
System section through OLED (organicLED) module.
Figure 70
An electroluminescent nightlight in operation
uses 0.08W at 230V, lit diameter 59mm.
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Daylight
OLED
Figure 71
Spectrum of a blue/green electroluminescent light source (similar to the one seen in the above image).
Peak wavelength is at 492 nm (blue/green) in comparison with daylight.
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Figure 72
Inside the back of the lamp, a diffuse yet highly reflective material is used to reflect all of this light to the forward direction
in a lambertian pattern. The colour of the light is tailored by the fill chemistry inside the lamp to provide a naturally white
light with good colour rendering.
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2.12.2 Size
Recently, a system was developed that concentrated radio frequency waves into a dielectric
waveguide made of ceramic, which energized light-emitting plasma in a bulb positioned inside.
This system, for the first time, permitted an extremely compact yet bright electrodeless lamp.
2.12.3 Heat and Power
The use of a high-dielectric waveguide allowed the sustaining of plasmas at much lower powers,
down to 100 W in some instances. It also allowed the use of conventional gas-discharge lamp fill
materials which removed the need to spin the bulb. The only issue with the ceramic waveguide was
that much of the light generated by the plasma was trapped inside the opaque ceramic waveguide.
This was until the optically clear quartz waveguide was invented, which appears to resolve this issue.
2.12.4 High-Efficiency Plasma (HEP)
High-efficiency plasma lighting is the class of plasma lamps that have reached system efficiencies
of 90 lumens, until now. Lamps in this class are potentially one of the most energy-efficient light
sources for outdoor, commercial and industrial lighting. This is due not only to their high system
efficiency but also to the small light source they present enabling very high luminaire efficacy.
The system efficiency for a High Efficiency Plasma lamp is given by the last three variables, that is,
it excludes the luminaire efficacy. Though plasma lamps do not have ballast, they have an RF power
supply that fulfils the equivalent function. In electrodeless lamps, the inclusion of the electrical losses,
or ballast factor, in lumens per watt claimed can be particularly significant as conversion of
electrical power to radio frequency (RF) power can be a highly inefficient process, depending on
the type used.
Many modern plasma lamps have very small light sources, far smaller than HID bulbs or fluorescent
tubes, leading to much higher luminaire efficacies also. High intensity discharge lamps have typical
luminaire efficacies of 55%, and fluorescent lamps of 70%. Plasma lamps typically have luminaire
efficacies they can reach 90%.
2.12.5 System Efficiency
System efficiency of over 100 lumens per Watt is claimed with a usable system life of up to
40,000 hours and low lumen depreciation during life. The system is scalable from 70 watts
up to 5 kW; the lamp can be produced in mercury free versions and apparently can be easily
recycled at the end of life.
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2.12.6 CRI
The claimed CRI is in the 90 95 range and as it
dims the colour remains white. As the lamp dims the
CRI is said to remain constant. The colour consistency from lamp to lamp is also claimed to be very
good but without seeing a whole row of pendants
or floodlights using the source it is not possible
to be sure about this yet. The light quality is very
usable for general commercial, sports and industrial
applications and large retail spaces.
Figure 73
Plasma lamp 23,000 Lumens per light emitting plasma quartz
bulb size approx. 0.7mm x 0.7mm.
NOTE 1 It must be considered that there are still some very important drawbacks too:
The tiny light source with such a high power limits low-light requirement lighting applications, increases potential
glare issues, if left uncontrolled and/or shielded.
NOTE 2 The systems have many restrictions like dimming limitations, testing proof regarding useful life and lumen
stability, high investment costs, the range is limited to a small group of manufacturers which makes it difficult to
achieve a competition on the market.
Figure 74
Figure 75
High Efficiency Plasma (HEP) technology is a new and unique genre of electrodeless, RF driven lighting.
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Figure 76
Plasma lighting architecture consists of two fundamental parts:
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Figure 77
Other manufacturers are providing similar light sources and common use luminaires.
3.0 Electric Light Source Characteristics
There are a number of key properties of lamps that need to be considered when choosing which lamp
is right for a particular application. The following Chapters list these properties.
3.1 Luminous Flux
In any lighting application the amount of light that is needed is a key decision that has to be made.
From this it is then possible to work out how many lamps of given rating are needed. There are
lamps with lumen outputs less than 1 lumen through to lamps with outputs in excess of 200,000
lumens. In most applications, it is the average maintained illuminance that is important so it is
important to consider the lumen maintenance through life at the same time as the initial luminous
flux.
3.2 Power Demand
It is important in any lighting scheme to know what the total power demand is going to be so
that the electrical infrastructure can be correctly designed. The power consumed by the lamp is
important. However with many lamp types it is important also to consider the impact of the control
gear as well. In most cases it will be the total circuit watts that are important rather than the lamp
wattage.
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watts
power factor=
volts amps
of a source.
human eye.
in watts.
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3.5 Life
it is very important.
the LLMF.
following:
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Lamp Size:
Some lamps are too large for certain applications, whilst some small lamps may produce too high a luminance
for others.
Burning Position:
Not all lamps may be used in all orientations, for some discharge lamps, lamp manufacturers produce diagrams
similar to Figure 78 to show which burning positions are permitted.
Figure 78
A typical restricted burning position symbol.
Dimming:
It is not possible to dim all lamp types and some types may be only dimmed down to a given percentage of
their output. Dimming for some lamps may require the use of special control gear.
Ambient Temperature:
Not all lamps will run at a given temperature. For example some compact fluorescent lamps are not suitable for
outdoor use as they will not start if they are too cold.
Disposal of Lamps:
Lamps may contain hazardous substances such as lead, sodium and mercury. This may mean with particular
lamps particular procedures have to be followed when disposing of the lamps. Under the WEEE Directive of the
European Commission it is the responsibility of the lamp manufacturer to provide the means of recycling used
lamps. Check local EMSA laws and regulations for more information about the recycling of lamps in the Abu Dhabi.
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Table 5
Summary of lamp characteristics.
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4.3 Oil
emitted is heat.
Figure 79
Flames
4.2 Candle
It is said that the ancient Egyptians invented the
candle. They made candles by soaking reeds in
molten tallow (animal fat). However this was not the
candle as we know it today as it had no wick as such.
Figure 81
Ancient Oil-lamp
Figure 80
Candles
Figure 82
Modern Oil-lamp
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4.4 Gas
Gas lighting only became possible during the industrial revolution. During the 1780s several inventors
had been working with the flammable gas that is produced when coal is made into coke and they
realised that it could be used for lighting. The problem was that it became necessary to set up a whole
infrastructure of pipes to supply the gas to where it was needed. See Figure 83.
In 1813 a company was set up in London to supply gas and by 1815 there were 26 miles of gas
pipe installed. The first gas light burners were little more than small openings at the end of a gas pipe.
Over a period of time the shape of the burners evolved so that each unit would produce more light.
However, a major improvement in performance was achieved in 1887 with the invention of the gas
mantle. The gas mantle is a cube of fabric, impregnated with thorium and cerium oxides.
When the lamp is lit, the fabric burns away and it is leaving a brittle mesh of oxides.
As study made recently showed that in
Europe approximately 70,000 Gas Street
Lanterns are still in use. Some more will be
newly introduced. These lighting systems
are mainly used for historical parts of cities
and city centres of old towns. Contrary to
most peoples assumption; gas lighting
with a mantle produces a quite cool
blue/green hued white light and not a
warm light one sees from flames or
candles.
Figure 83
Gas street lighting lantern.
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Chapter D
Luminaires
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2.0 Electrical
2.2 Earthing
are to be followed.
followed as required.
3.0 Mechanical
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3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Steel
specification.
Many lighting luminaires are made from readypainted sheet steel, painted in different colours.
3.1.6 Glass
3.1.7 Ceramics
Some components of luminaires that produce
Extruded Aluminium
Cast aluminium is widely used for housings
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4.0 Construction
5.1 Reflectors
Figure 84
The light distribution from a circular reflector with a point light
source at its focus.
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Figure 85
The light distribution from a circular reflector with a point light
source at its centre of curvature.
Figure 86
The light distribution from a parabolic reflector with a
point light source at its focus. The beam intensity will be
greater at the centre than at the edge compare
cones aFb and AFB.
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An elliptical reflector with a point light source at one focus will ensure that the reflected rays all
pass through the second focus (Figure 87) Elliptical reflectors in trough form are widely used for tubular
fluorescent luminaires.
Figure 87
Elliptical reflectors showing the change in light distribution as the point light source is moved relative to the first focus (F).
Spread reflectors are deliberately distorted specular reflectors. They can be circular, parabolic or elliptical in cross
section and spherical or cylindrical in form. The distortion takes the form of modulating the specular surface of the
reflector by hammering (peening) to produce a regular array of dimples, or by etching or brushing the surface.
The advantage of this distortion is that it smears out variations in light distribution caused by inaccuracies in the
manufacture of the reflector and the size of the light source. Spread reflectors are used where a well-defined but
even light distribution is required.
Diffuse reflectors are the opposite of specular reflectors. Unlike a specular reflector, the shape of a diffuse reflector
has only a small effect on the light distribution. Diffuse reflectors are used where there is a need to redirect light
with a very wide beam.
Asymmetrical and symmetrical lighting are two different principles of lighting. Asymmetrical light distribution is a
feature where the advanced reflector system directs the light sideways into a specific direction. Symmetrical light
distribution, however, spreads the light equally in all directions.
Many different materials are used in reflectors. Typical values of reflectance for these materials are given in Table 6.
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Table 6
Typical reflectance values for materials used in reflectors according
to DIN 5036-3 or ASTM-E 1651.
Reflector type
Specular(1)
Material
Reflectance
0.70 0.78
Spread(2)
Commercial grade
aluminium
Aluminium with super
purity coating
Aluminium with silver
coating
Glass or plastic with
aluminium coating
Peened aluminium
Spread(2)
Etched aluminium
0.82 0.87
Spread(2)
Brushed aluminium
0.84 0.94
Spread(2)
Satin chromium
0.60 0.78
Spread(2)
0.60 0.70
Diffuse(3)
Up to 0.84
Diffuse(3)
Up to 0.90
Specular(1)
Specular(1)
Specular(1)
0.80 0.95
0.90
0.85 0.90
0.90 0.95
NOTE 1 Specular reflection is used to provide efficient and controlled light distribution,
depending on design of luminaire and reflector, glare control might be required, surface is
polished or similar to a mirror.
NOTE 2 Spread surface means semi-specular or brushed surface, directional- or omni-directional
properties. Light distribution is less controllable as with specular reflection, depending on design of
luminaire and reflector, glare control might be less important.
NOTE 3 Diffuse reflection is based on lambertian surface (lamberts law) and means the light
distribution is only controlled by adjustment of the diffuse reflector in connection with the light
source. This type is mainly used for semi-direct lighting effects. It is the less efficient way of light
distribution control. The diffuse reflector may produce non-controllable glare, depending on
placement, design and point of view.
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5.2 Refractors
LED luminaires.
5.4 Baffles
tion.
ceases to be visible.
ding on the shape and size of the luminaire, for outdoor it is usually made of a black diffusely reflecting
5.3 Diffusers
adjustment.
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Figure 88
Standard Floodlight
Figure 89
Floodlight with lamella baffle
Figure 90
Floodlight with simple anti-glare shield
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5.5 Louvres
If the purpose is to hide the light source and also to control the light distribution, the louvre is made from a
specularly reflecting material and shaped so as to direct light downwards and hence increase the shielding angle.
As a general rule, the finer the louvre and hence the more the light source is hidden, the lower will be the light
output ratio of the luminaire (see Chapter D / 5.6).
NOTE 1 Depending on the position of the viewer the luminaire will be actively glare controlled (Figure 94)
or will not have any glare control (Figure 89, 91).
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5.6 Filters
For display and decorative lighting it is sometimes required to change the colour of light emitted
by a luminaire. This can be done by the use of filters, either absorption or interference.
Absorption filters are usually made of plastic or glass. They absorb the unwanted wavelengths and
thereby raise their temperature. Plastic absorption filters are likely to change their properties if they
get too hot. The transmittance of absorption filters is limited. Typical transmittances for different
colour filters are:
Filter Colour
Transmittance
Factor
Result/Light
Red
20%
100%
Green
15%
6.5
100%
Blue
5%
20
100%
Amber
50%
100%
Yellow
80%
1.25
100%
Orange
40%
2.5
100%
Purple
25%
100%
Pink
15
6.5
100%
Table 7
Factors for calculation of light loss through filters.
NOTE 1 Above Figures are approximate and will depend on material and quality of filters and
manufacturer. Manufacturer to provide exact information about light transmittance factors of filter
used, for approval.
NOTE 2 Coloured light through filters is not designed to achieve same light levels as under white
light! The main point is to consider the environmental lighting conditions and to design the coloured
light to achieve effects, this may require to avoid white light near to coloured light effects, to allow
effects created with minimum power input.
Another type of filter is the interference filter. Interference filters are more expensive and more exact
than absorption filters and do not absorb the unwanted wavelengths. Rather, they split the light into
two beams, one transmitted and one reflected; of two different colours (hence the name dichroic
filters).
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NOTE 3 It is recommended to use instead of filters coloured lamps wherever possible, to improve the system efficacy.
NOTE 4 It is recommended to use only glass filters, if possible, interference or dichroic filters instead of
PVC-filters, to avoid problems caused through colour-shift (because of aging) and/or damaged filters
(aging and heat absorption). Any filter technique will require more maintenance effort in comparison to coloured
lamps or RGB-LED sources.
NOTE 5 Coloured light can never be taken as an efficient light in comparison to white light. This is as well valid
for LED coloured light (RGB, RGBW, RGBAW, etc.).
5.7 Luminaire Efficiency
The efficiency of a luminaire is quantified by its Light Output Ratio (LOR). This is the ratio of the total light output
of a luminaire to the total light output of the light sources used in the luminaire when operating outside the luminaire.
LOR is sometimes split into upward and downward components; this happens most of the time in the case of
indoor applications. LOR measures the efficiency of the luminaire in the sense that it quantifies how much of the
light emitted by the light source escapes from the luminaire. LOR does not measure the efficiency of a lighting
installation. Light output ratio is defined as the ratio of luminous flux emitted by the luminaire divided by the flux
emitted by the bare lamps in free air. This means that for temperature sensitive lamps the LOR is a function of the
increase in temperature of a lamp within the luminaire as well as the optical efficiency of the luminaire, especially
applicable to LED fixtures.
NOTE 1 LOR (Light Output Ratio), according to DIN/EN 13032/2, the LOR is described as the ratio of the
luminous flux of the luminaire to the lumens of the lamps used
LOR
Output Lightfixture
Output Lamp
NOTE 2 In realities the light output ratio is a Figure that shows how much light gets lost inside the luminaire.
It is abbreviated to LOR, and sometimes subdivided into ULOR (Upper Light Output Ratio) or DLOR (Downward
Light Output Ratio) i.e. what percent shines upwards, and what percent, down. It is calculated by dividing the
total light output from the luminaire (in lumens), by the total lamp output (also in lumens) to get a percent.
For the ULOR and DLOR, it is the same, but with the light that comes from the upper and lower halves of
the luminaire. See Figure 95.
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Figure 95
Light distribution of typical direct/indirect
luminaire.
NOTE 3 For outdoor Lighting applications it must be considered that ULOR is a not wanted emission
of light due to light pollution mitigating standards, and may be only used in outdoor applications below
covered sites, e.g. car-shade structures, pedestrian underpasses, gazebos, tents, etc.
NOTE 4 Some manufacturers are claiming phenomenal LOR up to 99%.
This is because the manufacturer is being misleading with the definition of lamp
and classifying it as most of the luminaire. In fairness, it is hard to apply the term LOR to LED
fittings because the light source and luminaire are so interlinked. The term is more
meaningful with future-proof luminaires where the LEDs come on small replaceable
modules.
Luminaire Efficacy Rating (LER) is the single Figure of merit the National Electrical Manufacturers
Association has defined to help address problems with lighting manufacturers efficiency claims
and is designed to allow robust comparison between lighting types. It is given by the product of
luminaire efficiency (EFF) times total rated lamp output in lumens (TLL) times ballast factor (BF),
divided by the input power in watts (IP):
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5.8 Thermal
light distribution is therefore dependent on the position of the luminaire relative to the road. Most road
5.9 Environmental
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Figure 96
Examples of typical road lighting luminaires Abu Dhabi.
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ces are not used in post top luminaires, the most com-
fitted with a photoelectric control package or controlled through centralised control systems. The most
Figure 97
Examples of typical post top luminaires in Abu Dhabi.
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Figure 98
Symmetrical light
distribution-fixed.
Figure 99
Asymmetrical light
distribution-adjustable..
mounted on the floodlight can be used to modify the beam shape. Care is necessary when
using floodlights to avoid glare to passers-by
6.2 Floodlights
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Figure 101
Examples of wall mounted luminaires used in Abu Dhabi.
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irrigation systems.
be considered.
One more topic concerns the aiming of
For orientation purposes ground mounted
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Figure 102
Samples of in-ground and above-Ground lights used in Abu Dhabi.
NOTE 1 Above-ground lights should be placed with care and in view to size of task. Additionally it should be
considered that especially above-ground lights can cause glare and light pollution.
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rective and the Low Voltage (LV) Directive, summarised for lighting products in Table 8. The
ENC Directive
from 1st of January 1996
Applies to: see Table 9
LV Directive
from 1st of January 1997
Applies to:
Luminaires, Lighting Components, Lamps
EN Standards
See Table 9
EN Safety Standards
See Table 10
Table 8
EU directives and lighting products.
NOTE 1 Use local Standards like ESMA 38-2012, 13-2013, 21-2013, etc. for specification in addition
to international ones.
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Responsibility for compliance of a product with the Directives and with the specified EN standards rests on
the person putting the product on the EU market, usually the manufacturer. Governmental authorities will
require additional independent test certificates from case to case. In any case local government (DMA) have
introduced new standards like the Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Councils exterior LED Luminaire
Certification Scheme, ESMAs Lighting Regulations, ESTIDAMA, etc. These local standards and certification
requirements will prevail in all matters.
Table 9
EU Directives for lighting products and materials, ballasts.
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NOTE 1
Associated standards:
BS EN 40 Lighting columns; BS EN 6073023 Thermal protectors for ballasts.
NOTE 2 The EN standards are based on IEC standards, and their numbers are the
IEC numbers plus 60,000; for example EN 60570 = IEC 570.
BS EN standards have the EN number:
like BS EN 605982 is linked to BS EN 605981
The EMC and LV Directives, in conjunction with the CE Marking Directive, require compliant
products to be accompanied by the CE-mark. CE represents Conformity European (be careful,
because especially this certification is often fake when produced in Eastern- or Far Eastern Markets.
The CE-mark should preferably be on both product and packaging. Responsibility for marking rests
on the person putting the product on the EU market.
The CE-Mark
The CE mark is not to be seen as the safest way for getting a certified product, especially since some
manufacturers are putting fake CE marks on their products. It is important to note that CE-marks on
components do not imply that a luminaire complies. The luminaire as a whole must comply and carry
the CE-mark. Further, if a luminaire is modified for use in the EU (e.g. with emergency lighting) the
modifier takes over responsibility and must make a new CE mark. A lighting product outside the LV
Directive (e.g. an ELV product) comes under the General Products Safety Directive.
Figure 104
CE Mark
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Due to the fact that the ENEC mark is to be applied by an independent certification body, it is advisable to look
for ENEC certification together with the CE mark. The ENEC mark indicates independent confirmation that the
product complies with all relevant EN safety standards and, where available, EN performance standards.
NOTE 1 The ENEC mark is not applicable to lamps or emergency luminaires. The ENEC mark is not obligatory.
Testing and approval are carried out by national Certification Bodies, e.g. in the UK by BSI. The XX in the diagram
is replaced by a number from 01 to 17 (European Country Code), e.g. 12 for the UK. The ENEC mark of each of
the Certification Bodies is valid throughout the EU. Again, it is important to note that ENEC marks on components
do not imply that a luminaire has an ENEC mark. Furthermore, if a luminaire is modified, than the modifier must
remove the ENEC mark.
XX
Figure 105
ENEC Mark
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Luminaires
Table 10
EN Safety standards for lighting products (CE mark and LV Directive).
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Table 11
EN Performance standards and lighting products.
7.3 United States of America (US) Standards and Safety Trade Marks
Additionally to all EU Certifications, the US has introduced an independent testing procedure
which is very similar in all topics to the EU ones. It is known as UL (Underwriters Laboratories TM)
standards and testing procedure requirements.
Figure 106
UL Standards trade mark logo.
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Body
Scope
Marking
Reference publications
Definitions
General requirements
Mechanical construction
Electrical construction
Incandescent luminaires
Components
Annex B (CAN) (normative) Markings French Translations
Annex C (MEX) (normative) Markings Spanish translations
HID luminaires -
Surface-mounted luminaires -
supplementary requirements
Miscellaneous luminaires
Environmental location luminaires supplementary requirements
Information
Annex F (CAN) (normative)Printed Circuit
Boards
Annex G (normative) Luminaires for use with
Mechanical tests
Electrical tests
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Luminaires
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Table 12
IP classification of luminaires according to the degree of protection against foreign bodies, dust and moisture.
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Table 13
IP rating including details of testing procedures.
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Table 14
IK Code for protection.
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Table 16
The classification of luminaires according to the degree of electrical protection.
AC
DC
defining risk
> 1500 V
electrical arcing
501000 Vrms
1201500 V
electrical shock
< 50 Vrms
< 120 V
low risk
Table 17
ELV standards
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Figure 107
SELV Logo
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Figure 108
Logo for Class II insulation products.
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7.4.6 Flammability
The temperature of a luminaire may limit the surfaces on which it can be mounted. If the surface is
non-combustible, then any luminaire may be mounted on it. But when the surface is either normally
flammable or readily flammable, restrictions may apply. A normally flammable surface is one having
an ignition temperature of at least 200 C and that will not deform or weaken at this temperature.
A readily flammable surface is one that cannot be classified as normally flammable or noncombustible. Readily flammable materials are not suitable for direct mounting of luminaires.
The IEC recommends a two part classification system. For luminaires suitable for direct mounting
only on non-combustible surfaces, a warning notice may be required. For luminaires suitable for
direct mounting on normally flammable surfaces a symbol consisting of a letter F inside an inverted
triangle is required.
USA
Europe
Figure 109
Different marks for fire-safety rating
testing for US-market and Europe
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Figure 110
Trust mark environmental performance
The Trustmark indicates that select products meet Abu Dhabi specifications and, if required, UAE
standards. The Quality and Conformity Council's market surveillance inspectors actively ensure that
the integrity of the Trustmark is maintained through market sampling and testing of products bearing
the Trustmark.
7.5.2 ESMA
Emirates Authority for Standardization & Metrology, the national authority responsible for UAE standards.
The Emirates Conformity Assessment Scheme is a certification program enforced by ESMA for
regulated products. Under this scheme, products are evaluated based on requirements and
standards set by the program. As a result of the evaluation, a Certificate of Conformity is generated
to act as evidence of compliance. Mainly covering lamps the standard came into force in 2014 and
will increasingly be implemented from 2015 onwards for all relevant products being sold in the UAE.
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7.5.2.1 Scope
The regulation covers non-directional lamps, luminaires and control gears traded and
use in UAE that include the following:
Incandescent lamps 16W (watts)
Linear fluorescent lamps (excluding energy efficiency and functionality requirements); i.e. just safety is covered
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)
Halogen lamps
Light emitting diode (LED) lamps
Control gears for general lighting purposes
Luminaires for general lighting purposes. (only Electrical Safety Requirements apply)
General exemptions for lamps, luminaires and control gears are listed in Annex 1 of the ESMA Standard.
7.5.2.2 Emirates Quality Mark
A quality mark granted by ESMA indicating that the given product complies with the requirements stated in the
accredited standard.
Figure 111
Emirates Quality Mark Logo
Additionally a certificate is issued by ESMA to the given product ensuring that the product complies the
requirements of this scheme.
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Figure 112
Emirates Quality Mark Logo
NOTE 1 In order to ensure all testing and safety is present and correct, it is mandatory to check all
certification and test sheets, to ensure ESMA requirements have been met or request fixtures are
compliant with the technical criteria of the DMA lighting specifications and/or (if external LED
luminaires) are ADQCC certified and marked.
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rection as a criterion.
Table 18
BS EN 13201: Part 2: 2003 road lighting luminaire classification.
NOTE 1 The G-Classes are to be found in manufacturers data sheets or catalogues, in case missing the
manufacturer to provide the correct classification.
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The US Standards for road lighting are covered under by RP-08-00 which is valid for lighting
designs developed for Abu Dhabi areas.
The Classification of street lighting fixtures analogue to the EU ones above is covered by the
TM-15-07(-11) Standard as shown in the following Tables and explanations:
As shown in the addendum A to IESNA TM-15-07(-11); backlight, up-light, and glare (BUG) Ratings
should be shown in data sheets or on products as follows in Tables 19, 20, 21, 22. In no sufficient
info is provided, the manufacturer to provide accurate info about back-light, up-light and glare.
The following back-light, up-light, and glare ratings may be used to evaluate luminaire optical
performance related to light trespass, sky glow, and high angle brightness control. These ratings are
based on zonal lumen calculations for secondary solid angles defined in TM-15-07(-11) standard.
The zonal lumen thresholds listed in the following three Tables are based on data from photometric
testing procedures approved by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) for outdoor luminaires.
Table 19 (A-1)
Back-light ratings (maximum zonal lumens).
Table 20 (A-2)
Up-light ratings (maximum zonal lumens).
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Table 21 (A-3)
Glare ratings (maximum zonal lumens).
For explanation of capital letter codes (e.g. UH, UL, etc.) shown in Tables 19, 20, 21 and 22 see Figure 110.
Notes to Tables 19 (A-1), 20 (A-2) and 21( A-3):
NOTE 1 Any one rating is determined by the maximum rating obtained for that Table. For example,
if the BH zone is rated B1, the BM zone is rated B2, and the BL zone is rated B1, then the backlight rating
for the luminaire is B2.
NOTE 2 To determine BUG ratings, the photometric test data must include data in the upper hemisphere unless
no light is emitted above 90 degrees vertical (for example, if the luminaire has a flat lens and opaque sides),
per the IES Testing Procedures Committee recommendations.
NOTE 3 It is recommended that the photometric test density include values at least every 2.5 degrees vertically.
If a photometric test does not include data points every 2.5 degrees vertically, the BUG ratings shall be
determined based on appropriate interpolation.
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NOTE 4 A quadrilateral symmetric luminaire (see Figure 110) shall meet one of the following
definitions:
A Type V luminaire is one with a distribution that has circular symmetry, defined by the IESNA
as being essentially the same at all lateral angles around the luminaire.
A Type VS luminaire is one where the zonal lumens for each of the eight horizontal octants
(0-45, 45-90, 90-135, 135-180, 180-225, 225-270, 270315, 315-360) are within 10 percent
of the average zonal lumens of all octants
BUG Rating example for a 250-watt MH area luminaire, Type IV forward throw optical distribution
(see Figure 110):
Table 22
Example of BUG rating for sample luminaire shown in Figure 110.
Figure 113
250-watt MH area luminaire, Type IV forward throw optical distribution.
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Based on the photometric test data, the sample luminaire (Figure 110) has the following zonal lumen distribution:
Back-light Rating:
Determine the lowest rating where the lumens for all of the secondary solid angles do not exceed the
threshold lumens from Table 19 (A-1). In this example the backlight rating would be B2 based on the BL
lumen limit.
Up-light Rating:
Determine the lowest rating where the lumens for all of the secondary solid angles do not exceed the
threshold lumens from Table 20 (A-2). In this example the uplight rating would be U1 based on the FVH and
BVH lumen limits.
Glare Rating:
Determine the lowest rating where the lumens for all of the secondary solid angles do not exceed the
threshold lumens from Table 21 (A-3) for a Type IV distribution. In this example, the glare rating would be
G2 based on the FH lumen limit.
Therefore, the BUG rating for this sample luminaire type IV would be: B2 U1 G2
Figure 114
Light distribution sections of a type IV light for BUG rating process.
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Chapter E
Electrics
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Figure 115
Schematic diagram of a fluorescent lamp operated using a choke ballast and a switch start.
Note 1 The glow starter does not always create the conditions for the lamp to start and sometimes
the starting cycle has to be repeated a number of times.
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Figure 116
The heat from the discharge in the starter causes the bi-metallic electrodes to bend together.
Figure 117
The bi-metallic electrodes touch and a current flows through the circuit preheating the electrodes of the lamp.
Figure 118
The electrodes cool and separate, causing a voltage peak which ignites the lamp.
In addition to the ballast and the starter most fluorescent lamps circuits have a capacitor connected across
the supply terminals to ensure a high power factor for the circuit.
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Figure 119
Schematic diagram of a HID lamp circuit using a choke.
This type of circuit is used for all high intensity discharge lamps apart from the low pressure sodium
lamp. The low pressure sodium lamp has a long run-up during which time the voltage across the
lamp needs to be greater than normal mains voltage; this has given rise to a number of circuits for
running the lamp that provide the necessary voltage.
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Figure 120
Schematic diagram of a low pressure sodium lamp circuit using an autoleak transformer.
Figure 121
A semi-parallel ignition system.
Figure 122
A superimposed ignition system.
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The semi-parallel ignitor relies on the tapped ballast coil to generate the ignition pulse whereas
the superimposed type ignitor has its own coil to generate the pulse. The semi-parallel has many
advantages in that it consumes no power when the lamp is running, it is cheaper and lighter but,
as it relies on the ballast, it may only be used with the ballast for which it has been specifically
designed.
Ignitors sometimes have other features built-in such as self-stopping ignitors that will not continually
try to restrike a lamp that has come to the end of its life. There are also some that are designed to
produce extra high voltages that can restrike hot lamps.
1.1.5 Electronic Control Gear for Fluorescent Light Sources
Operating fluorescent lamps at high frequency has a number of advantages (see Chapter C / 2.3)
and most modern control gears are now of this type. Most electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps
are integrated into a single package that performs a number of functions.
These functions are:
A low pass filter: this limits the amount of harmonic distortion caused by the ballast.
Also controls the amount of radio frequency interference, protects the ballast against high voltage
mains peaks and limits the inrush current.
The rectifier: This converts the AC power from the mains supply into DC.
A buffer capacitor: This stores the charge from each mains cycle thus providing a steady voltage
to the circuits that provide the power to the lamps.
The HF power oscillator takes the steady DC voltage from the buffer capacitor and using
semi-conductor switches controlled by the ballast controller creates a high frequency
square wave.
The output of the power oscillator is fed through a small HF coil that acts as a stabilisation
coil to the lamp.
Figure 123 shows the main components in typical HF fluorescent lamp ballast.
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Figure 123
A circuit diagram of an electronic ballast for two fluorescent lamps.
In some ballasts the electronics that control the power oscillator can vary the frequency at which the power
oscillator runs; as the frequency increases the current passing through the coils decreases and thus it is possible
to dim the lamps. Some types of ballast have a 0 to 10 volt input that is used to regulate the output while
some have digital interfaces. See Chapter E / 2.0 for further information on controls.
1.1.6 Electronic Control Gear for HID Light Sources
Making electronic control gear for HID light sources is a complex process. There are many different lamp types
each with different electrical requirements and a limited range of frequencies in which they can be operated.
Also many lamp types do not show a significant gain in efficiency when operated on high frequencies. For these
reasons electronic control gear has been developed more slowly for HID lamps than for fluorescent lamps.
However, it is possible to gain a number of benefits from electronic gear for HID lamps. These include:
Increased lamp life.
Elimination of visible flicker.
Better system efficacy.
Less sensitivity to mains voltage or temperature fluctuations.
The possibility of dimming with some lamp types.
Not all these benefits are possible for all lamp types and all control gear combinations. However, the availability
and quality of electronic gear available for HID lamps is rapidly increasing.
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Figure 124
A circuit diagram for a transformer.
As well as reducing the voltage the transformer also isolates the lamp supply from the mains.
This means that even under a fault condition the voltage in the secondary circuit will not rise
significantly above the nominal output voltage and so it will always be safe to touch the conductors
on the low voltage side.
Most modern transformers for halogen lamps involve electronics. They usually contain high
frequency oscillators to permit the use of smaller transformers that have smaller power losses.
With the introduction of electronics it is possible to introduce additional features such as constant
voltage output and soft starting of the lamps.
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Figure 125
Schematic of non-dimmable electronic transformer.
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Figure 126
System sketch of LED with current constant driver on 1-10V dimming.
Figure 127
System sketch of LED with voltage constant driver on DALI dimming.
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2.2.3 Timers
control system.
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Central control
Complete monitoring
Dimming
Remote metering
of that surface.
Voltage stabilization
Control room installation
from:
maintenance is on-going.
Real-time control
Area-specific settings
conditions
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Figure 128
System elements of a centralised lighting control system.
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Figure 129
1-10V Dimming without relay.
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Figure 130
1-10V Dimming with relay.
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In the case of simple control systems these are generally configured as some form of automated switching in the
power supply to a luminaire or group of luminaires. However, more complex systems are generally configured as a
network of devices including luminaires, sensors and control inputs. In most systems the devices are physically
connected using some form of cabled network but, in principle, devices can be controlled using wireless or
infrared communication.
There are several systems in common use for lighting systems and care needs to be taken to specify the
correct type for each component in the system. Two of the most common systems available are DALI
(Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) and DMX 512 (Digital Multiplex).
The basic specification for DALI systems is contained in BS EN 60929: 2006:
AC-supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps Performance requirements.
The DALI system is largely used for lighting systems in buildings but has been extended so that it can be used
more widely. It controls luminaires via the ballast used to control the lamps. The system is designed to run multiple
luminaires on one circuit but there are devices that can control a series of different DALI clusters thus making it
possible to control all the lights in a large building.
2.3.2 DSI / DALI Lighting Control / Dimming System Description
Based on IEC 60929 and IEC 62386 as these are technical standards for network based systems that control
lighting in building automation, they were established as a successor of 0-10 V lighting control systems, and as
an open standard alternative to Digital Signal Interface (DSI), on which it is based.
IEC 60929 is the first version of the standard and will be withdrawn by the 23rd June 2014. Members of the AG
DALI are allowed to use the Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) trademark on devices that are compliant
with the current standard.
Each lighting device is assigned a unique static address in the numeric range from 0 to 63, making possible up to
64 devices in a standalone system. Alternatively, DALI can be used as a subsystem via DALI gateways to address
more than 64 devices.
Data is transferred between controller and devices by means of an asynchronous, half-duplex, serial protocol over
a two-wire bus, with a fixed data transfer rate of 1200 bit/s.
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DALI requires a single pair of wires to form the bus for communication to all devices on a single
DALI network. The network can be arranged in a bus or star topology, or a combination of these.
The DALI System is not classified as SELV (Separated Extra Low Voltage) and therefore may be run
next to the mains cables or within a multicore cable that includes mains power.
The DALI data is transmitted using manchester-encoding and has a high signal to noise ratio which
enables reliable communications in the presence of a large amount of electrical noise. DALI employs
a diode bridge in the interface circuitry so that devices can be wired without regard for polarity.
Figure 131
DALI Dimming system diagram.
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XLR-5 pinout
1. Signal Common
to QS digital link).
XLR-3 pinout
Since 1998 the Entertainment Services and Techno-
1. Ground
dard for Controlling Lighting Equipment and Accessories, was approved by the American National
RJ-45 pinout
1. Data 1+
2. Data 1-
3. Data 2+
4. Not Assigned
Connectors
5. Not Assigned
6. Data 2-
are used, the data link shall use fivepin XLR style
prohibited.
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Figure 132
DMX Dimming system sample.
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or protocols.
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Chapter F
Applications
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Figure 133
Objectives, outcomes and costs.
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conversation with the client and other members of the design team to formulate a design
brief.
the budget?
need to be considered.
They are:
Legal requirements
Visual function
Visual amenity
Architectural integration
Maintenance
Costs
Decrees.
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Figure 134
Poor colour rendering produced by sodium lamps; approx. RA 40 depending on manufacturer and type.
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Applications
Figure 135
Good colour rendering approx. RA 70 through LED luminaires with newest technique.
The human visual system can adapt to a wide range of luminances but it can only cope with a
limited luminance range at any single adaptation state. When this range is exceeded, glare will
occur. If a field of view contains bright elements that cause glare, it is likely that they will affect
performance or at least cause stress and fatigue which in turn will cause problems.
To avoid this, luminaires that have limited luminances within the normal fields of view relative to the
adaptation level should be used. Glare limits for different areas and applications are given in the local
norms and standards. For more details please refer to Chapter G / 2.0 and Chapter G / 3.0 and
following pages for samples calculations of different typical streets and areas.
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Leisure
Leisure
Commercial
Figure 136
Sample of glare from high pole luminaire which is used to
light the road but supplies high level of light to the pedestrian
underpass area.
Commercial
Industrial
Industrial
1.5 Visual Amenity
There is no doubt that lighting can add visual amenity
to a space, which can give pleasure to the occupants,
but whether this provides a tangible increased performance benefit is uncertain.
High => => => => => => => => => Low
Visual lightness (brightness)
Figure 137
Map showing the possible locations of three application
areas on a schematic diagram linking subjective impressions
of visual interest and visual lightness.
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Although variation in the light pattern is desirable, it has to be seen as meaningful in terms of the
application and the architecture or landscape. To provide patches of light in an uncoordinated way
for no reason other than to provide light variation would be a poor design solution. Acceptable
examples could be highlighting seating areas, walkways in a sensitive way or playgrounds and
gates, to allow visitors/users proper orientation and understanding of the space.
Figure 138
Patches of light in well balanced lighting environment.
There are two further principles of visual amenity that need to be considered and these are in the
colour rendering and colour appearance of lighting. The required colour rendering will depend on
the functions the lighting is designed to fulfil. Where good colour discrimination is required,
light sources with a CIE general colour rendering index of at least 80 should be used.
Where a natural appearance is required for people and objects, light sources with a CIE general
colour rendering index of at least 60 and preferably higher should be used.
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Figure 139
Good colour rendering in a well-balanced lighting environment, technical street lighting luminaires are part of the overall design approach,
and the buildings are lit through hidden, glare free flood lights.
As for colour appearance, a light source with a correlated colour temperature (CCT) of +/- 3000K will appear
warm and, one with +/- 5300K, it will appear cool (see Chapter A / 2.9). Where, on this scale from warm to cool,
the colour appearance should be, will depend on the nature of the space or area. The designer and the client
should be, aware of the names and types applied in such a design; light source descriptions and data can be
misleading and differ among manufacturers. It is mandatory to apply correct light colour and colour rendering
during implementation and maintenance.
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4000K
3000K
Figure 140
Two types of colour of light are used within the same space; in this case to mark a conflict zone in the front part of the picture.
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fortably.
recycled.
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1.8 Maintenance
It must be recognised that electric light within an
installation will depreciate with time. To minimise the
effect of this a maintenance programme will need to
be designed and implemented. The maintenance
programme will also affect the lighting design and
the designer will need to state the maintenance
programme on which the design has been based,
otherwise, there could be problems when a client is
comparing different design proposals. It will also be
important for the client to be provided with a
maintenance schedule so that they know what will
need to be done. Chapter L discusses the various
factors that need to be considered when developing
a maintenance program for outdoor installations. It is
mandatory to apply the correct maintenance factors
in all light calculations and designs.
See Figures from 143 onwards as samples of long
term poor maintenance undertakings.
Figure143
Damaged street light if left unresolved can be potentially
dangerous as well as not performing its task which is an additional
risk for car drivers and pedestrians.
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The above samples are found in Abu Dhabi city, all the fixtures are in use and/or the circuits switched on during
the night. The maintenance gets more and more difficult for a client as more luminaires are installed. Therefore it is
advised to design carefully and not to use more luminaires than needed. This will ease the maintenance efforts
of the client dramatically.
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installation process, both physical and electrical. It also includes the commissioning and
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The ratio of scotopic luminance (or lumens) versus photopic luminance in a lamp is called the S/P ratio, which is
a multiplier that determines the apparent visual brightness of a light source as well as how much light a lamp
emits that is useful to the human eye, referred to as visually effective lumens (VELs).
See Figure 153 for examples of light sources with S/P greater than 1.5:
Figure 153
Examples of lamps with different S/P ratio, this diagram is valid for all lamps including LED, the higher the Kelvin rating
(colour temperature, e.g. > 4000K) the better.
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function, V().
coming CIE publication on mesopic photometry may also have a major impact on the
light sources.
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nally relevant.
Only when all lights applied are designed, placed, installed and maintained as they should be, the lighting
S/P ratio
above 1.5
S/P ratio
below 1.5
Figure 154
Birds-eye view of Abu Dhabi; S/P ratios below and above 1.5 are applied to the scene.
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Figure 155
Shop lighting with moving Cold-Cathode effects
and 400W MH lamps without housing, no IP rating
and without any protection against UV-Radiation.
NOTE 1 Such lighting is with high S/P ratios, but in full conflict with other, more safety relevant
lighting issues for cars or traffic lights and it causes a high level of light pollution.
NOTE 2 As per the manufacturers data sheets for such lamps; it is strictly forbidden to use such
lamps outside luminaires, or without UV-protection glass!
Figure 156
Recent street lighting in Abu Dhabi with S/P ratio below 0.5, the decorative lighting has a S/P ratio above 1.5.
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Abu Dhabi Roadway & Public Realm Lighting Specifications and Roadway Project Compliance Checklist
intensity of any obtrusive light source and a maximum allowed building luminance for floodlighting is
skyglow.
Design Manual.
ments.
as follows:
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Environmental zone:
E1 => Areas with intrinsically dark landscapes: National Parks, areas of
outstanding natural beauty (where roads are usually unlit)
NOTE - E1 This area is not used in the Abu Dhabi Urban Street Design Manual.
E2 => Areas of low district brightness: outer urban and rural residential areas
(where roads are lit to residential road standard)
NOTE - E2 This is to be seen equal to the terms Residential / Emirati Neighbourhood.
E3 => Areas of middle district brightness: generally urban residential areas
(where roads are lit to traffic route standard)
NOTE - E3 This is to be seen equal to the terms Residential / Emirati Neighbourhood when
mixed with some Commercial areas.
E4 => Areas of high district brightness: generally, urban areas having mixed recreational and
commercial land use with high night-time activity
NOTE - E4 This is to be seen equal to the terms Town, City, Commercial and Industrial.
Table 23
Environmental zones
Maximum vertical illuminance on windows, maximum luminous intensity for obtrusive luminaires and
maximum building luminance produced by floodlighting, for four environmental zones (Table 24):
Table 24
Environmental zones - levels illuminance and luminance.
NOTE 1 For Abu Dhabi "curfew" means 24:00hours unless stated otherwise in
Estidama or other client's documentation.
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sphere.
Maximum installed upward light output ratio; luminous flux emitted above the horizontal plane as a percentage of
the total luminous flux emitted by the luminaire
Environmental Zone
E1
=>
E2
=>
E3
=>
15
E4
=>
25
Table 25
* Lux level is indicative and only applied to show relation of figures described.
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Figure 157 shows simple systems sketches of the street lighting luminaires that will help to reduce
the light trespass and Skyglow.
Figure 157
Luminaire systems
Figure 158 shows the principles of light distributed from a street lighting luminaire to the illuminated
surface and its associated light reflections (distributions of light reflected by surfaces).
Figure 158
Light distribution and associated reflections of distributed light.
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Figure 159
Location where spill light from the high mast pole lighting supports the decorative lighting of a pedestrian underpass.
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NOTE 1 Lighting design should be carried out every time under consideration of available light
levels, to allow lowest energy and investment for new installations.
Figure 160
Location where the shadows of a person are produced by adjacent street and flood lighting. The spill light of these invisible flood lighting
(in the back) and, street lighting luminaires providing 98% of the illuminance level on the pavement. The wall mounted luminaires are only
for decorative use.
For exteriors, a general system is the usual choice where the provision of the required light levels on
different areas like streets, walkways, cycle routes, parks, etc., is to be carried out but much greater
degrees of non-uniformity are acceptable where the function of the lighting is essentially decorative.
The second decision to be made will be the choice of the light source and the luminaire.
The characteristics of available light sources and luminaire types are set out in Chapters C and D
respectively. It is important to appreciate that light sources differ in their luminous efficacy, life, colour
properties, run-up and restrike times and in their ability to be dimmed. Luminaires differ in the
distribution of light and the efficiency with which they emit the light produced by the light source.
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The third choice to be made is the type of control system. Switching luminaires used to be the only viable
approach to take, but now, with high frequency electronic dimmable ballasts dramatically reducing in price,
dimming is a realistic option in some cases. For exterior today especially with LED and also some cases with
fixtures with fluorescent light sources, dimming can be used to reduce energy consumption even when daylight is
absent. This is due to the fact that all lighting is designed for average maintained illuminance, which provides
more light to start with, than is required. For exteriors, switching and dimming can be used to match the
lighting to the patterns of use, for example a supermarket car park does not need to be completely lit at 3 a.m.
Experience has shown that any users at that hour will likely park near the entrance.
There are basically two different forms of lighting control systems: analogue and digital (see Chapter E / 2.0):
Analogue systems typically use a 110 volt protocol providing continuously variable dimming,
not recommended for exterior installations; because of the fact that it is an old technology and switch off
must be provided by additional power relays.
The digital systems most widely used are DALI and DMX 512(-A) (see Chapter E / 2.3). Both of these systems
provide continuously variable dimming. The advantages of digital over analogue control are many, one of the
most important being the ability to monitor an installation through a two-way communication capability.
This transfer of information makes preventative maintenance and energy monitoring possible, additionally it is
possible to make a zero setting, having the fixtures on zero energy mode, but in standby. Making them off
power would sometimes, depending on the system used, require a separate switching module. During design
attention must be put on the fact that power off may cause problems during re-start because some fixtures
may not be able to get their addresses as needed/wanted. This problem could be resolved by to choosing the
right fixtures (for example with manual address element) or by programming so that all fixtures in groups are
governed by DALI which instant addresses during every start-up phase.
Control systems can provide the possibility of individual or group addressing, zoning and scene setting.
The recording of energy consumption is also highly desirable if the installation is to provide the information for
monitoring required by the authorities.
Some control systems allow remote monitoring via the internet. This can be of great benefit to cities, governments
with large areas. By monitoring centrally in a region or area, preventative maintenance can be undertaken such as
the anticipation of bulk lamp replacement from the hours-run data.
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4.2 Integration
Integration of a lighting installation takes four forms:
Integration within the space, architecture, landscaping, exterior design, use of space.
Integration with other services.
Integration with daylight; on/off execution of exterior installations.
Integration with the surroundings.
4.2.1 Integration within the Space
A lighting installation can be visible and express the exterior design or it can disappear into the
background with only its effect being seen. Both approaches rely heavily on attention to detail,
specifically, attention to the appearance of the luminaire, lit and unlit, it is necessary for a design
that is intended to express the exterior design, while attention to the designers details is required,
during execution, if the intention is to hide the luminaires.
Figure 161
Lights found well integrated in the space, considering the use of space.
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Figure 162
Lights found which are not well integrated; the green area is overloaded with different types of luminaires,
some of them surplus to requirements.
NOTE 1 The big flood lights mounted on poles are aimed to light the flag,
for safety reasons they must be out of reach.
NOTE 2 Low grade buildings do not require any faade lighting.
NOTE 3 Maintenance issues are covered in Chapter L of this handbook.
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is to be achieved.
Figure 163
Lighting and surroundings are not balanced, due to the glare of the high mast street lighting, the nearby wall mounted ones are not
able to provide the light as needed or as it should be to reach a pleasant environment.
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NOTE 1 The camera lens shows in this case, the real impression; and the human eye will add some information
required in previous visits during day and night. Therefore, the pedestrians are able to move around safely.
But the environment is not as pleasant as it should be in order to enjoy the place and the panorama.
4.2.3 Integration with other Services
Especially in outdoor areas, the coordination with all in-ground and sometimes above-ground services as well is
very important. Services like irrigation, storm-water, drainage of grounds in connection with drainage of in-ground
fixtures, power cabling, foundations of planters, or heavily used pedestrian routes (for example glare of inground
lights, surface temperature of in-ground lights, risk-factors of in-ground lights if they are not flush with surface for
pedestrians, children and/or cycle riders), etc. are to be considered and the design shall reflect their interaction
and the required coordination thereof.
Figure 164
Floor mounted pathway lights placed in a way that causes danger for bicycle riding children or elderly people walking along to the bench.
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mise.
achieved.
to the users.
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Figure 165
The percentage of the working year in which that electric lighting will be switched-off; plotted against orientation-weighted daylight factor for
different design illuminances, assuming only an on/off photo-electric switching system.
Automatic photoelectric controls can also be used to dim the electric lighting in response to daylight. Figure 166
shows the percentage of a normal year during which the luminaires would have to be switched-off in order to
ensure that the energy saving obtainable by continuous photo-electric dimming to be achieved. It applies to
Project Lighting Management Systems (PLMS) that can control down to 10 percent light output or less. This
could be achieved by most of the luminaires with tube fluorescent and with all LED light sources.
Figure 166
The percentage of the normal year that electric lighting will be switched-off, for different design illuminances, assuming a top-up
photoelectric dimming system is applied and controlled through an orientation weighted daylight sensor.
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Chapter G
Road Lighting
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Road Lighting
Figure 167
To begin, please choose New Standard Street- see Figure 168.
Figure 168
Select Street 1 in the Project Tree. Under the General tab above the Project Tree, whereby the
Standard can be selected on which the lighting calculation will be based. The two options are:
the European Standard CIE 140 / EN 13201
the US Standard IESNA RP-8-00 (to be used for Abu Dhabi)
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For this tutorial, please select IESNA RP-8-00 - see Figure 169.
Figure 169
Under the Maintenance plan method tab of Street 1 whereby the Maintenance Factor can be specified see Figure 170.
Figure 170
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Road Lighting
By selecting Roadway 1 in the Project Tree, this can edit the characteristics of the road:
The total width of the road
The number of lanes
Specifying the road as a One-way street
See Figure 171.
Figure 171
Under the Street Coating tab may be specify the street coating. The standard reflection factor of
the surfaces (R3 is the default option in DIALux) is determined by the q0 value, which is also given
as default for each surface (q0 for R3 is 0.070) see Figure 172.
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Figure 172
NOTE 1 This value needs to be discussed and confirmed by the client. Other reflection factors are possible the exact information about the surface material and quality of reflection should be obtained, in order to use the
actual design parameters of the project.
In the Project Tree, expand the folder Roadway 1, by clicking the + sign next to it. By selecting Valuation Field
Roadway 1, which may specify the evaluation class according to the design parameters - see Figure 173.
Figure 173
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In this tutorial example the road will be categorised as a Local high pedestrian conflict,
which is comparable to a Street as described in DMA Roadway & Public Realm Lighting
Specifications and Roadway Project Compliance Checklist Tables.
Under the Calculation Grid tab, above the Project Tree, you may choose the Illuminance Class may
be chosen from the drop-down menu. Please choose Local High Ped. Confl. - see Figure 174.
Figure 174
The next step is to specify the evaluation method according to IESNA RP-8-00. For standard roads,
the Luminance Method is recommended, and is also the default in DIALux (the second drop-down
menu of the Illuminance Class) - see Figure 175
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Figure 175
Right-click Street 1 in the Project Tree, and choose Insert Street Arrangement from the menu - see Figure 176.
Figure 176
The options for the street arrangement appear above the Project Tree. The first tab is called Luminaire and
shows the type of luminaire to be used. The luminaire calculation files must be imported in DIALux before they are
available in the drop-down menu of this tab. Different Luminaire Calculation Files are available from the different
manufacturers websites or through DIALux Plugins - see Figure 177.
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Road Lighting
Figure 177
The Pole / Boom tab shows different options of the boom (bracket) and the pole arrangement to
be selected - see Figure 178.
Figure 178
NOTE 1 It is important to specify the Distance Pole to Roadway, the Mounting Height
of the Luminaire and the Pole Distance.
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Under the Arrangement tab, the typical pole arrangement may be chosen:
Single row on the bottom placed.
Double row opposing.
Etc.
See Figure 179.
Figure 179
Please click Insert to select the configured luminaire arrangement. Right-click Street 1 and choose
3D Standard View from the pop-up menu - see Figure 180 and Figure 181.
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Figure 180
Figure 181
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Within the menus above the 3D View, the tools are located for navigating around the 3D model.
These are Zoom, Rotate View and Move view - see Figure 182.
Figure 182
Also, by clicking the button Start Calculation(see Figure 183), a pop-up window appears and the lighting
program starts to calculate the scene - see Figure 184.
Figure 183
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Road Lighting
Figure 184
After the program has completed calculation data may be selected as should be extracted and
printed as PDF file see Figure 185. At the bottom of the project tree, click on the Output tab.
Figure 185
In the Output Project Tree, expand Street1, then Valuation Fields and then Valuation Fields
Roadway 1 under it. By double-clicking on the first sheet, Results overview, the results will appear.
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Figure 186
NOTE 1 Please note, that however the value for Lav is 1.11 cd/m instead of 0.6 cd/m, as per the DMA Lighting
Specifications.
NOTE 2 The aim is, to try, to get as close as possible to the given values of the applicable standards, to design the
lighting as efficient as possible.
NOTE 3 All needed safety is implemented by using correct parameters for design of road, luminaires and poles,
including maintenance factor. This means that there is no need to over-design or to provide more luminance as the
values required by the DMA Lighting Specifications. This will only cause higher investment costs, higher energy and
running costs!
NOTE 4 In this case (sample calculation of tutorial) the value of 1.11 cd/m in comparison to the required value of
0.6 cd/m would end up with approximately 75% higher cost in all aspects, as described under NOTE 3!
NOTE 5 The DMA Roadway & Public Realm Lighting Specifications and Roadway Project Compliance Checklist
Tables requirements for Streets asks for:
Average maintained luminance Lav = 0.6 cd/m
Uniformity ratio u0 = Lmin/Lav = 0.4
NOTE 6 The RP-8-00 method will not show the uniformity ratio, therefore the sheet with
Isolines (L, IESNA RP-8-00) will be helpful see Figures 187, 189.
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Road Lighting
Figure 187
In this example calculation Lmin = 0.65 cd/m and Lav = 1.11 cd/m; This means that u0 = Lmin/Lav = 0.59.
In order to achieve a more efficient result in this example, the pole distance is to be increased.
By applying a pole distance of 28m it is possible to fulfil all the requirements (see Figure 188)
without having values which are much higher than the standard ones see Figure 189.
Figure 188
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Figure 189
In developing the skills, different configurations and situations can be calculated, as it is explained under the
following paragraphs in this handbook.
3.0 Lighting Recommendations for Traffic Routes
The primary function of the lighting of traffic routes is to make other vehicles on the road visible. Road lighting
does this by producing a difference between the luminance of the vehicle and the luminance of its immediate
background, the road surface. This difference is achieved by increasing the luminance of the road surface
above that of the vehicle so that the vehicle is seen in silhouette against the road surface.
3.1 Design Criteria used to define Lighting for Traffic Routes
Average Road Surface Luminance:
The luminance of the road surface averaged (maintained) over the carriageway (cd/m2).
3.1.1 Overall Luminance Uniformity (U0) means Lmin/Lav
The ratio of the lowest luminance (maintained) at any point on the carriageway to the average luminance
of the carriageway.
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TI = 65 (Lv / L0.8)
where:
Lv = equivalent veiling luminance (cd/m2) (see Chapter B / 2.11)
L = average road surface luminance maintained (cd/m2)
3.1.4 Surround Ratio
The average illuminance (maintained) just outside the edge of the carriageway in proportion to the
average illuminance just inside the edge of the carriageway.
Traffic routes are divided generally into different classes. The different classes normally are based on
the type of road, the average daily traffic flow (ADT), the speed of vehicles, the type of vehicles in the
traffic and the frequency of conflict areas and pedestrians. Table 26 specifies the different classes
and identifies the recommend lighting criteria for Abu Dhabi. Details of the recommended lighting
criteria for dry roads are given in Table 27 (IESNA standard adopted, see notes below).
These are the lighting criteria adopted for Abu Dhabi as given in the DMA Roadway & Public Realm
Lighting Specifications and Roadway Project Compliance Checklist Tables. The aim of this table is
to understand that the values given specifically as adapted to the needs of Abu Dhabi road and
traffic safety.
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Road Lighting
Table 26
Lighting recommendations for traffic routes.
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Road classification as per DMA Roadway & Public Realm Lighting Specification and
Roadway Compliance Checklist Tables (1):
Table 27
Lighting recommendations for traffic routes.
NOTE 1 A 5% increase in minimum threshold increment is permitted where low luminance light sources,
such as low pressure sodium and fluorescent, are used.
NOTE 2 The surround ratio criterion should only be applied where there are no traffic areas with their own criteria
adjacent to the carriage way.
In some situations, it may not be possible to calculate the maximum threshold increment. An alternative method
to limit disability glare is to select a luminaire according to the classes given in Table 28 The different classes are
defined by the luminous intensity of the luminaire, in candelas/1000 lumens of bare light source output,
at 70, 80 and 90 degrees from the downward vertical, in any direction, and the luminous intensity above
95 degrees, in any direction. Class G3 corresponds to a cut-off luminaire. Class G6 corresponds
to a full-cutoff luminaire.
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Table 28
Luminaire classes for the control of disability glare.
NOTE 1 The higher the G-class the better! Luminaires with low G-classes should not be used in
general for street lighting.
3.3 Samples of Street Lighting Calculations
The following street lighting calculations are developed based on latest DMA Lighting
Specifications for street and public realm lighting.
The following street lighting calculations are done by using the DIALux lighting calculation software in
latest version. The tutorial (see Chapter G / 2.0 Road Lighting Calculation Tutorial) shows the exact
way how to set up and calculate all the samples shown in this part of the handbook.
The sample street lighting calculations are divided into following parts:
The samples below are the basic input for design and layout of the all streets including bends
and conflict zones as follows:
Typical Highway
Typical Boulevard
Typical Avenue
Typical Street
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NOTE 1 It is to be considered that these typical street lighting calculations are done to determine the luminance in
cd/m, the pole spacing, the set-back of poles, the pole height, the length of the bracket used, the power of
luminaires and the light distribution.
NOTE 2 To receive results in cd/m the street lighting calculation must be done on a straight piece.
NOTE 3 All other types or combinations, like conflict zones, sidewalks and landscaping zones will show results
only as illuminance in lux (lx).
NOTE 4 All street lighting calculations are to be done based on confirmed factors for:
Maintenance
Type of source Discharge (MH) or LED
CRI
Colour of light (K)
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Figure 190
3D Rendering of a typical highway street lighting layout.
Figure 191
3D false-colour rendering of a typical highway street lighting layout, including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
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Table 29
Table of results for a typical highway lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications, results provided by DIALux in cd/m.
Figure 192
3D Rendering of a typical boulevard street lighting layout.
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Figure 193
3D false-colour rendering of a typical boulevard street lighting layout, including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
Table 30
Table of results for a typical boulevard street lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications,
results provided by DIALux in cd/m.
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Figure 194
3D Rendering of a typical
avenue street lighting layout.
Figure 195
3D false-colour rendering of
a typical avenue street
lighting layout, including
approximate lux (lx) levels
shown by different colours.
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Table 31
Table of results for a typical avenue street lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications,
results provided by DIALux in cd/m.
Figure 196
3D Rendering of a typical street lighting layout.
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Figure 197
3D false-colour rendering of a typical street lighting layout, including approximate lux (lx)
levels shown by different colours.
Table 32
Table of results for a typical street lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications, results provided by DIALux in cd/m.
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Figure 198
3D Rendering of a curvy street lighting layout.
Figure 199
3D false-colour rendering of a curvy street lighting layout, including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
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Table 33
Table of results for a curvy street lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications, results provided by DIALux in lx.
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Figure 200
3D Rendering of a typical two
lane roundabout street lighting
layout.
Figure 201
3D false-colour rendering of a
typical two lane roundabout
street lighting layout, including
approximate lux (lx) levels shown
by different colours.
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Table 34
Table of results for a typical two lane roundabout street lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications,
results provided by DIALux in lx.
Figure 202
3D Rendering of a typical one lane roundabout street lighting layout.
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Figure 203
3D false-colour rendering of a typical one lane roundabout street lighting layout,
including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
Table 35
Table of results for a typical one lane roundabout street lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications,
results provided by DIALux in lx.
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Figure 204
3D Rendering of a typical street (mini) roundabout street lighting layout.
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Figure 205
3D false-colour rendering of a typical street (mini) roundabout street lighting layout,
including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
Table 36
Table of results for a typical street (mini) roundabout street lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications,
results provided by DIALux in lx.
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Figure 206
3D Rendering of a typical junction of boulevard/boulevard street lighting layout.
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Figure 207
3D false-colour rendering of a typical junction of boulevard/boulevard street lighting
layout, including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
Table 37
Table of results for a typical junction of boulevard/boulevard street lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications,
results provided by DIALux in lx.
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Figure 208
3D Rendering of a typical junction of street/street lighting layout.
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Figure 209
3D false-colour rendering of a typical junction of street/street lighting layout, including
approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
Table 38
Table of results for a typical junction of street/street lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications,
results provided by DIALux in lx.
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3.7 Coordination
It is obviously important that the lighting of conflict areas should be coordinated with that of the
traffic routes. Where two traffic routes, which are lit to different classes lead into the same conflict
area, the match should be made to the higher traffic route class.
3.8 Traffic Route Lighting Design Fundamentals
The design process for traffic route lighting consists of the following stages:
3.8.1 Selection of the Lighting Class and Definition of relevant Area
The lighting class of the carriageway is selected (Chapter G / Table 26 and 27). The nature and
extent of adjacent areas and any conflict areas are identified and the lighting approach to be used
chosen. The compatible lighting classes for adjacent areas and conflict areas are selected.
Please see also recent applicable local DMA Lighting Specifications for detailed information about
selection lighting classes for all areas.
3.8.2 Collection of Preliminary Data
The following data is required before calculation can start:
Mounting height
Luminaire type and optic setting
Lamp type
Initial luminous flux of lamp
IP rating of luminaire
Cleaning interval planned for luminaire
Pollution category for location
Luminaire maintenance factor
Lamp replacement interval
Lamp lumen maintenance factor at replacement interval
Maintenance factor
Luminaire tilt
Width of carriageway
Width of driving lane
Width of adjacent areas
Luminaire transverse position relative to the calculation grid
Luminaire arrangement
other client specific data.
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The emphasis given to maintenance factors in this list arises from the fact that the lighting recommendations are
made in terms of minimum maintained average values. Table 39 sets out typical luminaire maintenance factors to
be applied for different locations, luminaires and cleaning intervals. In this table, high pollution generally occurs in
the centre of large urban areas and heavy industrial areas; medium pollution occurs in semi-urban, residential and
light industrial areas while low pollution occurs in rural areas. Luminaires are classified by the protection against
foreign objects and dust number used in the IP system (see Tables 12, 13).
Table 39
Typical luminaire maintenance factors.
The reflection properties of a road surface are quantified by an r-Table. This consists of a matrix of values
of q cos3y, where q is the luminance coefficient of the pavement material and y is the angle of incidence of light
from the upward vertical, in degrees (see Table 40). This quantity is called the reduced luminance coefficient (r).
The two dimensions of the r-Table are the angle , the angle between the vertical plane of incidence and
the vertical plane of observation and the tangent of the angle y, the angle of incidence from the upward
vertical (see Figure 207). Each cell in the r-Table contains a value for the reduced luminance coefficient
multiplied by 10,000.