Kinemat TH

Part-I-KM-PH-1
1.
IIT- JEE Syllabus
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, kinematics in one and two dimensions,

projectiles, circular motion, concept of relative motion.
2.
Linear Kinematics
2.1
Rest and motion
Motion means change of position with time. When a body is at rest, its position does not
change with time. But how do we describe the position of a body? We describe it
relative to another body for reference.
Thus, rest and motion are relative. A man sitting in a car moving at 55 mph on a highway
is at rest relative to a co-passenger, while he is in motion relative to a person standing on
the highway.
In order to describe rest and motion, we select a frame of reference and then describe
rest or motion relative to this frame of reference.
Motion can be of two types - translational & rotational.
When a body moves such that it always remains parallel to itself throughout the motion it
undergoes translation. When a body moves so that each point in the body maintains a
constant distance relative to a fixed axis in space, the motion is rotation.
2.2
Position & frames of reference
Position:
If a particle is moves along a given straight line
(assumed along x-axis), its position is represented by
the x-coordinate relative to a fixed origin.
If the particle moves in a plane (let x-y plane) its position
is completely known when the x-and y coordinates of its
position are known with respect to the given coordinate
axis ox and oy.
P (x, y)
x
O
Similarly for a particle moving in space, three

coordinates (x, y, z) are required.
In vector notation, the position vector OP r in the

three cases mentioned above are represented as
r x i , r x i yj , r x i yj zk
Several types of coordinate frames may be used to describe position.
Frames of reference:
Two of the commonest kinds of coordinate system in use are
(a) Rectangular Cartesian Coordinates
(b) Polar coordinates
Bhatnagar IIT-JEE/PMT Academy. C-5, Rama Park,Uttamnagar, New Delhi
Part-I-KM-PH-2
(I) 2 dimensions
Cartesian: A point P with coordinates (x, y) in a
rectangular cartesian coordinate system (fig.1) is
described by its position vector OP , also
represented by r .
fig.
y
P(x,y)=(r,)
r i x j y ,
Where i , j are unit vectors along x, y respectively. . . . (1)
Polar: If the initial ray is chosen to be OX, the point P can be described
by the
coordinates (r, ) in the polar coordinate system. The position vector OP , is
. . . (2)
r rr , r being the unit vector along OP
Equation (1) and (2) relate the two coordinate systems.
From figure 1,
x = r cos
r = x2 y2
y = r sin
tan = y/x
Putting (3) in (1) and (2) and comparing,
. . . (3)
r i cos j sin
(II) 3 - dimensions
The simplest system of coordinate used in 3
dimensions is the rectangular cartesian
coordinate system which consists of an
origin O and three mutually perpendicular
axis x, y & z.
z
P(x,y,z)
A point P having coordinates (x, y, z) in this

system has the position vector
r OP i x j y kz
Illustration 1:
A particle is kept at the point of

intersection of the diagonals. Find its
position w.r.t. point O.
B
P
4m
x
O
Solution:
Here x = (2.5m)
y = (2 m)
OP = x i y
= (2.5 i +2 j ) m
Exercise 1:
5m
y
P
= (2.5m i +2 m
j )
2m
2.5m
In the above illustration, a plane mirror is placed along x z plane. Find

the position of the image of particle w.r.t. point O.
Part-I-KM-PH-3
2.3
Displacement
If a particle moves from its initial position A to a final position B, the vector
joining A & B
and directed along the line AB is known as the displacement vector r . The actual
distance covered may have any value which is greater than or equal to the length of the
straight line joining the two points A and B.
Suppose that the position vector of A =
x i y j z k
1
= OA =
r2
= OB =
r1
r2
Using vectors,
OA + AB =
Suppose that the position vector of B =

x i y j z k
2
r1
OB
AB
= r2 r1
x 2 x1 i y 2 y1 j z 2 z1 k
= x i yj zk
Here x, y and z represent the components of
displacement vector r along x, y and z directions.

Illustration 2 :
In the above problem, if the ball

shifts from points P to point C, find
the displacement of the ball.
B
P
4m
x
O
Solution:
5m
= OP = (2.5 i +2 j ) m
r1
r2
= OC = (4 j ) m
Displacement
r r2 r1
= { 4 j (2.5 i +2 j )}m
= ( 2.5 i +2 j )m.
Exercise 2 :
In the above illustration, if the ball moves through 2m from P to point Q

such that line PQ is perpendicular to the plane OABC, then find its
displacement.
Part-I-KM-PH-4
2.4
Distance
The distance covered by the particle increases with time whereas the magnitude of the
displacement (the shortest distance between the initial and final position) increase,
decrease or may be zero (e.g. when it passes through its initial position). Therefore the
distance travelled is never smaller than the magnitude of the displacement.
d S.
Illustration 3:
A car moves from A to B on a straight road and returns from B to the

mid-point of AB. AB = 10 m. Find the displacement and distance
covered.
Solution:
Let A be the origin and C be the mid-point of A B.

Y
The displacement
s r rC rA rC ( rA 0 )
s (rC )i ( AC)i ( AB BC)i
s (10 5)i 5i m
A
rA
X
C
The distance covered =

d= AB + BC = 10+5 = 15 m.
Exercise 3 :
2.5
Referring to previous illustration, what are the magnitudes of the

displacement and distance covered when the car returns to A?
Speed
(a) Average Speed

A particle covers a distance by s = 10 m during a time interval t = 5 seconds. Therefore
s/t is the ratio of distance covered s and the time interval t. This ratio is termed as
time rate of change of distance. It is common known as Speed of the particle over that
particular time interval t. That is why this speed is known as Average Speed uav
denoted mathematically as
uav =
s
10 m
2 m / sec
t
5 sec
(b) Instantaneous Speed

If the particle is not moving with uniform speed, the average speed completed in the
above section depends on the time interval t and the instant when it was computed. It
becomes necessary to define a quantity, called instantaneous speed which does not
depend on the time interval t. We take the time interval t as it becomes very small
(infinitesimal) and the corresponding distance travelled s (which is also infinitesimal).t 0 (infinitesimal time)
Part-I-KM-PH-5
s 0 (infinitesimal distance)
As t 0, s 0
t=0
t=2 sec
t=(2+0.1)sec.
t 0.1 sec.
s = 2m
s = .25m
t = (2 + 0.01)sec
t 0.01sec
s = .015m
t = (2 + 0.001)sec
t 0.001sec
s = .001m
t = (2 + 0.0001)sec
t 0.0001sec
t = (2 +t 0)sec
t 0
s 0
s
ds
v at time t (or instantaneous velocity)

t 0 t
dt
ds
v insant v .
dt
Lim
ds
Here v at the time t = 2 sec is represented by

.
dt t 2
Instantaneous speed is equal to the magnitude of instantaneous velocity.
The ratio of the infinitesimal distance covered and the corresponding infinitesimal time
yields a finite value. This finite value is known as the instantaneous speed of the particle.
s
u Lim
t 0 t
(c) Uniform Speed
If the particle covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be moving with
uniform speed.
Student Notes
The slope of s-t graph at any time t gives the speed at that time t.
The slope of x-t graph at any time t gives the instantaneous velocity (velocity at
that time)
For positive slope v is positive, for negative slope v is negative.
The area of u-t graph during time t (= 2t 0, say) gives the distance traversed during
the time 2t0.
The area of v-t graph during time t (= 2t 0, say) gives the displacement of the
particle during time t. Total displacement snet = (positive displacement-negative
Part-I-KM-PH-6
2.6
displacement) = (s+ - s-) We see that snet = vt0 + (-vt0) = 0 where as d = 2ut 0
during time t = 2t0.
Velocity
(a) Average Velocity
As the displacement of a particle changes with time, the ratio of change s of
displacement vector s in a time interval t to that interval of time is known as time rate
of change of displacement (vector), this is known as the Velocity of the particle averaged
over the time interval t or the average velocity, v av
s
v av =
t
(b) Instantaneous Velocity

Following the previous argument of instantaneous speed, instantaneous velocity
dx dy dz
ds
s
i
j
k
v
=
v Lim
dt
dt
dt
dt
t 0
t
* Instantaneous
speed
is the magnitude of instantaneous velocity v .
dv
Since a =
,
dt
The slope of the v-t graph gives the acceleration. If the slope is positive the acceleration
is positive; if the slope is negative then the acceleration is negative (retardation or
deceleration).
Since v =
0 a dt (discuss later),
the area of a-t graph gives the change in velocity. If the area remains (above x- axes)
positive, the change in velocity is positive and vice versa.
(c) Uniform Velocity
A particle is said to be moving with uniform velocity if its velocity is independent of time.
Illustration 4 :
A particle moves in a straight line obeying the relation x = t (t-1) where

x = displacement in m and t = time in sec. Find the velocity of the
particle when its displacement is zero.
Solution:
x = t (t-1).
If x = 0, t(t-1) = 0
t = 0 and t = 1
The instantaneous velocity
dx
v
2 t 1
dt
Putting t = 0 and t = 1 we obtain
v t 0 1 m / sec & v t 1 1 m / sec .
Exercise 4 :
Referring to the previous illustration,

(a) What is the significance of positive and negative values of
instantaneous velocities?
Part-I-KM-PH-7
(b) What are the distance covered and displacement during t = 2 sec. ?
2.7
Acceleration
(a) Average Acceleration

If the velocity (magnitude, direction or both) of a particle changes with time, its motion is
said to be non-uniform.
Suppose that the velocity of particle changes by v over a time interval t, the time rate
of change of velocity is given by v /t, this is known as the average acceleration of the
v
a
particle over the time interval t. av

.
t
(b) Instantaneous Acceleration
For an instant (infinitely small or infinitesimal time interval), the change in velocity of the
particle is infinitely small, but the ratio of infinitesimal change in velocity and the
infinitesimal time
is finite.
This finite ratio is known as instantaneous acceleration:
v
dv
a Lim
t 0 t
dt
(c) Uniform Acceleration
When a particle undergoes constant acceleration (vector) for some time interval we say
that it is moving with constant or uniform acceleration over that time interval.
2.8
Average speed and Velocity
Average Speed
When a particle moves with different uniform speeds u 1, u2, u3 etc. in different (finite) time
intervals t1, t2, t3 etc. respectively, its average speed over the total time of journey is
given as
s1 s2 s3 ...
total dis tan ce cov ered
uav
=
total time elapsed
t1 t 2 t 3 ...
where s1 = u1 t1, s2 = u2 t2 etc.
u1 t1 u2 t 2 ....
uav =
t1 t 2 ...
i n
uav =
in
u t t
i
i 1
i 1
Average Velocity

When a particle moves with different velocities v 1, v 2 , v 3 etc. in different time intervals
t1, t2, t3 etc. respectively, its average velocity over the total time of motion can be
given as
Net displaceme nt vector

s
v av
Total time
t
Part-I-KM-PH-8
s1 s2 s3 ...
=
t1 t 2 t 3 ...
Where the displacement of the particle during time interval t1, t2 etc. are given by
s2 v 2 t 2 etc .
s1 v1t1,
v1 t1 v 2 t 2 ...
v av
t1 t 2 ...
v av
i n
in
v i t i
i 1
Illustration 5:
Solution :
Exercise 5 :
i 1
A particle moves with a velocity v(t) = (1/2)kt2 along a straight line. Find
the average speed of the particle in a time t.
1
uav =
T
v( t )dt =
1
T
2 kt
0
dt =
1
kT 2 .
6
Find the average speed of a particle whose velocity is given by

v = v0 sin t.
Time Average
v av ( t )
v dt
T
1
aav ( t )
T
1
T
v dt
a dt
Here, v and a are the functions of t.

Illustration 6:
A passenger is standing d m away from a bus. The bus begins to move

with constant acceleration a. To catch the bus, the passenger runs at a
constant speed v towards the bus. What must be the minimum speed of
the passenger so that he may catch the bus ?
Solution :
Let the passenger catch the bus after time t, the distance travelled by
the bus
1 2
s1 = 0 +
at
. . . . (1)
2
and the distance travelled by the passenger
s2 = ut
. . . . (2)
Now passenger will catch the bus if
d + s1 = s2
. . .. (3)
Substituting the values of s1 and s2 from equation (1) and (2) in (3),
Part-I-KM-PH-9
we get
d+
i.e.
1
at2 = ut
2
1 2
at ut + d = 0
2
2
or t = u u 2ad
So the passenger will catch the bus if t is real, i.e.

u2 2ad or u 2ad
So the minimum speed of passenger for catching the bus is
2ad
Exercise 6 :
A man standing 9m behind a bus starts running uniformly to catch the

bus. At the same instant the bus starts from rest with an acceleration of
2m/s2. Find the speed of the man if he is just able to get in.
Illustration 7:
A float is overcome by a motor boat going downstream at a point A. T

hours later it turns back and after some time it passes the float at a
distance d km from point A. What is the velocity of stream if the speed
of motor remains constant w.r.t. water ?
Solution :
Let u = speed of stream,

V (V+u)
v = speed of motor boat ( v > u)
u
Let t1 = time of motion of motor boat
t
during up stream.
T
+ t1
The motion of float and motor boat is (V u)
shown in the following velocity time
graph.
As float has no speed of its own hence it will move for the complete
time (T + t1) hrs. with the flow speed.
For motor boat, velocity down stream = (v + u) and
velocity up stream = v u)
Negative sign represents the opposite direction.
As area of velocity time graph gives the displacement and from the
question,
displacement of float = d km
displacement of boat = d km
Hence, we get the following equations.
For float, u (T + t1) = d
(i)
For motor boat (v + u) (T) + { (v u) (t1)} = d
(ii)
Solving (i) & (ii), we get
d
km / hr
u=
2T
Exercise 7 :
A car accelerates from rest with = 2 m/sec2 in a straight track, then it

comes to rest applying its brakes after a time T = 20 seconds covering a
Part-I-KM-PH-10
distance of 100 m. Using a graphical method, find the maximum speed

of the car.
3.
Accelerated Motion
3.1
Uniformly accelerated motion
Suppose that a particle passes the origin of the coordinate system with a velocity v 0 at
the time t = 0. Suppose that its displacement is s and its velocity v after time t.
Then, applying the definitions of average acceleration for constant value, average value,
we get the following expressions.
= v 0 + at
v0 v
1 2
t
at
=
=
v
0 t+
2
2
v2 = v 02 2 a . s
v t 1 v 0 a t 1 ,
s(tth sec) = v 0 + (2t 1) a
Illustration 8 :
A particle moves in a straight line with constant acceleration. If it covers

10 m in first second and extra 10 m in next second, find its initial
velocity.
Solution:
Let the initial speed be V0 and the acceleration be a

1
s v 0 t at 2
2
Putting t = 1 sec. and s = 10 m, we obtain
10 = v0 + 5 a
(1)
Again in next second, that means t = (1+1) sec [t is the time measured
from the initial position (when t = 0, s = 0)] the displacement of the
particles = 10 + 10 = 20 m.
Putting t = 2 sec and s = 20 m, we obtain
10 = 2 v0 + 2 a
v+a=5
(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we obtain
10 = v0 + 5 (5-v0)
15
3.75 m / sec
10 = 4 v 0 25 v 0
4
Exercise 8 :

(a) What is the acceleration of the particle?
(b) What is the velocity of the particle at the end of 3rd second?
(c) What is the displacement of the particle in 3 seconds?
(d) What is the displacement of the particle in 3rd second?
Part-I-KM-PH-11
3.2
Non-uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line
If the acceleration a is a function of time (t) or function of distance (s) the equation of
instantaneous velocity and acceleration can be written as
a = f(t)
t
t
ds
dv
v
s vdt and a
v a dt v 0
dt
dt
0
0
d ds
d2 s
2
dt dt
dt
a = f(s)
dv
dv ds
.
Again a
, considering the magnitudes we obtain a scalar equation.
dt
ds dt
ds
dv
v .
av
dt
ds
Therefore,
vdv
v0
v
2
v 02
ads
0
ads
v 2 v 02 ads .
0
Illustration 9:
The acceleration of a particle moving rectilinearly varies with the

magnitude of its velocity as a = - v. Find its initial speed, if it stops after
t0 = 1 sec from starting.
Solution:
a=- v
dv
v
dt
v
v0
dv
dv
v
dt
dt
2( v
t2
v0 ) t
v0
At t = t0, it stops; Putting v = 0, we obtain t 0 2 v 0

v0
Exercise 9 :
4.
t 02
; putting t0= 1, we obtain v0 = 0.5 m/sec.
2

(a) Find the velocity-time equation.
(b) Find the displacement-time equation.
Vertical motion under gravity

Part-I-KM-PH-12
Consider a body P projected vertically upwards from the

surface of the earth with an initial velocity, u (see figure).
The body rises to a maximum height at B and then
returns (motion BC).
B
P
+ve
g
Even through we have shown the motion of the body as

ABC, the actual path is always along the same line AB.
The picture has been slightly modified for clarity.
u
A C
Let the displacement of the body (at P) at time t, measured from its initial position A, be
denoted by h. We can now apply the equations before. The acceleration, a= -g (note the
positive direction in the figure, any vector in the opposite direction is negative);
x = h and the initial velocity is u.
After time t,
v = u - gt
1
1 2
h = ut +
(-g)t2 = ut gt
2
2
v2 = u2 + 2 (-g)h = u2 - 2gh
. . . . (1)
. . . . (2)
. . . . (3)
Other interesting questions that may be posed are:

(a) What's the maximum height to which it rises?
(b) Whats the time of flight?
Let us note that at the point of maximum elevation, B, vB = 0 (it's got to be zero, if it were
not the body would have risen further).
vB = u - gtAB = 0 ;
tAB represents the time taken for motion AB.
or, tAB = u/g
. . . . (4)
If the maximum elevation is H
(at the pt. B of course)
2
2
v B = 0 = u - 2gH
u2
2g
or, H =
. . . . (5)
When the body reaches the ground again (at the pt C), we can write,
1
h = 0 = utAC g t 2AC ; Where tAC represents the time taken for motion AC
2
1
1
= (u gtAC) tAC u gtAC = 0
2
2
or tAC =
2u
= 2tAB
g
. . . . (6)
The velocity at the point C,

VC = u - gtAC = u - g
2u
g
= -u, which is equal in magnitude to u (the velocity of projection) but opposite in direction.
In both the examples considered above, the acceleration is constant (or uniform). This
may not always be true.
Particle projected from the top of a cliff
Part-I-KM-PH-13
For the motion of a particle projected vertically up or down from some height (h) we have
assign the directions of displacement vector, velocity vector and acceleration vector with
reference to a system of coordinates.
Let us consider the following cases :
(i) When the particle is projected with an initial velocity v0 in the upward direction and its
vertical distance from the point of projection O at a time t be h, then
1
h = v0t - gt 2
(if it is above the point O)
2
1
-h = v0t - gt 2
(if it is below the point O)
2
We obtain the value of time by putting the given values of h and v0.
If the origin is shifted to the ground level, which is at a depth H below the point of
projection, then h and h mentioned above are replaced by (H + h) and (H h)
respectively.
Similar procedure is applicable for the following equations
v = u gt
v2 = u2 2gh
Now using the following equations
1 2
gt v 0 t h
2
2v 0
4v 02 8h
v0
v 02 2h
2
t= g
=
g
g
g
g
g2
2
If the particle is released from rest then v0 = 0.

Illustration 10:
Solution:
A stone is dropped from a balloon ascending with v 0 = 2 m/sec, from a

height h = 4.8 m. Find the time of flight of the stone (g = 10 m/sec).
h=
1 2
gt v 0 t
2
t2
2v 0
h
g
0
g
g
v0
t=0
v0
g
2gh
1
2
v
Putting the values of v0 and h etc.

we obtain,
2
10
2(10 ) ( 4.8)
1 1.2 sec .
2x 2
v0
h
t=t
Part-I-KM-PH-14
Exercise 10 :
Referring to the previous illustration, if the stone reaches the ground

after t = 2 second from same initial height of release, find the (a) speed
of the balloon at the time of releasing the stone, (b) total distance
covered by the stone till it reaches the ground level, (c) the average
speed and (d) average velocity of the stone for the total time of its flight,
one from the bottom and the other from the top.
(i) Particle from the Top Projected Down and Particle at the Bottom Projected Up
Refer Figure . We see that s1 is downward

s1 = v1t
s2 = v 2 t
1 2
gt
2
(1)
s1
1 2
gt
2
(2)
v
(1) + (2) gives
s2
s1 + s2 = (v1 + v2)t t =
h
v1 v 2
(3)
v1 + v2 = Relative velocity and h = initial relative distance of separation. Now putting t=h/
(v2 v1) in (a) or in (b) find the position of meeting in terms of distance s 1 from the top or
from the bottom (ground) in terms of distance s2.
Illustration 11 :
Solution:
A stone is released form the top of a cliff. Another particle is

simultaneously projected with v = 10 m/sec. from the bottom of the cliff.
If they meet after 2 seconds, find the height of the cliff.
Let after a time t, they meet si is downward

sI
1 2
gt
2
(1)
1
Since, s2 is upward, s2 v 2 t gt 2
2
Putting v 2 v, we obtain s2 vt
1 2
gt
2
(2)
(1) + (2) s1+s2 = v t h = v t.

Putting v = 20 m/sec and t = 2 sec. We obtain h = (20) (2) = 40 m.
Exercise 11 :
A body is released from a height and falls freely towards the earth.
Exactly 1 sec. later another body is released. What is the distance
between the bodies 2 sec. after the released of the second body if
g = 9.8 m/s2 ?
Part-I-KM-PH-15
(ii) Particle from the Top Projected Up and Particle at the Bottom Projected Up
Refer Figure.
Case 1: Let the particles meet above the top of the cliff. Now s1 & s2 are upwards.
Therefore,
s1 v1t
and s2 = v 2 t
1 2
gt
2
1 2
gt
2
(1)
(2)
s2 - s1 = (v2 - v1)t h = (v2 - v1)t

t=
v 2 v1
Now put the value of t in any one equation (a) or (b) to find the position of meeting.
t =t
v1
v1
s1
t=0
s1
h
v2
S22
t=t
v2
Ss22
t=0
t=0
Case II: Let the particles meet below the point of projection as shown in Figure Hence
the s1 is downwards and s 2 is upwards.

s1 =
1 2
gt v1t
2
(1)
1 2
gt
2
(2)
and s2 = v 2 t
(a) + (b): s1 + s2 = (v2 - v1)t, Setting s1 + s2 = h.

We obtain t = h/(v2 v1) The expression for time remains equal for any point of
meeting.
From the previous analysis we know that t = h/(v 2 v1) for any point of meeting. Therefore
we should not bother about the position of point of meeting at the beginning of analysis of
a problem. We may take it above or below the top of the cliff. Then find t and substitute in
1
the equation s2 = v2t gt2 . If it is greater than h, meeting point is above the top of the
2
cliff and vice versa.
Illustration 12:
Two particles are simultaneously projected upwards from the top and
bottom of a cliff of height h = 20 m. If the speed of one is double that of
the other and they meet after a time t = 2 second, find their speed of
projection.
Part-I-KM-PH-16
h
v 2 v1
h
h
Putting v2 = 2v1, we obtain t

2v 1 v 1
v1
h 20
10 m / sec .
v1
t
2
Therefore, v1 = 2 v1 = 20 m/sec.
Solution:
From the obtained general formula, t
Exercise 12:
Referring to the previous illustration, what is the position of meeting of

the particles?
Non-Simultaneous Projection of Particles

Take any case, as shown given in the Figure. Let a particle be
projected up from the top of the cliff and another particle be projected
up from the bottom of the cliff t 0 second later. Let they meet after a
time t from the instant of projection of the first particle. Therefore
times of flights of the particles are t and (t-t0) respectively.
1 2
gt v1t
s1 =
(a)
2
1
and s2 = v 2 ( t t 0 ) g( t t 0 )2
(b)
2
(a) + (b) s1 + s2 = h
v1
t=0
s1
t=t
t =(t - t0)
S
s22
v2
t = t0
1 2
gt 0 v 2 t 0
2
h = ( v 2 v1 ) gt 0 t
(h v 2 t 0 gt 2 )
t=
( v 2 v1 ) gt 0
(3)
Now obtain the position of meeting point by substituting t in (a) or (b). Remember that,
since equation (a) is simpler, substitute t in equation (a) for quicker result. Similarly you
can use this concept for other cases as discussed earlier.
Illustration 13:
A body is dropped from a height h = 50 m. Another body is projected

with vertically up a speed V = 10 m/sec after a time t 0 = 2 sec from the
instant of release of the first body. Find the time of their meeting.
Solution:
Let the time of fall of the first body be t, before meeting at time = t.
The displacement of the first body
v =0
1 2
s
s1`
gt
(a)
2
t=t
h
t = (t-t )
The 2nd body is projected from the ground
s
after t0 = 2 sec from the instant of
v =v
projection of the first body. Therefore the
t =2
time of its motion before its meeting =(t - t 0)
= (t-2) sec.
The displacement of the 2nd body is given as

1
Part-I-KM-PH-17
s 2 v ( t 2)
1
g( t 2)2
2
(b)
(a) + (b) sl s2 v( t 2)
1
g t 2 ( t 2)2
2
g
( 2 ) ( 2t 2)
2
Putting h = 50 m, g = 10 m/sec2 and v = 10 m/sec., we obtain
h = v ( t 2)
50 = 10 ( t 2)
20
( t 1)
2
5 = t2 + 2t2 = 3t4
3t = 9 t = 3 sec.
Exercise 13 :
5.

(a) Where do the particles meet?
(b) What are the speeds of the particle sat the time of meeting?
Relative Velocity
Suppose that two particles A & B are at the two points

position vectors of the particles with respect to an
rA & rB respectively.
Z
The relative separation between the
r
r
particles is given by BA
B
A
Differentiating both sides w.r.t time, we
obtain
d rBA
d rB
d rA
dt
dt
dt
v BA v B v A
where rBA is the position of B with
respect to A & v BA is the velocity of B

relative to A.
as shown in the figure. The

inertial reference frame be
rA
rA
rB
Physical Significance of Relative Velocity

Two persons A & B are in the two vehicles moving in the same direction as shown in the
figure.
Assume, vA = 10m/sec & vB = 4m/sec
VB
The person A notices the person B moving towards
VA
him with a speed of (10 - 4) m/s = 6 m/sec. This is
the
velocity of B with respect to ( or relative to) A.
v BA is directed from B to A.
Similarly A seems to move towards B with a speed of 6 m/sec. Therefore the velocity of A
relative to B v AB has a magnitude of 6 m/sec & is directed from A to B as shown in the

figure.
Part-I-KM-PH-18
Therefore v AB = - v BA .
In general, v BA = v B - v A
v BA
v AB
v BA v AB
v AB v v 2v A v B cos
( v B sin )
& tan 1
( v A v B cos )
2
A
vB v A
2
B
vB
vA
vA
Illustration 14 :
A train moves due east with a velocity v1 = 20m/sec. and a car moves
due north with a velocity v2 = 15 m/sec. Find the velocity of the car as
observed by a passenger sitting in the train.
Solution :
The passenger observes the

velocity of the car w.r.t. himself.
That is, the velocity of the car
relative
to thetrain is
v ct v c - v t
v 21 v 2 - v 1
Magnitude of v 21
. vc v2
W

v 2 - v1
v21 =
S
N
v 21 v12 v 22
. v 21
( 20 )2 (15)2
v21 = 25 m/sec
Direction of v 21 :
20
4
tan1
tan -1 west of north
15
3
Relative Motion between Rain and Man
We know that
vr vrg = velocity of rain w.r.t. ground, vm vmg velocity
of
ground
man w.r.t.
v rm v r v m

v r v rm v m
That means the vector
addition of the velocity of rain with
v
respect to man ( rm ) and the velocity of man (vehicle)
v m yields the actual velocity of rain v r . The magnitude
and direction of v r can be given as
. v t v1
. v2
E
. v1
S
Vm
v rm
Direction of rain
fall as seen by
the moving man
Vm
Part-I-KM-PH-19
2
v r v rm
v m2 2v rm v m cos
with horizontal ( v m )
v rm sin
1
tan
v rm cos v m
vm
Vm
Direction of rain fall as
seen by the moving man
(Actual
direction
of
rainfall)
Vm=
0
Solution :
vr
v rm
Illustration 15:
v rm v m v r
vr
A man holds his umbrella vertically up while walking due west with a
constant velocity of magnitude vm = 1.5 m/sec in rain. To protect himself
from rain, he has to rotate his umbrella through an angle = 30 when
he stops walking. Find the velocity of the rain.
v r v rm v m .Since v rm v m ,
we obtain, sin
vm
vr
vr = vm cosec
vr = (1.5 m/sec) cosec 30 = 3m/sec .
Exercise 14 :
A boy is running on a horizontal road with a velocity of 5 m/s. At what

angle should he hold his umbrella in order to protect himself from the
rain, if it is raining with a velocity of 10 m/s vertically downward ?
Relative Motion of a Swimmer in Flowing Water
v m can be found by the velocity addition of
v mw & v w . Since v mw v m v w .
v m v mw v w
v mw
vm
v mw v w
vw
Illustration 16:
Solution :
A man swims at an angle = 120 to the direction of water flow with a

speed vmw = 5km/hr relative to water. If the speed of water v w = 3km/hr,
find the speed of the man.
v mw v m v w
v m v mw v w
v mw
vm
vw
vm
2
v mw v w v mw
v 2w 2v mw . v w cos
Part-I-KM-PH-20
v m 5 2 3 2 2(5) (3) cos 120

v m 25 9 15 19m / sec .
Exercise 15 :
To a man walking at 7 km/ hr due west the wind appears to blow from
north west, but when he walks at 3 km/hr due west the wind appears to
blow from the north. What is the actual direction of the wind & what is
its velocity ?
Crossing of the river with Minimum drift

CASE -1 : v mw v w
A man intends to reach the opposite bank at the
point directly opposite to the stationary point. He has
to swim at angle with a given speed vmw w.r.t.
water, such that his actual velocity v m will direct

along AB, that is
perpendicular to the bank (or
velocity of water v w ).
For minimum drift, v m v w
v mw
(v mw v w )
vw
You can realise the situation by a simple example. If you want to reach the directly
opposite point or cross the river perpendicularly, a man, that is to say, Hari, must report
you that, you are moving perpendicular to
the shore. What does this report signify? Since
v
Hari observes your actual velocity ( m ) to be perpendicular to the bank v m is
perpendicular to v w .
Observing the vector-triangle vw = vmw sin & vm = vmw cos
1
w
sin
v
mw
2
& v m v mw
v 2w
The time of crossing = t =

t
d
vm
d
v
2
mw
v 2w
Illustration 17:
The speed of a man in a pond is double that of the water in a river. The
man starts swimming from a point P on the bank. What is the angle at
which the man should swim so as to get directly to the opposite bank.
Solution :
Let the speed of the man w.r.t. water be vmw

When the man swims in a river (moving water), the velocity of the man
is directly
across
the river, i.e.
v
m
w ; if the swims at an angle w.r.t. water,
Part-I-KM-PH-21
sin
vw
v mw
1
sin
vw
v mw
River
v mw
vm
(1)
vw
Since the speed of water is half

of that of the man relative to
water (speed of the man in still
water)
vw
1
vmw = 2vw
(2)
v mw 2
1
30
2
The angle of swimming = = 90 + = 90 + 30 = 120 to the
direction of flow of water.
Using (a) & (b) we find = sin-1
Exercise 16:
Referring to the previous illustration, find the velocity of the swimming

man, if speed of water is 3km/hr.
CASE 2 : vmw < vw
Let the man head at an angle with normal

to the bank for minimum drift. Suppose the
drift is equal to zero. For zero drift, the
velocity of the man along the bank is zero.
vm = vw vmw sin = 0
This gives,
vw
sin
, sin ce v w v mw
v mw
t=t
B
y
d
v mw
t=0 A
vm
vw
sin > 1 which is impossible. Therefore

the drift can not be zero.
Now let the man head at an angle with normal to the bank to experience minimum drift.
Suppose that the drifting of the man during time t when he reaches the opposite bank is
BC = x.
x = (vm)x ( t)
(1)
Where t =
AB
d
(2)
( v m ) y cos v m cos
& (vm)x = component of velocity of man along the water flow

(vm)x = vw vmw sin
(3)
Using (1), (2) & (3) we obtain
x ( v w v mw sin )
d
w sec - tan d
v mw cos v mw
Part-I-KM-PH-22
vw
x
sec - tan d
v mw
(4)
For x to be minimum,
vw
dx

sec tan sec 2 d 0
d
v mw
vw
v
tan (sec ) sin mw
v mw
vw
v mw
vw
y
d
sin 1
. Substituting the value of
v 2w v mw
in (4) we obtain, x
t=t
v mw
vm
t=0 A
vw
v mw
Illustration 18:
The speed of water is double that of (swimmer) relative to water. What

should be the direction of the swimmer so as to experience minimum
displacement assuming vm = 5m/sec ?
Solution:
Putting the value of
sin 1
v mw
vw
sin 1
Exercise 17 :
v mw
1
in the derived expression
vw
2
we obtain
1
30
2
Referring to previous illustration, What is the time of crossing of the

man assuming width of the river is 500 m?
Crossing of the River in the Minimum Possible Time

Case 1: To reach the opposite bank for a given vmw
Let the man swim at an angle with AB. We know that the component of the velocity of
man along shore is not responsible for its crossing the river. Only the component of
velocity of man (vm) along AB is responsible for its crossing along AB.
The time of crossing = t
AB
v mw cos
Time is minimum when cos is maximum

The maximum value of cos is 1 for = 0.
That means the man should swim perpendicular to
the shore
v mw v w
Then
t min
d
v mw cos
d
v mw
Part-I-KM-PH-23
t min
d
v mw
Illustration 19:
A man crosses the river in shortest time at an angle = 60 to the

direction of flow of water. If the speed of water is v w = 4km/hr, find the
speed of the man.
Solution :
Referring to the theory, we know that for minimum time of crossing the
man should
to the shore
head perpendicular
mw
w
vw
Therefore, cos
vm
v mw
vm
4
0
cos 60
vm
vm = 8km/hr
vw
Exercise 18 :
Referring to previous illustration,

(a) If the width of the river is km, find the displacement of the man in
crossing the river.
(b) What is the drift of water on the man ?
CASE 2: To reach directly opposite point on the other bank for a given v mw &
velocity v of walking along the shore.
To attain the direct opposite point B in the minimum time. Let the man swim at an angle
with the direction AB. The total time of journey t = the time taken from A to C+ the time
taken from C to B
AB
t = tAC + tCB
Where tAC =
v mw cos
BC
& t CB
where v = walking speed of the man from C to B.
v
B
AB
BC
C
t
v mw cos
v
Again BC = (vm)xt
AB
BC (v w - v mw sin)
v mw cos
Using (a) & (b) we obtain,
v mw
vm
vw
(v w - v mw sin) AB
AB
v mw cos
v(v mw cos)
Part-I-KM-PH-24
v w sec tan
v v mw
v
v w sec
d
tan
t
1
v mw
v v mw
v
t AB 1
Putting
dt
0 for minimum t we obtain
d
v sec
dt
d d
tan
1 w
d
d v mw
v v mw
v
sec tan
v
sec 2

1 w 0
v mw
v
v
v
tan
sec
1 w
v mw
v
v
-1
mw
mw
.
sin
sin
v vw
v vw
This expression is obviously true when vmw < v + vw.
Illustration 20:
A man can walk on the shore at a speed v 1 = 6km/hr & swim in still water
is a speed v2 = 5km/hr. If the speed of water is v 3 = 4 km/hr, at what angle
should he head in the river in order to reach the right opposite shore in
shortest time including his swimming & walking?
Solution :
Directly using the previous result we obtain the angle of swimming

v mw
sin -1
v vw
Putting v = v1 = 6km/hr, vmw = v2 = 5km/hr
vw = v3 = 4km/hr we obtain = sin-1 = 30
The man should head to an angle = 90 + = 120 with the direction
of flow of water.
Exercise 19 :
Referring to previous illustration, What is the time elapsed for

swimming, if the width of the river is km?
6.
Projectile Motion
6.1
Oblique projection on a horizontal surface
Let a particle (body) be projected with certain velocity v 0 at an angle 0 to the horizontal.
The horizontal component of its velocity v 0 = (vo)x = v0 cos0 and the vertical component
of v 0 = (v0)y = v0sin0. The particle moves simultaneously in both horizontal and vertical
directions under earths gravitational field (no other external forces like wind drag are
small and therefore their effect neglected.
Part-I-KM-PH-25
Change in Position Vector (Displacement)

y
Let the particle acquire a

position P having the
coordinates (x, y) just after
time t from the instant of
projection.
The
corresponding
position
vector of the particle at time
t is r as shown in the
Figure
v0
P(x,y)
r
0
t=0
O
r x i y j
(1)
Since no external force acts upon the particle horizontally, its horizontal acceleration is
zero, that means, the particle moves horizontally with constant velocity of magnitude (v 0)x
= v0cos0.
vx = v0cos0.
(2)
The horizontal distance covered during time t is given as

x = (v0)xt x = (v0cos0)t
(3)
If we consider the vertical motion of the particle, the external force acting on the particle is
gravitational force mg. Consequently the particle accelerates downwards (towards the
centre of earth) with an acceleration of magnitude g = 9.8 m/sec 2. In the other words we
can say that the particle decelerates upward with g = 9.8 m/sec2. Consequently the
vertical velocity of the particle at time t is given as
vY = (v0)y gt, putting (v0)y = v0 sin 0 we obtain
vy =v0 sin0-gt
(4)
The vertical velocity of the particle at any height y is given as
vy2 = (v02) 2gy, putting (v0)y = v0 sin we obtain
2
v y v 0 sin 2 0 2gy
(5)
Now the vertical displacement y is given as

y = (v0)y t 1/ 2 gt2
1
y = ( v 0 sin 0 ) t gt 2
(6)
2
Putting the values of x and y from equation (3) and equation (6) in equation (1) we obtain
the position vector at any time t as
r ( v 0 cos 0 )t i ( v o sin 0 ) t gt 2 j
2
r=
( v 0 t cos 0 ) 2 ( v 0 t sin 0 ) gt 2 )
2
r=
v 0 t 2 cos 2 0 v 0 t 2 sin 2 0
1 2 4
g t v 0 gt 3 sin 0
4
Part-I-KM-PH-26
gt
r v 0 t 1
2v 0
gt sin 0
v0
and
= tan (y/x)
2
1 ( v 0 t sin 0 1 / 2gt )
= tan
( v 0 t cos 0 )
tan 1
-1
2v 0 sin 0 gt
.
2v 0 cos 0
Illustration 21:
A boy throws a stone with an speed V0 = 10 m/sec at an angle 0 = 30o to

the horizontal. Find the position of the stone w.r.t. the point of projection
just after a time t = 1/2 sec.
Solution:
The position of the stone is given

by
y
u0
t=t
P (x, y)
r xi yj
where x=(v0 cos 0)t
r
t=0
O
1
= (10 cos 30 )
2
= 4.33 m.
and y = ( v 0 sin 0 )t
1 2
gt
2
1
1
1
10
2
2
= (10 sin 30 )
= 1.25 m
r ( 4.33i 1.25 j) m .
Exercise 20 :
Referring to the previous illustration find the position of the particle as

t = v0/g.
Average Velocity
Therefore the average velocity of the particle during time t can be found as v av = r /t.
We have assumed the point of projection as the origin of the coordinate system. That

means, the initial position vector of the particle has a magnitude equal to zero r = r .
Putting t = t we obtain, v av
v av v 0
And
gt
2v 0
r
t
gt sin
v0
2
v
sin
0 gt
tan 1 0
2v 0 cos 0
. Substituting the obtained value of | r | we obtain.
Instantaneous Velocity
The velocity v of the particle at time t is equal to the vector sum of the velocity
components along x and y axis-+
Part-I-KM-PH-27
v vx i vy j
(7)
Putting the
values of vx and vy using equations (2) and (3) in Equation (7), we obtain
v v 0 cos 0 i ( v 0 sin 0 gt ) j
v=
( v 0 cos 0 ) 2 ( v 0 sin 0 gt ) 2
v=
v 0 cos 2 0 v 0 sin 2 0 g 2 t 2 2 v 0 gt sin
v=
v 0 g 2 t 2 2 v 0 gt sin 0
v v0
gt
1
v
2gt
sin 0
v0
vy
v sin 0 gt
1
tan 1 0
= tan
v 0 cos
vx
= tan-1 {tan0 (gt/v0)sec0}

Substituting the values of vx and vy by equations (2) and (5) in equation (7) we obtain
and

2
v ( v 0 cos 0 ) i ( v 0 sin 2 0 2gy ) j
v=
and
tan 1
( v 0 cos 0 ) 2 v 02 sin 2 0 2gy

v 02 2gy .
vy
vx
tan 1
v 20 sin 2 0 2gy
.
v 0 cos 0
Equation of trajectory
Substituting t by equation (3) in equation (6), we obtain
x
1
g
v
cos
2
0
0
Y = ( v 0 sin 0 )
y (tan 0 )x
v cos
0
0
gx 2
sec 2 0
2v 02
This is the equation of a parabola.

Therefore the path of the particle is
parabolic when the particle passes the
level of projection. The horizontal
distance covered is known as its range
R and the time of motion is known as
time of flight T. For this range R = Vxt,
t = T; X = R, y = 0 (as shown in Figure).
Illustration 22:
y
v0
t = T/2
V0cos
(R/2, H)
H
0
t=0
O
(R, 0)
t=T
A ball is projected so that it follows a curve y = ax bx 2. Find the initial

velocity of projection.
Part-I-KM-PH-28
Comparing the given equation y = ax bx 2 with the general trajectory

equation
1 gx 2
y = (tan 0) x
(1 + tan2 0), we obtain,
2 v 02
Solution:
g
(1 + tan2 0) = b
2v 02
g
0 = tan-1 a and
(1 + a2) = b (since tan 0 = a)
2v 02
tan 0 = a and
v0 =
g(1 a 2 )
and 0 = tan-1 (a).
2b
Time of Flight
Substituting these values in equation (6), we obtain.
2 V0 Sin0
1
0 = ( V0 Sin0 ) T gT 2
T
.
g
2
Maximum Height
When the particle is at the highest position, Vy = 0 and y = H, putting Vy = 0 and y = H in
equation (5), we obtain
0=
V02 Sin2 0 2gH
H=
V02 Sin 2 0
H is maximum when 0 = 90o
2g
Hmax = V02/2g
Range
When x = R, y =0, putting this value in locus equation or equation of trajectory we obtain,
0 = (tan0) R -
g R2
2
2V0 Cos 0
2
tan 0 =
gR
2
2V0 Sin0 Cos0
V 2 Sin20
2V0 Sin0 Cos0
R 0
g
g
R is maximum when Sin2o is maximum 0 = 45o.
R=
Illustration 23:
A body is projected up such that its position vector varies with time as
r = 6t i + (8t-5t2) j . Find the (a) initial velocity (b) time of flight (c)
range of the body.
Solution:
(a) The position of the body at any time t is given as
r = 6t i + (8t-5t2) j . When t = 0, r = 0. That means the body is

projected from the origin of the coordinate system. Differentiating
both sides w.r.t. time t, we obtain
dr
= 6 i + (8-10t) j
dt
v = 6 i + (8-10t) j. Putting t = 0, we obtain the initial velocity
(velocity of projection) given as
v |t=0 = v 0 = 6 i + 8 j
Part-I-KM-PH-29
v0 = 10 m/sec;
(b) The time of flight T =
T=
2( v y )0
2v 0 Sin 0
g
where (vy)0 = 8
g
28
T=
= 1.6 sec.
10
Exercise 21:

(a) Find the maximum height attained by the body.
(b) Find the equation of trajectory of the body.
Angle of Projection for Given Ratio of Range and Maximum Height

When the range R is times greater than the maximum height H.
Then R = H
2v 02 sin 0 cos 0
v 2 sin 2
0
g
2g
tan 0 4 /
cot0 =
4
4H
76o (when H = R or = 1).
0 = tan-1
R
Therefore, the angle of projection will be 76 for H = R.
Illustration 24:
A cricketer of height 2.5 m throws a ball at an angle 30 with the

horizontal such that it is received by another cricketer of same height
standing at a distance of 50 m from the first one. Find the maximum
height attained by the ball.
Solution:
Let the ball rise to an

additional height H. The
distance between the
cricketer is equal to R =
50 m. The angle of
projection, 0 = 30, we
know that
4H
4H
tan 0 =
tan 30 =
R
50
H=
50
4 3
u0
H
0
2.5 m
7.2 m.
Therefore the maximum height attained by the ball =H =2.5m + 7.2m.
H = 9.7 m.
Exercise 22:
Referring to the previous illustration, find the time of flight of the ball.
Projectile Passing through Two Different Points at Time t1 and t2
Part-I-KM-PH-30
If the particle passes two points

situated at equal height y at t = t1
and t = t2, then referring to the
Figure we obtain
1
y = (v0 sin0) t1
gt12
2
1
= (v0sin0) t2 gt22
(1)
2
h
t1
t2
y
1
g (t22-t12)
2
g( t1 t 2 )
2v 0 sin 0
; Since
T
v0sin0 =
2
g
v0 sin0 (t2 t1) =
t1+ t2 = T
g( t1 t 2 )
in
2
Substituting v0sin0 =
gt12
we obtain
2
1
y gt1t 2
2
Speed and Angle of Projection so that projectile Passes through Two Given Points
y = (v0 sin) t1
Referring the Figure, we see that the

particle passes through two points P and
Q having coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
respectively. Setting these values of the
coordinates in the equation of locus of the
particle (trajectory equation) we obtain,
y1 = (tan0) x1 -
1
2
gx12
v 02 cos2
v0
P(x1, y1)
Q(x2, y2)
0 = ?
0
(1)
and y2 = (tan0 ) x2 -
gx 22
(2)
2v 02 cos2 0
y1 x22 - y2 x12 = tan0 (x1 x22 x2 x12)
y1 x 22 y 2 x12
x x2 x x2 .
2 1
1 2
1
0 tan
The speed of projection

Similarly y1x2 y2x1 =
2v 02
g
cos2 0
2
2
x1 x12 x 2
g x1 x 2 ( x 2 x1 ) (1 tan2 0 )
v0 =
2 ( x 2 y1 x1 y 2 )
2
y1 x 22 y 2 x12
, we can obtain V0.
Putting the value of tan0 =
2
2
x1 x 2 x 2 x1
Part-I-KM-PH-31
Minimum Velocity of Projection required to Pass through a given point

When the particle is projected with
velocity v at an angle 0 so as to pass
through a point P(x,y) as shown in
figure, the trajectory equation is written
as
gx 2
y = (tan0) x (1+tan2 0)
2
2v
gx2 (1+tan20) 2v2x tan0 + 2v2y = 0
tan20 -
P(x,y)
2v 2
( 2v 2 y gx 2 )
tan 0
0
gx
gx 2
For real value of 0, the discriminant of this quadratic equation is greater than or equal
to zero.
2
2v 2
( 2v 2 y gx 2 )
4
0
=
gx
gx 2
v4
( gx 2 2v 2 y )
0
2 2
g x
gx 2
v4 = g2 x2 2v2y g 0
Putting v2 = K we obtain
( 2gy )
k2 (2gy) k - g2x2 0
k g (y +
v2 g (y +
x2 y2 )
g( y
v min
4g2 y 2 4g2 x 2
2
x2 y2 )
x2 y2 )
g( y
x2 y2 )
To find the corresponding angle of projection, known as critical angle of projection (0).
We have to differentiate the trajectory equation w.r.t. to obtain.
dx
d
gx 2 d
(1 tan2 ) d
2
x
(tan 0 )
(
1
tan
(x2 )
dy /d = tan0
0
d
d
d
2v 2 d
2v 2
dx
0 for x Constant we obtain
Setting dy/d = 0 for constant y and
d
v2
gx 2
2
0 = x sec20 (
2
tan
sec
tan
=
0
0
gx
2v 2
Putting 0 = (0) critical for v = vmin = g( y x 2 y 2 )
we obtain,
tan(0)c =
g( y
x2 y2 )
gx
( 0 )c tan 1
x 2 y 2
Part-I-KM-PH-32
Position, Time and Speed at Any Angular Elevation

Y
Let a particle be projected with v 0 at an

angle 0. After a time t it moves with V at
an angle with horizontal as shown in
the Figure. Since the horizontal
components of velocity of a projectile
remains constant (vx)0 = V0 cos0 = (Vx)
= Vcos
v
v 0 cos 0
cos
vy
v0
v
vx
P(x, y)
Q(x2, y2)
0 = ?
As we know that v2 = v02 2gy, substituting the obtained value of V in this equation we
obtain
2 v cos 2
V2
cos2 0
0
2g
y = v0 0
y 0 1
2g
cos
cos 2
We know that Vy = (Vy)0 - gt

V sin = V0sin0 gt, substituting V =
V0 cos 0
cos
t=
v0
g
V0 cos 0
we obtain,
cos
sin v 0 sin 0 gt
sin 0
cos 0 sin
cos
v 0 sin( 0 )
g cos
The horizontal distance x covered during the time t is given as

x = (V0 cos0) t
x = ( v 0 cos 0 )
x
v 0 sin( 0 )
g cos
v 02 sin( 0 ) cos 0
g cos
Referring to the adjoining figure
When the velocity vector V becomes
perpendicular to the initial velocity vector V0

V. V0 0 where V0 = V0 cos0 i +V0 sin0
Y
900
v0
and V = (V0cos0) i + (gt V0 sin0) (- j )
0 = ?
vx
vy
= /2+0
{(V0cos0) i + (V0sin0-gt) j }.
{(V0cos0 i + V0sin0 j } = 0
(V0cos0)2 + (V0 sin0 gt) sin0 = 0
V0 (sin20 + cos20) = gt sin0
Part-I-KM-PH-33
V0
.
gSin0
Illustration 25 :
A particle is projected at an angle 0 = 60 with horizontal. If after
seconds the angle between its velocity vector is reduced to half of its
initial value, find the speed of projection (g = 10 m/sec 2).
Solution:
Directly from the derived expression, t =
v 0 sin ( 0 )
; since is
g cos
reduced to half of 0, putting = 0/2, we obtain t =
v 0 sin ( 0 / 2)
g cos ( 0 / 2)
v0 = gt tan (0/2). Putting 0 = 60 and t = 3,

we obtain v0 = 10 m/sec.
Horizontal Projection from a given height
6.2
Referring to the Figure, let a particle be projected with a horizontal velocity V 0, which remains
constant along horizontal line due to the absence of any horizontal force. Due to earths
gravitation the particle acquires vertical velocity V y at any time t and at any position P(x,y).
Let the position vector of this point be r .

Vy = (Vy)0 + gt.
Since there is no vertical component of V0 initially, (Vy)0 = 0.
Vy = gt
and the vertical displacement is
y = (Vy)0t +
1 2
1 2
gt =
gt
2
2
Again, Vy2 = (Vy)02 + 2gy

Putting
(Vy)0 = 0
Vy =
2gy
Displacement
Now the horizontal displacement x = V0t and the vertical displacement y = 1/2 gt 2. Since
the position vector r x i yj , putting the values of x and y, we obtain,
1
r V0 t i ( gt 2 )j .
2
Part-I-KM-PH-34
Therefore,
gt 2
Again r V0 t i yj
gt
Vo t 1
2V0
putting t
2y
i yj
g
we obtain, r V0
(gt 2 / 2)
1
tan
(
V
t
)
0
& tan1
gt
2V
0
2y
g
2y
y 2
g
2
V0
2V02
y
tan 1
1 & tan 1
V 2y / g
gy
ry
( V0 t )2
gy
V0
Velocity
V = Vx i - Vy j
V V0 i gt j
Therefore
V02
( gt ) V0
V V0 i
Again
Therefore
V = V0 i Vy j
(V gt ) .
y
gt
V0
2gy j
gt
& tan 1
V0
( Vy
2gy ) .
V02 2gy
2gy
V0
& tan 1
Range
If y = H (height of the cliff or height of fall of the projectile), the corresponding horizontal
distance (Range R) can be found by putting the values of time of fall t =
2H
in the
g
equation x = V0t.
x R V0
2H
g
Putting x = R and t =
2H
etc.
g
We can find the average velocity and displacement of the particle during the motion when
projected horizontally from the top of a cliff of height H with a speed V0.
Equation of Trajectory
The locus of the path of the particle is given as
1 2
x
g x2
y
y = gt where t
It is a parabola.
2
V0
2V02
Illustration 26:
A ball is thrown from ground level so as to just clear a wall 4 metres

high at a distance of 4 metres and falls at a distance of 14 metres from
the wall. Find the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the ball.
Part-I-KM-PH-35
Solution :
Referring to figure, let P be a

point on the trajectory whose
u sin
coordinates are (4, 4). As the
ball strikes the ground at a
distance 14 metre from the
wall, the range is 4 + 14
= 18 metre.
The equation of trajectory is

1
x2
y = x tan g 2
2 u cos 2
gx
or y = x tan 1 2
2
2u cos . tan
or y = x tan 1
= x tan 1
v sin
u
v cos
h
u cos
2u sin cos / g
x
R
. . . (1)
Here x = 4, y = 4 and R = 18.

4 = 4 tan [1 4/18] = 4 tan (7/9)
or tan = 9/7, sin =
9
130
and cos =
7
130
Again R = (2u2 sin cos /g)

=
2
9
7
u2
9. 8
130
130
u2 = 182. u =
Exercise 23 :
(182)
m/s.
A particle is thrown over a triangle from one end of a horizontal base

and grazing the vertex falls on the other end of the base. If and be
the base angle and the angle of projection, prove that tan = tan +
tan .
6.3
Calculation of Radius of curvature at any point on the path of a projectile
Y
Let at any time t, the velocity vector V be
inlined at an angle with horizontal at a
point, say, P as shown in Figure
. Since
v
gravitational acceleration g is always

v0 P
y=x tan - gx (1+tan )/2v

acting
vertically
downwards,
the
vx
components of g perpendicular to the

a = g cos
velocity vector V can be treated as a

Effective circle
0
X
radial acceleration towards, the centre of a O
2
circular path of radius (let ) as shown in
v
, when ar = g cos
Figure; is known as radius of curvature v ar : ar r
of the parabola at P.
0
2
0
Part-I-KM-PH-36
V2
V2
is given as
where ar =
ar
V2
=
where ar = g cos
ar
V2
g cos
where v and can be found in terms of t as

v=
v 20 gt 2 2V0 gt sin 0
v 0 sin gt
v 0 cos 0
1
and = tan
or v and can be found in terms of y as

v=
V02 2gy
and = tan 1 v 0 2 sin 2 0 2gy v 0 cos .

Illustration 27:
Solution:
A boy is standing inside a train

moving with a constant velocity of
magnitude 10 m/sec. He throws a
ball vertically up with a speed 5
m/sec relative to the train. Find the
radius of curvature of the path of
the ball just at the time of
projection.
The ball continues to move horizontally with (vx)0 = 10 m/sec. It begins

to move up with (vy)0 = 5 m/sec. Therefore 0 is given as, 0 = tan-1
(v y0 )
(v x0 )
0 = tan-1 (5/10)
= tan-1 (1/2).
Now the required radius of curvature is given as
v2
=
g cos
putting v = v0 =
(v x ) (v y )
2
0
2
0
= 10 5 = 5 5 m/sec, g = 10 m/sec and

= tan-1 (1/2),
we obtain 14 m.
2
Exercise 24:
6.4
v0
x
0 g cos
0
Referring to the previous illustration, if the boy releases the ball from
rest, what will be the radius of curvature of the path at the instant of its
release?
Projectile on an inclined plane
Part-I-KM-PH-37
y
Let a particle be projected up with a speed
x
v0 at an angle to horizontal onto an
v0
P
inclined plane of inclination . Hence the
component of initial velocity (velocity of
projection) parallel and perpendicular to the
g g cos
g sin
plane are equal to v0 cos ( ) and v0 sin
( ) respectively. The component of g
O
along the plane is gsin and perpendicular
to the plane is gcos as shown in the
Figure.
Therefore, the particle decelerates at a rate of g sin as it moves from O to P. Suppose
that the particle hits P after a time T from the instant of projection. During this time the
particle moves up from O to P along the incline with a deceleration g sin and moves to
and fro perpendicular to the incline. Considering the motion along Y-axis, the
displacement y of the particle during time t (= T) perpendicular to the plane is zero.
Time
Using
y = v0 sin (-) t 1/2 (g cos) t2
and putting y = 0 when t = T we obtain,
2v 0 sin ( )
.
g cos
Range
Now considering the motion along X-axis:
x = v0 cos ( ) t 1/2 (gsin) t2
putting X = R for t = T and substituting the obtained value of T we write
2v 0 sin( )
2v 0 sin( )
1
R = v 0 cos( )
( g sin )
g cos
2
g cos
2v 02 sin( ) cos( ) sin sin( )
g cos
cos
R=
2v 02 sin( )
R=
g cos 2
cos( ) cos sin sin( )
2v 02 sin( ) cos( )
R=
g cos 2
2v 02 sin( ) cos
R=
g cos 2
v 02 sin( ) sin( )
R=
R
v 02
g cos
sin(2 ) sin
g cos 2
Maximum Range
Range R is maximum when sin(2 ) is maximum, that is equal to one:
Part-I-KM-PH-38
Rmax =
v 02 (1 sin )
R max
g cos 2
v 02 (1 sin )
.
g(1 sin ) (1 sin )
v 02
.
g(1 sin )
Similarly when the particle is projected down the plane the corresponding range is given as
v 02
R max
.
g(1 sin )
Finding the angle for maximum range when projected up and down the plane, for
1
1
1
= (/4 + /2), (/4 /2) it can be found that

=
.
Rmax Rmax
R
Where R = maximum range of the projectile on the horizontal plane for same speed of
projection.
Condition for retracing the path of a projectile on an inclined plane
Referring Figures and we see that when a particle strikes the inclined plane
perpendicularly or when it strikes the inclined plane at an angle (equal to the angle of
inclination of the plane) to the normal to the inclined plane. In first case, the particle
retraces its path just after the collision with the inclined plane and in the second case, the
particle moves vertically up and retraces its path from highest position Q. Consider the
Case 1
The motion perpendicular the plane (along Y-axis) y = (v0 Sin)T- g T2 = 0.

Putting y = 0
2v 0 sin
g cos
(1)
The motion parallel to the plane (x axis)

(vp ) x = -(v0)x + {-(gsin)}T
Since at P velocity v is P perpendicular to the plane, the component (v p)x of velocity
Vp(=V) parallel to the plane is zero.
(vp)x = 0 and (v0)x = v0cos
0 = (v0 cos) g sin T
T=
v 0 cos
g sin
(2)
Using equations (1) and (2), we obtain,
Part-I-KM-PH-39
2v 0 sin
v cos
0
g cos
g sin
2tan = cot
cot
cot
tan 1
2
2
cos
.
= + tan-1
2
= tan-1
Following the same procedure we can find the necessary condition for the second case
referring Figure.
1.
2.
3.
4.
as = tan-1 (3 cot),
we can find the times of flight of the particle for one complete cycle in both cases,
we can find the range and maximum height attained by the particle in both cases, and
we can find the velocity of striking of the particle in both cases.
Conditions for same range for a given speed of projection

(a) Horizontal Plane
When a particle is projected on horizontal plane with relating V 0(say) at any angle with
v 02
sin 2 .
horizontal. Then the range of the particle is given as R =
g
When range is maximum, sin 2 is maximum.
Because sin 2 max = 1 2 = /2 = /4 or 45o
Referring to Figure
We see that for a particular value of
range we have two angles of projection.
Let it be 1 and 2 with that it will satisfy
the relation
v 20
v 02
sin
2
sin 2 2
R=
1
g
g
v 20
sin 2
g
sin21 = sin (-22)
1+2 = /2
Hence the angles of projection are complementary.
If one is , the other becomes /2-
Relation between the parameters of two possible paths for constant range for
given speeds of projection
Times of flights for path (1), (2) and (3) are given as
2v 0 sin 1
2v sin 2
2v sin 45 o
,
T2 0
,
T 0
T1 =
g
g
g
Maximum Heights for Path (1), (2) and (3) are given as
2
v 0 sin 2 1
,
H1 =
2g
v 0 sin 2 2
H2
,
2g
v 0 sin 2 45 o
H
2g
Part-I-KM-PH-40
Ranges for (1), (2) and (3)

2
v sin 21
,
R1 = 0
g
v sin 2 2
R2 0
,
g
v sin(2 45 o )
R 0
.
g
Maximum possible time and height for any speed of projection are given as
2
2 V0
V0
Tmax =
, and Hmax =
g
2g
Remember that if 1 = than 2 = (90-).
Illustration 28 :
If R be the range of a projectile on horizontal plane and H 1, H2 be the

maximum heights for its two possible trajectories, find the relation
between the given parameters.
Solution:
Referring to the theory,

v 02 sin 2 0
v 02 sin 2 (90 0 )
H1 =
; H2 =
2g
2g
v 02 cos 2 0
H2 =
g
H1H2 =
Range R =
v 02 sin 2 0 . v 02 cos 2 0
4g 2
v 02 sin 2 0
g
(1)
(2)
From (1) and (2) we obtain
H1H2
= 1/16
R2
R=4
Exercise 25 :
H1H2 .
Referring to the previous illustration, if the maximum heights for two

possible paths are given as H 1 = 3 m and H2 = 9 m, find the
corresponding angles of projection.
(b) Inclined Plane

The expression for range is given as
R = v 02 sin (2 ) sin / g cos 2
For maximum range
sin (2-) = 1
2 - = /2
= /4 + /2
When projected down the plane
R = v02 [sin (2+) sin]/gcos2
and = /4 - /2.
For R to be same for two values of (let 1 and 2).
Part-I-KM-PH-41
sin (21 - ) = sin(22- ) or sin [ - (22 - )]

21- = - (22- )
1 + 2 =/2-.
That means if one angle is the other will be /2-(+)
1 (/4 +/2) = (/4 + /2) -2
Since (/4 + /2) is the angle of elevation 0 for greatest range, the direction of projection
for a given range is equally inclined to the direction of projection for the maximum range
for the same velocity of projection as shown in the Figure.
When = 0, the results will be reduced to that obtained for a horizontal plane.
This projection on an inclined plane also can be analysed by using the formula
x 2 y 2 by putting (y/x) =
v0 = [g( y x 2 y 2 )]; H int; put ( y / x ) tan & R
tan and R =
[g( y
x 2 y 2 )];
H int; put ( y / x ) tan & R
x2 y2
Illustration 29 :
A particle is projected up an inclined plane of inclination at an

elevation to the horizontal show that (a) tan = cot + 2 tan , if the
particle strikes the plane at right angles (b) tan = 2 tan , if the
particle strikes the plane horizontally.
Solution :
Let t be the time of flight

from O to A. Then
t=
u sin ( - )
A
u cos ( - )
2(u sin )
2u sin(
g
g cos
. . . (1)
Now we shall consider the motion of the particle along OA.

Here initial velocity = u cos ( - )
final velocity = 0
(The particle strikes the plane A at right angles
acceleration due to gravity = - g sin
0 = u cos ( - ) g sin t
or, t =
u cos(
g sin
From equation (i) & (ii)
. . . . (2)
2u sin(
u cos(
=
g sin
g cos
or, 2 tan ( - ) = cot

tan tan
= cot
or, 2
1 tan tan
or, 2 tan - 2tan = cot + tan
or, tan = cot + 2 tan
(b) When the particle strikes the plane horizontally

In this case, t =
2u sin(
g cos
Part-I-KM-PH-42
and 0 = u sin - gt
2u sin(
g cos
or, u sin = g
or, sin cos = 2 [ sin cos - cos sin ]

or, 2 cos sin = sin cos
Exercise 26 :
2 tan = tan .
A ball starts falling with zero initial velocity on a smooth inclined plane
forming an angle with the horizontal. Having fallen the distance h, the
ball rebounds elastically off the inclined plane. At what distance from
the impact point will the ball rebound for the second time ?
7.
Kinematics of Circular Motion
7.1
Uniform circular motion
Displacement (r )
When particle moves in a circular path describing an angle during time t as shown in
the Figure from the position 1 to the position 2, we see that the magnitude of the position
vector r (that is equal to the radius of the circle) remains constant r1 r2 r

and the direction of the position vector changes from time to time. The change of position
vector or the displacement S of the particle from position 1 to the position 2 is given by
referring the Figure 56. As
r r2 r1
r
r
r2 r1
r1 r2 2r1 r2 Cos
Putting r1 = r2 = r we obtain
r
r 2 r 2 2r. r Cos
2r 2 (1 Cos )
2r 2 2 Sin2
2
*Find the direction of the displacement vector S .
r S 2r Sin
Part-I-KM-PH-43
OA AB OB
r r2 r1
Average Velocity
2 V sin ( / 2)
Vav
t
t
Ratio of Distance and Displacement

The distanced covered by the particle during the time t is given as
d = length of the arc AB
d = r .
Therefore, the ratio of distance to the magnitude of displacement for any angular distance
is given as
d
r
d
Co sec( / 2)
S
2r Sin / 2
S 2
Angular and Linear Speed
If the particle moves with constant linear speed V the angular speed of the particle also
remains constant
Angular Speed =
Angular dis tan ce cov ered

Time elapsed
Since r = length of the Arc AB and linear speed = V
length of the arc AB

time t
V = r/t
V
r
Find the ratio of magnitude of average velocity ( r / t r / t ) to the
instantaneous velocity V .
Find the ratio of magnitude change in velocity V to instantaneous velocity V .
Eliminating t from the previous equation we obtain w
Change in Velocity
We want to know the magnitude and direction of the change in the velocity of the particle
as it moves from A (position 1) to B (position
2) during time t as shown in Figure. The
change in velocity vector is given as V V2 V1
V2 V1
Therefore V1 = V2 = V
V1 V2 2 V1 V2 Cos .
2 V 2 (1 Cos )
Part-I-KM-PH-44
gives the magnitude of V and the direction of V is shown in Figure that can be
180
90 / 2 .
given as
2
V 2V Sin
OA AB OB r r2 r1
Centripetal Acceleration
If tends to zero, 90o, that means, the direction of change of velocity vector
becomes perpendicular to the instantaneous tangential velocity vector V . In the other
words, we can say that, at any instant the change of velocity vector V of the particle
executing uniform circular motion is always directed radially. That means the acceleration
vector
of the particle is radially inwards. Therefore the particle is accelerating
towards the centre. Hence this type of acceleration of the particle in a circular path is
known as Centripetal
Acceleration. The magnitude of centripetal acceleration ar is given
V
2v sin ( / 2)
as ar =
when is very small during very small time interval
sin / 2 `
2
2v ( / 2) v
ar =
t
t
v
v2
Putting / t w
we obtain a r
w 2r .
r
r
Illustration 30 :
Find the magnitude of average acceleration of the tip of the second

hand during 10 seconds.
Solution:
Average acceleration has the magnitude

a = v/t, where v = 2v sin /2
Part-I-KM-PH-45
a =
2V sin / 2
t
Putting v = /300 m/sec (obtained earlier), t = 15 seconds and

= 60, we obtain
2( / 300 ) sin 30
a =
15
a =
m/sec2.
4500
Exercise 27 :
7.2
An astronaut is rotating in a rotor of radius 4 m. If he can withstand

upto acceleration of 10 g, then what is the maximum number of
permissible revolutions ? (g = 10 m/s2)
Non-uniform Circular Motion
(a) Constant Angular Acceleration (Uniform Angular Acceleration)

If the magnitude of velocity of the revolving
particle in a circular path changes uniformly, we
say that the particle is accelerating tangentially.
Let the tangential acceleration at any time be a t

, the corresponding instantaneous velocities
(as
shown in the Figure) at 1 and 2 are v 1 & v 2

respectively and the respective instantaneous
angular speeds at 1 and 2 be 1 and 2
respectively.
Since = v/r and v = 1/2 (v1 + v2)
the average angular velocity during time t can be given as
1 2
2
and the angular acceleration =

=
2 1
2 1 t
t
.
t
Putting 1 = 0, 2 = and t = t we obtain

0 t
Since the angular distance covered during time t is given as
1 2
t
= t
2
2
2
0
t, putting t 0 we obtain 0
2
Part-I-KM-PH-46
2 0 2 2
Putting = 0 + t we obtain
(0 t ) t
= 0
2
1
0 t t 2
2
Since
= v/r
V

r
( v / t )
when t 0
t
r
d 1 dv
d

putting
dt
r dt
dt
d
d
and
Since
dt
dt
d(d / dt )
d2

=
dt
dt 2
d
d d
d
Again
=
.
dt
d dt
d
dv
a t we obtain r a t .
and
dt
Exercise 28:
Referring to the previous illustration, find the (a) average angular speed
of the disc (b) total number of revolutions N of the disc before coming
to rest.
(b) Circular Motion in a Vertical Plane (Non-uniform Angular Acceleration)

If w and are not constant in magnitude, that means = f (t) or = f() we write the
kinematical equations as

w
0 dt ,
Exercise 29 :
7.3
0 dt 0
2 0 2
d .
Referring to the previous illustration, if, initially the stone is hanging

from the string at its lowest position and it is pushed horizontally with
v = 2 m/sec., find the linear velocity of the stone when the string will be
horizontal.
Circular Motion-an alternative treatment
A particle P moves in a circle of radius r (constant). We calculate the direction and

magnitude of the velocity as well as the acceleration of the particle.
Part-I-KM-PH-47
Let the position of particle relative to a cartesian

coordinates system with its origin at the centre of the
circle (the path of the particle) be given by P P (x, y)
Also, let POX be represented by . Since the particle
moves in
a circle of fixed radius r,
| OP | = r = constant
or, x 2 y 2 = r
or, x2 + y2 = r2
. . . (1)
which is the equation of the path.
Further, x = r cos
y = r sin , where is the angle (POX)
. . . (2)
Y
P(x, y)
Thus, the only other quantity that can vary is . Thus, = (t), a function of time.
The position vector,
r x i yj = (rcos ) i (r sin )j
. . . (3)
dr
d
v
(r cos i + r sin j )
The velocity,
dt
dt
d
d
cos .j
= r (-sin . i.
)
dt
dt
d
(-sin i cos j )
= r
dt
= r (-sin i + cos j )
. . . (4)
d
Where =
, represents the angular velocity.
dt
The velocity is, in magnitude,
v = | v | = r (sin2 cos2 ) = r,
d
Where
=
.
dt
dv
The acceleration, a
dt
=
d
{r( sin i cos j )
dt
=r
. . . (5)
d
d
( sin i cos j ) r( cos i sin j )
dt
dt
d
( sin i cos j ) r2 (cos i sin j )
dt
d
- r2 r
=r
. . . . (6)
dt
where we have defined two new vectors
=r
sin i cos j
r cos i sin j
( since =
d
)
dt
. . . . (7)
Both having magnitude unity
Part-I-KM-PH-48
is perpendicular to
The vector r is in the same direction as OP ( r ) while the vector
is in the tangential direction and directed towards the

r or ( OP ) while the vector
sense of increasing . (see figure).

dv
=r

The velocity, v = t
dt
= r
d d
-
dt
dt 2
and the acceleration, a = r
d
- 2 r r
dt
rr
. . . (8)
The velocity v is tangential (as it should be ) while the acceleration has both a normal
(centripetal) component 2r and a tangential component r.
Exercise 30 :
Find the total acceleration of a particle moving in a circular track of

radius 2 m, with a constant angular acceleration of 1 rad/sec 2 at time t =
2 seconds from the starting.
Part-I-KM-PH-49
8.
Solution to the Exercises
1.
Image of P will be formed at P such that

distance of P from plane mirror
= distance of P from the plane mirror.
r x i y j = 2. 5 i 2 j
2.
r1 = ( 2.5 i +2 j ) m
r2 = (2.5 i +2 j +2 k ) m
Displacement r r2 r1 = = 2 k m
3.

Displacement = | r2 r1 | 0 , (| r2 | | r1 | 0 )
Distance = | AB | | BA | 20m.
4.
5.
(a) Velocities are mutually opposite in direction; + ve means along +ve X-axis and
ve means along x axis.
(b) Distance covered = d = AB + BC + CD + DE + EF
1 1 1 1
= 2 3m
4 4 4 4
Displacement = 2m
1
vav =
T
v( t )dt
0
1
=
2 /
1
=
2 /
6.
2 /
sin tdt
v 0 sin tdt
v 0 sin tdt ; (sin = negative for = to 2)
2 /
Let the man catch the bus at a further distance x from the initial position of the bus
after a time t.
9 + x = ut
. . . . (1)
Where u is the uniform speed of the man.
For the bus : distance travelled = x
1
x=
(2) t2 = t2
. . . (2)
2
From (1) and (2)
9 + t2 = ut
t2 ut + 9 = 0
As the man was just able to get in, that implies there is only a single meeting
between the bus and the man.
Part-I-KM-PH-50
For real t
u2 4 9 = 0
u = 6 m/s
7.
The area of V/t graph gives the displacement. Since the car moves in one
direction, its total distance covered will be numerically
equal to its displacement.
v
S = 100 m (given)
1
A
(OB ) ( AB )
s
2
v0
1
2
1
(BC) ( AB )
2
S2
1
S1
(
OB
BC
)
(
AB
)
=
2
B
C
1
(OC) ( AB)
2
1
= ( t1 t 2 ) V0 , where V0 = maximum
2
speed of the car
t1
t2
(t1 +t2) = T = 20 sec and s = 100 m

1
100 (20 ) V0 V0 10 m / sec .
2
8.
(a) a = 5- v0 = 5 3.75 = 1.25 m/sec2

(b) v = v0 + at = 3.75 + (1.25)(3) = 7.5 m/sec.
(c) s = v0t + at2 = (3.75)(3) + (1.25) (3)2 m
(d) s = v0 +
9.
a
1.25
(2t 1) (3.75 )
[( 2)(3 ) 1] m
2
2
(a) v0 = v + t/2
v = v0 t/2
(b) v =
v = v0 +
t2
v0 t
dx
dt
t
x=
vdt
put the obtained expression of v.
10.
(a) 4.8 = -v0t + gt2

putting t = 2 sec. we obtain
2v0 = 20 4.8 = 15.2 m/sec.
v0 = 7.6 m/sec.
Part-I-KM-PH-51
(b) D = 4.8 + 2
(c) & (d) U
_
2
v0
v2
= 4.8 + 0
2g
g
where v0 = 7.6 m/sec.
D
, put the values of d and t = 2 sec.
t
s
put s = 4.8 and t = 2 sec. to obtained v 2.4m / sec .
t
11.
According to given problem, second body falls for 2s, so that,

1
h2 =
g (2)2
2
while 1st has fallen for 2 + 1 = 3 sec.
1
h1 =
g (3)2
2
Separation between two bodies 2s. after the release of 2nd body
1
d = h1 h2 =
g(32 22) = 4.9 5 = 24.5 m.
2
12.
y = v1t + (1/2)gt2 = 10 2 + (1/2) (10) (22) = 0 at the top of the cliff
13.
(a) s1 = (1/2)gt2 = (1/2) (10) (32) = 45 m from the top

(b) v1 = gt1 = 10 3 = 30 m/sec.
v2 = 10 10 (3 2) = 0
14.
vb = 5 m/s
vB
5 m/s
O
10 m/s
vr
= 10 m/s
A
To obtain the relative velocity of rain w.r.t. boy, a velocity triangle is formed
between v B and v r as shown.
Let be the angle made by the resultant with the horizontal.
10
tan =
=2
= tan-1(2)
5
15.
Case I v m 7i , v v x i v y j
v m v v m ( v x 7)i v y j
Part-I-KM-PH-52
Case II :
v m 3i , v v x i v y j
v m ( v x 3)i v y j
Since
the wind appears to blow from north
v
m must have no x component

vx + 3 = 0
vx = = -3 km/hr & vy = 4 km/hr

wind speed = 5km / hr, and it is blowing 530 north of east.
16.
vw
1
v mw 2
vmw = 2vw = 2(3) = 6 km/hr
d
v mw cos
500
200 2 400
sec .
=
=
3
3
2.5 1 1 / 4
17.
t=
18.
(a) AC =
AB 2 BC2
where AB = km and BC =
put vm = 4 km/hr, vmw =
AB
(b) BC = v v w
mw
AB
.v w
v mw
2
vm
v 2w 82 42
48 km/hr
( AB )( v w )
2
vm
v 2w
put AB = (1/ 2) km, vw = 4 km/hr, vm = 8 km/hr

d
v mw cos
1/ 2
1
2
1
hr.
t=
0
10
3 5 3
5 cos 30
19.
Time of swimming = t =
20.
x = (v0cos 0)t
= (v0 cos 300 )
=
v0
g
3 v 02
3
10 10 5 3 m
2g
2 10
y = (v0 sin )t = (1/2) gt2

= (v0sin 300) (v0 /g) (1/2)g (v0/g)2
Part-I-KM-PH-53
v 02 v 02
0 r x i yj
2g 2g
r 5 3 i .
21.
(a) h =
( v 0 sin 0 )2
( 8 )2
= 3.2 m
2g
2 10
1 gx 2
(1 tan2 )
2 v2
Where v0 cos = 6 & sin 0 = 8
tan 0 = 8/6 = 4/3
(b) y = x tan -
y = (4/3)x -
22.
2v 0 sin 0
v 02 sin2 8
g
2g
g
(T)2 =
T2 =
8H
g
8H
2
g
T=
23.
9x2
.
500
2H
g
put H = 7.2 m.
The situation is shown in the figure.

Y
P(x, y)
B (R-x)A
)
From figure,
tan + tan =
y
y
x (R x )
where R is the range.

y(R x ) xy
tan + tan =
(R x )
or tan + tan =
y
R
x (R x )
. . . (1)
we know
y
R
or tan =
x (R x )
y = x tan 1
. .. . (2)
Part-I-KM-PH-54
from equation (1) and (2), we have

tan = tan + tan .
24.
The radius of curvature =
v2
g cos 0
0 = angle between v & horizontal = 0 when the ball is released, it starts moving
horizontally with a speed v = speed of the train = 10 m/sec.
v2
(10)2
=
g cos 0 g cos 0
0 = angle between V & horizontal = 0
when the ball is released, it starts moving horizontally with a speed of the
train = 10 m/sec.
=
25.
v2
10m .
g cos 0
H1/H2 =
v 02 sin2 v 02 sin2 (90 )
tan2
2g
2g
= tan1
26.
3
1 1
300 .
tan
9
3
On impact at point P, the velocity of the

ball = v = 2gh . Since the ball rebounds
elastically, it gets deflected with the same
velocity at an angle
.
From the
geometry, = . The distance of the
point P where it makes second impact is
then its range with acceleration g sin .
The motion along the direction normal to
the plane is with velocity v cos and
acceleration g cos . Hence the time of
flight T is given by
2v
1
0 = v cos T g cos T2 or T =
g
2
1
Now = v sin T +
g sin T2
2
= v sin
=
27.
H1
tan1
H2
2v
2v
1
g sin
g
2
g
P
P
4 v 2 sin
4 sin
. 2 gh = 8 h sin .
g
g
In case of uniform circular motion

v2
= r2
ar =
r
ar = (2f)2 r
[ as v = r]
[ as = 2f]
Part-I-KM-PH-55
1 ar
2 r
Here, ar < 10 g, so
f=
f<
5
10 10
i.e. fmax =
rev/sec.
2
4
1
2
w 0 w 10 0
5rad / sec .
2
2
2
2
(b) = 0
2N = 0
2
2
2
2
(10)
25
0
N=
N=
.
(
4
)(
1
)
28.
(a) w
29.
v = l =
2g
sin l
= 2gl sin
putting = /2 rad for lowest portion .
we obtain v = 2gl 2 10 1 4.5 m/sec.
30.
The total acceleration is given as

a = a2t ar2
= (r ) 2 (r2 2 ) 2
=
r 2 2 r 24
r 2 2 r 2 ( t )4
= r 1 2 t 4
= (2) (1)
2
= 2 17 m/sec .
1 (1)(2)2

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Part-I-KM-PH-1

IIT- JEE Syllabus

Displacement, velocity, acceleration, kinematics in one and two dimensions,

Rest and motion

Position & frames of reference

Similarly for a particle moving in space, three

In vector notation, the position vector OP r in the

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described by its position vector OP , also

Where i , j are unit vectors along x, y respectively. . . . (1)

coordinates (r, ) in the polar coordinate system. The position vector OP , is

A point P having coordinates (x, y, z) in this

A particle is kept at the point of

In the above illustration, a plane mirror is placed along x z plane. Find

Bhatnagar IIT-JEE/PMT Academy. C-5, Rama Park,Uttamnagar, New Delhi

Suppose that the position vector of B =

displacement vector r along x, y and z directions.

In the above problem, if the ball

In the above illustration, if the ball moves through 2m from P to point Q

Bhatnagar IIT-JEE/PMT Academy. C-5, Rama Park,Uttamnagar, New Delhi

A car moves from A to B on a straight road and returns from B to the

Let A be the origin and C be the mid-point of A B.

s (rC )i ( AC)i ( AB BC)i

The distance covered =

Referring to previous illustration, what are the magnitudes of the

(a) Average Speed

(b) Instantaneous Speed

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v at time t (or instantaneous velocity)

Here v at the time t = 2 sec is represented by

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(a) Average Velocity

As the displacement of a particle changes with time, the ratio of change s of

(b) Instantaneous Velocity

A particle moves in a straight line obeying the relation x = t (t-1) where

Referring to the previous illustration,

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(a) Average Acceleration

particle over the time interval t. av

Average speed and Velocity

Net displaceme nt vector

Bhatnagar IIT-JEE/PMT Academy. C-5, Rama Park,Uttamnagar, New Delhi

Find the average speed of a particle whose velocity is given by

Here, v and a are the functions of t.

A passenger is standing d m away from a bus. The bus begins to move

Bhatnagar IIT-JEE/PMT Academy. C-5, Rama Park,Uttamnagar, New Delhi

So the passenger will catch the bus if t is real, i.e.

A man standing 9m behind a bus starts running uniformly to catch the

A float is overcome by a motor boat going downstream at a point A. T

Let u = speed of stream,

A car accelerates from rest with = 2 m/sec2 in a straight track, then it

Bhatnagar IIT-JEE/PMT Academy. C-5, Rama Park,Uttamnagar, New Delhi

distance of 100 m. Using a graphical method, find the maximum speed

Uniformly accelerated motion

s(tth sec) = v 0 + (2t 1) a

A particle moves in a straight line with constant acceleration. If it covers

Let the initial speed be V0 and the acceleration be a

Referring to the previous illustration,

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Non-uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line

The acceleration of a particle moving rectilinearly varies with the

At t = t0, it stops; Putting v = 0, we obtain t 0 2 v 0