2/1

Culture, Power, and Human Rights: Changing Modern World

begin to have questions on human rights - laws
earliest laws: ten commandments, moral tenets of buddhism, leviticus, code of hammurabi,
sharia law, etc
why? so theres order, protection, reciprocity, ethics, peace (?) but war is still there. all of these
are things we think of in context in basic human rights
laws were formed bc of question of civilization - ppl were living together - need to have codes of
conduct
but not everyone is a citizen - need property - women were property. slaves = property. even if
you were free, if you didnt have movable property you might move in and out of slavery, sell
urself into slavery to pay off debts. slaves also taken in times of war
laws were different for elites than not elites
how do we treat one another? is there a difference in status?
the educated, elites wrote the laws - protect themselves
have a highly skilled, educated group of people writing the laws - they are still sometimes valid
today - written a long time ago by a v small group of people
also had leisurely time to write laws
written long time ago, become a basis, shared across time and place
move - physically - people move, evangelize
these come into udhr - even w/ contemporary context - interpret diff - even tho some dont want
to
religion is important - offers basic concepts
religious laws: early aspects of modern human rights in religion
progressive justice - hammurabis code
hinduism and buddhism - defense of ecosystems and environment
confucianism - mass education
christianity and islam - human solidarity
greeks and romans - rational thought
questions of tolerance and economic justice
science and religion
early enlightenment:
really a global phenomenon - not just western/euro
catholic influence
jesuits - early scientists, botany, biology
rational thought
muslim - spreading thru silk road - spoke arabic
great debates: who has a soul? (aka who is human)
juan gins de sepulveda y bartolom de las casas - council of indies in spain - debate whether
native americans have souls
debates: also about africans, asians, etc. about their humanity
printing and literature:
johannes gutenberg
early printing in much of asia - have paper, writing utensils - comes across silk road

printing press - more accessible, more circulate ideas

scientific revolution 1400-1700
increased literacy, sharing of ideas
asking diff questions
approach, experimentation, observation (aka scientific method)
galileo galilei
scientific world in southern europe
inertia and motion
shift from south to north
copernicus & galileo - shows spread of ideas - important bc galileo had patronage - gets in
trouble, silenced. he had influence. part of early scientific communities that were funded by
elites.
scientific community in mediterranean is also silenced, afraid bc of what happened to galileo begin to move to other places - north
isaac newton (1642-1727)
shift of scientific thinking to north
establishment of scientific communities - england, germany, france
islam, culture, and science
interest in europe and world
tulips in fashion
science - sharing ideas, movement
taqi al-din muhammad ibn ma ruf al-Shami al Asadi (1526-85) was a renowned turkish
polymath, a scientist, astronomy, engineer, inventor
early aviator: hezarfen ahmed celebi
muslims also studying flight, other scientific concepts, sharing ideas
ideas moving through time and place
exchange of science and ideas: books and printing
printing
laws
art architecture
botany
biology
all these things being circulated - greater exposure to ideas
how was rational thought applied to politics?
1. what is rational thought?
2. how was the scientific method applied to politics and society?
who were the thinkers?
thomas hobbes 1599-1679
1642 - on citizenship
1651 - leviathan, or the matter, form, and power of a commonwealth ecclesiastical and civil
concept of a social contract - people exchange certain freedoms for organization
john locke
essay concerning human understanding
tabula rasa - blank slate - born w/o good or bad nature - early nature/nurture

father of empiricism
life, liberty, and property
francois-marie arouet - voltaire
a satirist, used humor and wit to demand civil liberties
freedom of religion
right to fair trial
criticized the church
questions of freedom and law, questions about torture of criminals
coming out of religious wars - criticize religion
Rousseau: Social Contract (1762)
slavery right of slavery is invalid, illegitimate, absurd, and meaningless
war - origin of slavery - also unjust, more affects people rather than elites
freedom/liberty
social contract
citizens should act collectively to define their own laws
public/private person, general/specific good
equality - all pledge under same conditions, should all have same rights - bc they enter the
social contract
women are not equal in his views - not a feminist - still see women as property
utilitarianism, overall good - basic components of human rights
Thursday: history of human rights, academic articles,
2/4 questions:
has the UDHR actually had a concrete structural impact in protecting peoples rights in countries
where they are often violated - has it changed laws, protected people, etc? how can we shift
from rhetoric to actual results?
why do people oppose attempts to define and protect human rights universally - if these laws
would help them?
what are some of the culturally specific values that do not fit into the universal umbrella of
human rights - if cultures view these things differently,would this leave room for some kind of
pardon for human rights violations in these areas?
has there been any change in the historiography of human rights since these articles have been
written?
how has the historiography changed over time
2/4
reading, writing, and thinking like a historian
how does a historian read a book: argument, thesis - is there one, what is it? five areas of
historical thinking - is it demonstrated in the argument? argument - first paragraph in short
paper.

read for the argument in the texts. should be at the beginning. how is the argument developed?
what is the evidence?
who is it published by - academic scholarly press? why would u care if its scholarly? accuracy,
has been reviewed by other experts - peer review. does it add to the body of knowledge?
take notes - need citations - evidence
5cs: change over time, continuity, complexity, causation, contingency
historical consciousness: facts, sequence (periodization - era, order), complexity (not everything
is simple as it appears), interpretation
historical knowledge vs historical thinking
complexity in history
how do historians consider complexity? what about causation?
why is this happening, how can we change social structures around them?
historical writing
how does the historian use facts? citations
what is sequence and how do historians use it?
move beyond time and place, scope, scale, concepts, themes
who what when where why
how to improve: practice, know how to develop an argument, study the craft, write and write
often, peer review
de baets tweet: historians rights are protected under the UDHR even if you didnt realize it
#blessup
cmiel tweet:
2/8
enlightenment: key areas of human rights debates
right to religion/free expression/opinion
right to property
right to life (right to trial, representation, habeas corpus, also torture/execution)
(sometimes) civil and political rights - who is a citizen - not everyone considered
one
just war
big debates: torture and execution (death penalty)
religion: also aspects of freedom from religion - it is a necessity or not
should religion inform sense of citizenship
english revolution: questions about religion, power - ideas influence other parts of world
how did these ideas begin to circulate?
initially: coming from english revolution in north (newton, scientific rev) - thru publications - start
in north into south, france, spain, come into americas across on ships
in US 13 colonies - fairly literate population - compared to those in places like England at same
time, higher
literate, in positions of power, reading new ideas circulating
americans did travel in Europe as well - write about what they observe (Jefferson, Franklin)
moving around hierarchy in europe in what is known as salons or tertulias
salons - run by a woman of elite status (particularly in Paris), maybe even nobility

in these salons, men and a few women would gather and talk about these ideas
also happening in latin america, where theyre known as tertulia
reading works of the enlightenment, which often challenged traditional power structures,
questions powers of kings, use of torture (inquisition - controlling native population)
these also have to be literate people - books at this time very expensive
how did the common person get exposed to these ideas?
journalists play a pivotal role
voltaire, diderot, etc write small brief pieces like essays and pamphlets for a broader audience
printing press - obviously - original books were beautiful, heavy paper - but it evolves over time
in places such as the americas - ideas like Rousseau - being brought into mexico, venezuela,
french colonies (santo domingo, etc) - priests and nuns were trafficking in those books
were being smuggled in - because no one would inspect belongings of a priest or nun
would translate the books, initially published in excerpts if it was long on a very inexpensive type
of paper that could be easily circulated
work in collab w journalists, could take ideas, condense, and publish in newspapers
for a person who was illiterate - public readings
newspaper boys in nyc, boston, mexico city - not literate, would be told what to yell about what
was in the paper - sensational things, but maybe revolutionary radical ideas
fr hidalgo - influenced by enlightenment, questioned all aspects of religion, when native people
dont have souls, questions veracity of things like virgin birth, priests celibacy - had a partner,
children, translated books, kept being demoted and moved around
as punishment, sent to v rural town - organizes essentially a commune to create self-sufficiency,
and introduces them to the enlightenment instead of church approved homily
questions of property - why?
slavery
property owners have right to vote - have land, moveable property - money, anything that can
be bought and sold
dec of independence, bill of rights - who is a citizen partially based on property
is citizenship now based on property? no
see: applications for mississippi and georgia on registration
questions almost impossible to answer^
questions of how violence is taken care of, how crimes are punished
torture begins to be debated
guillotine - invented as humane way to kill someone, but became a torture device
if a person committed a crime, the family would not be held responsible for the crime - if the one
who committed the crime is a minor? not legally responsible but sometimes shamed in media
if crime had been committed over 500 years ago, though - parents held responsible, faced dire
legal and social consequences
these things are being changed at this time - influences our current legal system
question about torture and death penalty
still debated today
why did it evolve - eye for an eye, to these enlightenment era changes
legal system changes to presumption of innocence (til proven guilty)
in the past, been defined on basis of class, ethnicity, immigration status

realize torture maybe isnt the best way of getting information? info gotten under torture or
duress ethically wrong and also inaccurate
what does it mean for state to allow torture
question of just war - follow geneva conventions
look at these writers, philosophers to understand what is behind UN documents - see language
in contemporary human rights docs, need to understand as many as possible, early laws thoughts behind them
THURSDAY: 1000 word essay
WEDNESDAY: online assignment
2/11
international criminal court - emerges from atlantic slave trade
areas of the enlightenment that people were talking about - huge impact on french and
american revolution
in US people had higher literacy levels than in England - trickling downward - esp in NE colonies
highly literate/educated people, traveling around the world, mostly to Europe
with these ideas - have wealth - most of it coming land - concerned about whats happening in
europe , amount of wars
tremendous amt of org - based on social contract,rights
organize to challenge the govt - rebellions, not esay, internal structures v difficult (slavery)
tremendously concerned about what will happen w questions of property
ppl who are opposed to this who are americans - collaborating w british to undermine these
changes
build on french ideals, in constitution
protect individual liberties, reign in pwr of govt, recognize that sometimes fed govt may need to
be more powerful in certain areas over state govt
begins to alter aspect of US
dec of independence - similar to other declarations of independence/war - engaging w similar
rhetoric, engage/exchange of ideas
revolution is successful but its also not easy - many rebellions - as it becomes more
successful/powerful - this v language will be turned back on them
not talking about indigenous populations, slaves, propertyless, women, foreigners
french revolution begins shortly after, in 1780s, historians agree that the french revolution is the
shot heard round the world
looking at body of lit in historical canon - topics/themes most written about - french revolution,
american civil war
biggest archives - largest in france, 2nd biggest is library of congress, 3 american national
archives, 4th biggest - nypl
french revolution - what is it that inspired this? part is french rev changed everything bc it is
where these ideas were really first coming from
language of diplomacy and business, culture was french - by 16-1800s. if you were elite, you
learned french
most intellectuals around the world didnt learn english

series of wars w british, series of famines in france in 1700s, financial dips - v early modern
economy, but its changing, cant build economy when fighting multiple wars - but govts havent
learned that (still)
king needs more money, spending like a lunatic on things like silk, feathers, accoutrements of
wealth that europeans wanted - had to call the third estate - meeting of people - all
representation - commoners
commoners not all tied to land at this point - merchants, writers, journalists, arts, architects, not
comprised of those who work on farms all the time - growing intellectual class/middling sort,
econ mobile
1st estate nobility 2nd clergy
still famines, food riots
storming of bastille on jul 14 1789 marks beginning
estate general - 1st 2nd 3rd estate - nobility cant control it bc of enlightenment ideas
3rd estate demands greater representation and they gain it, pass more radical laws, have ppl
first and 2nd estate who join w 3rd estate
join in creating french declaration of the rights of man and citizen (1789)
more radical - who is a citizen? everyone whos born has natural rights - women gained rights
(taken away by napoleon) - usually gain during time of upheaval, lose them in time of peace~
slavery - had been illegal but not so in their colonies.
creates huge upheaval - people v opposed - if everyone is equal hurts nobility, tax policies mean
that taxes collected among masses who could pay, pay in proportion to their means - something
like 70-75% of their income - nobility and clergy did not pay taxes previously. nobility gained
money off taxes of their land, proceeds of labor of others, taxes from merchants - never worked
- so now would have to work for a living? livelihood completely changes - they flee and work to
overthrow the revolution
lose control, civil war, killing eo - napoleon is able to declare himself as well as with other
generals in a military coup - are french citizens
if u are a french citizen and things are chaotic - if govt ineffective - right to rebel
napoleon embraces this right - embrace enlightenment ideas to gain power - see themselves in
position
napoleon eventually in power, emperor, roll back many things
freedom of religion will remain in france, recognize laws are important n have to have legal
structures in place - some from dec of rights of man bring into napoleonic code - equality (not for
all) etc.
epitomizes some aspects of this dec but he will be in power for along time - napoleonic code elite code of laws that will influence rules around world - part based on declaration
napoleonic code - still exist in louisiana - parishes not counties, structure of education until
recently
former french colonies, canada, also - certain things embodied there - language used to go
against colonial powers
laws based on combo of US and Napoleonic code in many countries
aspects of napoleons movement - ideas circulating - brings ideas with him
pioneers military strategy - likes aspects of cultural life, brings things he stole back to france,
also ideas about french rule to other parts of world - conquers a lot of territory

most of europe, n africa, under napoleonic rule, funds things on questions of language of culture
- institutes on egyptology
ultimately defeated @ waterloo but he begins to have exchange of ideas and info that is v
important
resistance that they encounter from napoleon is brutal, so they are brutal in return
for colonies in st dominique - bc of what is happening in france, us, exchange of ideas still
continuing - revolution in st dominique - 2nd revolution of independence in america, 1st in latin
america - tremendous implications - elites in places such as mexico, ban travel and look for
materials smuggled from there
when simon bolivar was forced out of country, spent exile in st dominique, received support from
haitian leadership
coming via not just traveling to US
slave society about 1/2 million ppl in st dominique - about 40,000 whites, about 30-40k free
people of color, mixed race, served as a buffer between elite whites and slaves
for napoleon - interested in st dominique - sugar production fed economy of france, also tropical
woods (deforestation) it was the gem of the empire bc of sugar production
sugar not indigenous to caribbean (se asia) brought by dutch but french pioneer it
during french rev - white leaders would campaign for self govt. at same time have free people of
color, sometimes trained/educated in france, literate, demanding rights - all w/in dec
slaves also demand independence on this basis
ongoing rebellions, slave/indigenous
hundreds of rebellions a year in the americas
1793 - french natl convention abolished slavery - meant huge changes w/in st dominique
massive uprising - circulation of ideas - how did slaves know that this would happen in france?
people moving back in forth, bringing/smuggling materials, talking to each other
massive, violent uprising. scorched earth policies - have access to ports. but if war in france,
cant send supplies - small islands. decade long civil war.
ultimately successful.
napoleon 1802 try to reassert his authority. british sent men and they died (battle, disease).
next week - rights of women
2/18
UN visit - need to be there at 9:45. need committment that you can go, $5, may bring a friend
need name. briefing session starts at 12. WEDNESDAY MARCH 16. email dr carey and
ballaf@stjohns.edu. need to dress appropriately. need ID.
Human rights for whom?
were enlightenment thinkers talking about all people?
in part philosophical, but not thinking about human rights of all people
continues - ongoing questions about who is entitled to certain human rights
slavery, continuation, and abolition
greatest debate bc of atlantic slave trade
earliest human rights activists come out of abolition movement
also great leaders come out of question of slavery

arguing about how people treat one another, dignity, rights, see earliest trials about crimes
against humanity
slave trade - initially trades not about human cargo - looking for spices, gold, etc.
portuguese marry into trading families
as exploration continues, spanish portuguese in a race w each other, looking for new routes,
spanish columbus est hold in americas
columbus not only looking for exploration but also route to india, to be able to establish a colony
will also bring some things with him
ex: grass, trees, everything looks diff, not indigenous. bring animals, seeds, diseases.
had been trading diseases in asia, africa, europe for many years - build up a resistance here.
did not intentionally bring disease across as form of biological warfare, would not bring someone
over w active case of smallpox - potential you would not survive.
annihilation of indigenous population.
haiti, cuba, further down to south america
hernan cortes - port of veracruz - have slaves with them. entered mexico - didnt have
permission, chased out, but on the next ship that comes after him months later there was an
active case of smallpox. as they gain power there will move further south
questions of conquest - european conquest - but there are african slaves w the europeans.
also discover things like silver, rich agriculture, as indigenous pop is dying.
largest no of slaves actually brought to brazil
other countries actually about equal to their population, caribbean, south america
great debates: abolition, bartolome de las casas natives having a soul
these debates happening as they are dying of disease
questions about souls of african slaves emerge, but not at the level of which was happening w
natives de las casas
spanish do learn biological warfare - learn at siege of aztec city - as they lay siege - smallpox
has invaded - are catapulting diseased bodies out of the city and spanish throw them back in recognition of disease etc
slave trade emerges during parts of americas to replace cataclysmic decline of indigenous
population. sometimes resist form communities up and down coast of americas, ongoing
rebellions against power.
banning slave trade:
denmark 1803
great britain 1807
US 1808
France 1814
this does NOT end slavery - just trade
slaves could now be born into slavery, more breeding of slaves, still trade internally
slave trade still happened illegally just couldnt bring from africa - but caribbean slaves brought
to states, south america - internal markets within the hemisphere continues
sailors - bad rep also - a lot of vagrants and criminals serving time - why these explorers never
gain high level of nobility
england try to get better class of people serving on the ships so we can police the pirates,
illegal, etc. trained them

banning of slave trade in early 1800s

court cases:
more info the slave trade and origin of human rights laws jenny martinez
crimes against humanity: sierra leone, cuba, brazil - slaves were using the court system to
challenge their masters - these were usually urban slaves (not rly plantation slaves etc, in brazil
plantations would have direct line to city locations - their slaves would work externally as well as
in the house, external worker gets a small portion of money earned). cases brought before
courts in which slave who was working w/in system was bringing the master to court
initially urban slaves wanting to buy their freedom. might be granted, then wants to buy wife challenged, master says no, brought to court
minimal amount of independence - in urban area could forge alliances w other slaves, form
brotherhoods/fraternal organizations, able to begin to sue and question the plantation system.
mixed commissions - international law
begin to get first international human rights laws (cuba) bc starting to move across borders
didnt want this kind of info circulating - began to control it
abolition
abolition of slavery
1819: all black canadians declared free
1820 mexico abolishes slavery
1820 compromise of 1820 us prohibits slavery north of 36, 30
1821 gran colombia
1865 US
1871 brazil law of free womb
1877 egypt
1886 cuba
1894 korea
slavery existed in european colonies after abolished. slavery abolished in morocco, iraq,
afghanistan, nepal and iran in 1920s
abolished in saudi arabia and yemen in 1962
slavery abolished but there are ways it would continue
indentured servitude, sharecropping/debted labor, bonded labor - from india, pakistan, china
and philippines, prison labor without compensation
increase of vagrancy laws in 1800s - not doing anything forced into work
in certain parts of americas, extralegal means indigenous community which is independent and
free must labor for the former owner of that community for a certain number of days in violation
of an agreement - continue into 1970s in places like guatemala
jim crow laws - lack of political and land rights
in many cultures land is not privately owned - native americans should be given land but many
tribes were migratory - do not recognize authority of government, move between borders of
countries
slavery in a modern context - what does this mean?
poverty lack of opportunity - sometimes do sell children, mostly think children are going to get a
job but actually are being kidnapped forced into slavery. farmers in mexico forced into cartels to
grow drugs, v difficult to break out. cant give days off bc then theyll run away. someone create

slave society in brazil that he could control. major companies using slave labor, forcing people
to work for v little pay. sex trafficking as well as labor trafficking - forced to sell imitation bags
across the world.
why are these people being trafficked? for ex: ppl trafficked to sell bags - all selling same bags,
from same part of world. bags being made by v poorly compensated labor in third world country.
indentured servant structure. commodity chain. human rights question within commodity chain?
if slavery was abolished; how did it continue in much of the world?
historically thinking about atlantic slave trade - think of what is coming from one country and
going to another - people part of commodity chain - historically things they were making
(tobacco, coffee, sugar, cotton) were luxury items. can question diff levels of slavery. if we look
at modern commodity chain come to some of same conclusions.
why and how are people still enslaved?
between 14500 and 17500 human beings trafficked into the US annually
not just about sex work - a lot of things going on with labor/commodity chains - sweatshops,
underground labor, housework, selling goods, illegal sometimes, someone physically taken and
forced into labor, basically being sold
women
ongoing questions of women and their role
mary wollstonecraft, a vindication for the rights of woman
olymphe de gouges, the declaration of the rights of man
women also essentially property
look historically to great major movements - women played key roles, have their voices and
ideas
women question and their status is ongoing
wollstonecraft and de gouges - diff for arguing for education
not first to say this - elite men would educate their daughters, thought it was important
wollstonecraft is connecting to these questions - women advocating for education of women serve purposes - not just to be educated for womanly skills for elite women learn: fine arts - singing, certain instruments, sewing/embroidery/lace making,
painting - would not really learn how to cook. certain warrior societies might learn things like
hunting/use of bows. cooking was scullery work for women of poor classes - would learn these
things from mothers.
sometimes also to create better pool of educated citizens - first educators of children are the
mothers. use gendered arguments.
men can advocate for this - had met educated women and recognize the importance/good
outcome
olymphe de gouges - not only education but also of rights. should have free and equal rights,
recognized as a citizen: can vote, own property, pay taxes, serving in military, run for public
office, participate in judicial system - **bring a case against a man**, could use the legal system
previously women if they were stolen/cheated out of money, etc - would have to get husband
(son, male relative if widow) to bring case for them.
when could a woman own her own apartment - w/o permission, not w boarding house - 1964
women will gain and then lose these rights
law, society, and women

women and islamic law:

right to choose husband
limits on polygamy
groom to pay wife a dowry
women inherit and control property
veiling and secluding - spread of islam
2/29
March 16th trip - 9:45 AM
****reading - draft memo for thursday - who what when where why - element in ms word for
memo writing - read abdul majid, thomas jefferson, monroe, speech on cuba (proctor), teddy
roosevelt, woodrow wilson, google them. research time, place, significance and rebut the
argument presented in one of the documents. no more than two pages, single spaced (better for
one page). understand essence of argument, heres what they say, argue against them, pick
just ONE for memo. challenge it as if at that time, not present day - historically. address to dr.
carey or to the person youre writing about.
colonialism, imperialism, and human rights (slides passed out)
current day politics: imperialism (foreign policy) - presidential candidates ignoring constitutional
way of declaring war (only congress can declare war)
Questions:
What is an empire?
a ruling authoritative body, establishes colonies, takes over other countries. 1800s reestablishing empire because of resources that the colonizer would receive
coffee, sugar, spices, gold/silver, dyes, textiles, silk, materials needed to fuel industrialization take raw materials, take them back to our countries, and then send them back out. undermine
long term labor standards. prior to industrialization goods produced in the house, by hand, or by
skilled workers. merchants at the top - trade, buy and sell. blacksmith - weapons. higher status
than other traders/laborers. cotton, etc - allow countries to industrialize.
What is Social Darwinism?
survival of the fittest - those accumulating wealth and able to contract out
european empires
european countries begin to have colonies
scramble to get territories - certain areas highly desired but difficult to penetrate bc of power
structures there, etc - have to rely on more economic ways of control
control of countries does not mean they control entire population - ongoing resistance, fighting
wars
how did european empires emerge?
analyze: when the whites came to our country, we had the land and they had the bible, now we
have the bible and they have the land - african proverb
claim to bring civilization through religion, but their goals change and end up just taking over
land
not doing anything to help the infrastructure of country - not building schools - if educated could
revolt

social darwinism happens internally first

english are fighting for years against irish, scottish, etc perceived as barbarians
created constructs of the other internally - social darwinism allows this language to be elevated
2nd image fighting over china - why? land mass, access to ocean, evolving country creating
new technology/ideas. ink, paper, biodiversity
undermine great structures - literary, economic, etc - in asia - in order to create influence - need
to get china to accept something
japan wants materials, biodiversity, natural resources from china, as well as location
japans energy nowadays all nuclear - no coal, natural gas, oil
japan becoming an emerging empire, whereas china will be defeated
3rd image - carving up china like a pie, china depicted as monstrous, stuck in old ways
4th - principal varieties of mankind - top two rows all facing white man in the middle, not so at
bottom. supposed to be a positive image, scientific racism. showing people from all over the
world. no women.
5th - uncle sam lecturing classroom - US territories in front - cuba, puerto rico, hawaii,
philippines - seen as naughty children. native american in the corner reading upside down.
dressed in westernized clothing. child at the door - chinese - representing all the exclusion of
chinese, all the immigration. US idea of empire - only way to be good to assimilate. countries in
front tremendous resistance. US is an empire.
6th image - White mans Burden - part of our moral imperative to bring in all these uncivilized
people and make them assimilate/cultured. and yet its a burden to have to care for all these
people. way to justify dominance. britain - basket of chinese, middle eastern, south asian.
america - african americans/native americans. on rocks - vice, ignorance, morality, climbing
over these to gold statue.
what did these images do to mindset of average person? cartoons double edged - can also
awaken oppressed - not really positive portrayals of colonizers.
motivate but can also undermine
no property right, freedom of religion
to be able to control people in colonies have to ensure people wouldnt get together in organize
- no freedom of assembly. have to control what theyre publishing - no freedom of press.
sedition - cant criticize govt, no access to arms.
what triggers empire is growth of european interest
fear of european imperialism:
expel spain
gained territory and staked out a stance in monroe doctrine
monroe doctrine sought to curb european colonization in US
not directed at england initially, first at russians than expanded. we americans have the right to
decide and control our own government - both n and s america
us afraid of intervention
in a few decades, monroe doctrine became basis of US foreign policy particularly as directed to
the americas
US has relationship with many other countries and their leaders

problems in the north - unstable food source, growing population, wanting more territory.
spanish colonies in mexico not widely populated. beginning in 1800s united states realizes there
is a problem for it to expand - manifest destiny.
monroe doctrine - no europeans coming in but also manifest destiny - expansion - already been
exploring - mexico was blocking. independent in 1821 but economically ravaged. ?s of social
darwinism - about poc, laborers, poor. use ideas against people living in central america
manifest destiny: why? look at slides
catholics could move into area
ideas become instrumental - move west, to texas - land was cheap. US encouraging movement
westward - way to police native americans. move to west coast - start to become an empire in
less than 40 years. encouraging ideas of independence
james polk - controversial figure from tennessee. goal to annex texas but entered into war.
added 1.2 million square miles in four years
fronteir ideology
mexico and manifest destiny
constant warfare w each other
warfare with native americans in the north
lack of economic wealth
lack of military to guard the border since colonial times
frontier concepts in US
also religious - God wanted them to expand
aspects of no recognition - not only of rights of mexicans - but also native americans - not
acknowledging their rights. helped new arrivals to US, free people of color would also stake
claims.
US mexico war is a war abt imperialism - forcibly taking mexican land
treaty that ended this war would be in the court for next 150 years
3/3
muslim - groups 1 and 2 - changing nature of military - can buy out of military service
white collar crime
laws enforced to some and not others bc of class/status/wealth
monroe doctrine:
unfriendly disposition, frank firm and manly policy, interference
3/7
Labor:
what is work? physical, mental, with or without compensation
who works? pretty much everyone
children - dependent on parents/guardians, under age of 18, pre-puberty - not rigid. with human
rights one of the first things ppl say is child labor - but historically children have always worked.
childhood social construct. also womens labor inside home - still labor although not considered
such.
tehuantepec - culture in mexico in matriarchal society. indigenous women - economic motivators
(frida kahlo - her clothing style)

how does work and labor inform human rights?

what inventions stimulated the industrial revolution?
new technologies
1860s - central pacific railroad - over 12000 chinese laborers, more than 90% of its work force but they only photographed caucasian workforce to create illusion that poc werent working
marry person who would complement your work - men and women worked together. children
also worked alongside parents. lots of child labor in nyc
what happens to individuals labor in wake of industrial revolution - what changes it?
assembly line, new technologies, individual labor loses its value, fewer skilled aspects of labor less artisanal work. benevolent aspect of sweatshops, textile mills - young women work to build
up dowry - but actually enjoyed making money. changes - dont have to provide housing,
education, etc - waste of money - can charge them for things like thread that they need for work.
make them buy their own supplies. put own cost of production onto worker. lower overhead by
packing many of them into small spaces to produce more goods. cost low - profits higher.
south - cotton, tobacco
rail lines going for trade/movement of raw goods - ports. all built by slaves, poc labor. for
purpose of trade - movement of goods and also people - only those who could afford so v few.
change ideas of mobility
talk about march of progress - see cartoon
seen as great opportunity, old ways disappear. but wouldnt be easy.
also science fiction - seen as positive
wealth - maintaining level of profit - some become v wealthy
people who make money thru these new businesses in US - v diff from ppl who inherit
titles/property. most like rothschild - wealth from banks - make their money originally from
slavery and indigenous labor.
wealthy classes formed on ability to control businesses where other people were laboring. in
many types of businesses werent considering impact on individuals health, the environment,
completely unregulated.
industrial rev begins to change labor, how we think about time (regulated by time tables), whole
perception of so many things - even education.
middle class: some wealthy emerge from lower classes to become successful - american
dream. then middle class - middling sorts emerge prior to industrial rev. not big investors but
involved in the process. have certain skills/training needed to be working in factories engineers, architects, accountants, managers. will be compensated for their work and will have
an influence esp on ?s of human rights - lawyers and journalists start to emerge. have labor and
skills but also some leisure time to engage in debates.
lives of middle class dramatically different. start their own organizations, athletic clubs, etc. lots
of rules, structure. education sys begins to change because of investment. had long term
universities around the world. investment particularly into elite education, but also form other
types of institutions of higher learning - in part to work in new industrial era. schools of
engineering, HBCU that teach trade.
lives of the working class:
education starts to have impact in other areas - public education. daughters become more
educated. more skilled professions mostly assoc w women - social work, nursing.

starting to see elevation of certain skill sets. early human rights writing focus on: slavery, plight
of slaves; and working class.
people learn things w/in country and then bring them in - plight of working class language
comes in with industrial revolution - have massive amts of people moving from one place to
another. for ex in US from deep south into cities. but not proper housing - like NYC limited
amount of space.
huge influx of people - buildings built up more stories, get more crowded, keep dividing them up
into more apartments. limited supply, lots of demand. no regulation about doing this.
disease: cholera, dysentery, typhus.
why did people go to the factories?
questions on ppt
work in the factories:
worked 6 days/week 5:30am-9pm
rules were posted
workers fined for violation of rules (usually 1/2 day or day wage)
for serious offenses like drunkenness, workers were dismissed (no access to clean water - but
they had alcohol, standard beverage)
what was the role of children in the factories?
how was work segregated by gender and race? african americans, poc work in laundries,
foundries. women would do things like sewing - more tedious, time consuming, delicate. ethnic
germans would be at higher level status than those from other countries like poles, czechs,
turks. in uk native born were higher than those of other descent ilke scottish, welsh. mines in
west - mexicans, native americans, asians, would be paid less than miners from other areas.
lives of workers:
describe the housing problems of workers?
what were some of the health and hygiene complications?
edwin chadwick - ideas not the best but
questions of poverty and morality
the work house
1834 poor law
workhouse also structure of prison system
questions the laws
jacob riis
began to photograph working class, in their homes, in the cities.
when he went on tour w his photos the elite and middle classes would be physically ill bc they
couldnt believe the conditions
other early journalists and attorneys begin writing about these things
women who didnt want to get married, wanted to work/s/t to do become social workers.
say that working class prone to alcoholism, vice, violence - due to their conditions - put together
in close proximity prone to violence, alcohol only thing not toxic, forced into living v public lives.
elites still doing all these things - but all their problems were private - soliciting sex, family
squabbles, bodily functions, alcoholism - private for elites, but public for working class.
people needed access to housing, better food, education.
how did european views influence other countries?

brazil, india factories?

3/10
You cant deny that WWII was a massive turning point in global history. It had an impact on the
entire world and it is very important that high school students today learn about this history.
Students often learn about the Holocaust and all the atrocities that were committed towards the
Jewish people but they never learn the logic if there is any behind it. These documents,
collected by Florence Mendheim, a Jewish woman who lived in the United States during WWI
and WWII, provide this important context of why these anti-semitic groups were allowed to rise
to power. The documents she collected involve anti-semitism, nationalism, and the rise of hate
groups around the world, not just in Germany, which show why other countries allowed Hitler to
rise to power and were able to turn a blind eye. This is so important to today as we want to
prevent history from repeating itself and for atrocities to not be committed against any racial or
ethnic group. Politicians like Donald Trump have often been compared to Hitler and other fascist
leaders in his racist treatment of Muslims, Mexicans, and other marginalized groups. Americans
have questioned how Hitler was able to gain support from the German people - they can see it
in many of todays politicians who use a lot of similar rhetoric that has been collected in these
documents. This document is important in a global context because countries around the world
should work to address the root causes of racism and anti-semitism as outlined in this collection
and prevent any more horrible atrocities.
3/14
Midterm next monday
Study guide posted today on black board
Can bring one sheet of paper front and back
Midterm will be from book, readings/documents, lectures, and UN trip
Thursaday will be wrapup follow up from UN and monday will be exam
Short essay and 1 long essay
Meet on first ave between 45th and 46th - be there at 9:30 - need ID, well dressed - visitor gate
If its raining shell tweet location
Era of world war i and human rights - modern issues
Biological warfare, killings - questions emerge during wwi - bc of industrial revolution
How did people respond to a global war?
How did the modern human rights movement emerge?
Bc of new technologies, ppl being mobile - space is literally shrinking
Lot of problems - labor industrial revolution, emergence of socialism and communism, lots of
labor strikes throughout europe, US, middle east, canada, latin america
socialism/communism begin to grow
Comes with people as they are very mobile
Socialism comes into argentina by italian immigrants who bring it with them in late 1800s
Lot of internal conflict in the US, Europe, and much of the world
When theres internal conflict, those in posititons of power look for something that will distract
people - hapens as part of wwi.

Industrial revolution has ensured theres a growing industry for arms and militarism - becomes
an issue w/in question of human rights. medical profession is pioneered bc of war - every time
there is a war we see medical knowledge/tech expand.
Thinking about it - were at a very similar point in time 100 years later - another pivotal point rn technologies, communication, ongoing war, economic issues, ?s of human rights - politicians,
media
Belgium Congo: modern slavery
1885-1908
First genocide in the 20th century
King leopold sees opportunity in the Congo. Belgium which was making big technological
advances gets a huge part of Africa in the Congo - wanted rubber for purpose of
industrialization. Begin to extract the rubber and did this by force. Were able bc of the
introduction of the machine gun. needed rapid fire ammunition. As they forced ppl into slavery, if
they ran or acted out they hobbled them - cut off a limb, shackle people together by the legs, or
break their ankles. Commonly done. Extracting massive amounts of rubber. Important for
conveyer belts/factory machinery, tires, shoes. Also extracting precious metals and other things
from belgian congo.
All of this was going to europe - first genocide: labor and industry. Sayig its a trade relationship
but a trade clerk notices - lots of ships are coming in but none are going out carrying goods something is wrong. King leopold saying hes abolitionist, saying hes educating and civilizing
natives, building palaces, nowadays still great architecture - but he did this thru forced labor.
Major human rights event - movies, books published, and then it was forgotten in Belgium. King
Leopolds Ghost published about 12 years ago renewed the discussion, about slavery and
human rights. Found even belgians had forgotten about this history
First genocide of 20th century even tho term not invented yet - but there are massive
slaughters.
Becomes massive embarrassment for belgians 1880s to 1908 - thousands of congolese
murdered bc of new weapons for purpose of extracting rubber
Woman question
Very active in movement in congo - antilynching. Also for suffrage
Women and employment
Suffrage
International meetings
Forming social work organizations
Women are in the labor force - elite business owners who do like women to work - others ask
what does this mean - safety issues
Gaining greater access to education
Eastern europe going to western europe for Education
Quaker colleges, other US colleges allowing women in late 1800s
Women in latin america go places like europe and US for their education
Begin to have international meetings for women all over the world -with movement towards wwi
- women will begin to split over question of the war
Ideological split

Women who fit within concept of modern govt, but others much more radical, on side of
workers, politically identify with communism/socialism and pacifism. In the US suffrage
movement splits because of the war. Do we support going into the war or not
Women as colonial battles
Colonialism good for women?
Foot binding
Veiling
Widow burning
With these global connections begin to talk about issues of human rights
Women become involved in these global issues
Not all of these issues widely practiced - but elevated to show how brutal men were compared
to the west
Said it was a universal practice even though it wasnt
Criticize veiling - women in all religious faiths had covered their heads - until contemporary
period
Factors:
Nationalism and alliances
Use of propaganda - a lot churned out - questions of were right, theyre wrong, were the true
defenders - seeing this rhetoric today in political debates
1910 mexican revolution begins
Image - men moving on horseback, in part bc railroad lines blown up to control flow of goods,
wearing rounds of ammunition. Start to get involved with gun running and smuggling. US
supplying lots of guns and ammunition to the mexicans during the revolution
Send in troops to find poncho villa? Never works. Come into country not realizing that the
people had been at war with each other for five years - skilled in guerilla warfare. Also try to take
territory. See a lot of conflicts
Factors:
Militarism fed by industrial revolution in Europe
Count alfred von schlieffen
Had been building huge armies, have tanks weapons bombs
When you have all of these, figure out what would happen to use them
Also have interlocking alliances - each of their allies would respond in conflict
Early aviation - one of earliest was on long island.
Trigger: Assassination of archduke ferdinand and his wife by serbian black hand
Know that people are concerned about nationalism and militarism
Modern warfare: trench warfare created. Dig trenches and pummel each other in europe and
north africa, mediterranean. Fighting the turks, germans, hungarians, and bulgarians on western
and eastern front.
Just keep sending more and more young men to die because they had gamed that they would
be successful. Believe that they can win. So they just keep sending people in and the age of
soldiers gets younger and younger
War and times in chaos also create opportunities for others. Find first female police officers in
europe. Also driving buses, tram cars. Nurses from US go and serve time in hospitals. Afr

american nursing organizations who are not accepted as part of profession in NE go and serve
in war hospitals. Women will drive ambulances.
Begin to experiment with biological warfare:
Use mustard gas. Very few international agreements regarding a massive war. None regarding
questions of mass slaughter and genocide. Begin to experiment - what do we need to withstand
biological or chemical war. What about masks, protective clothing. Mustard gas burns
esophagus and lungs, internal blisters and bleeding.
Armenian genocide and nationalism, 1913-23
When war begins, powers - countries that had been colonizing - now distracted by war so we
see uprising of nationalist identities. Turkish, irish, in parts of africa. Overseeing empire has to
fight so they dont pay attention.
English bring lots of australians with them to fight
Questions of nationalism emerge in colonized countries, not just Europe - one is Turkey
Turkey is very diverse, christians jews and muslims, turks begin to consider that Armenians who
are christians are involved in some of internal strife that had emerged. As punishment start to do
things that will be recognized as genocide.
Man who created term genocide studied turkey and armenia - bc germans studied it too
First: strip them of their civil rights. Armenians large group, christians since 10th centuries.
Armenians removed from positions of power, from military, as bureaucrats, businesses shut
down, removed from cities in other places - sent them on marches. Moved from cities in turkey
and brought into desert areas. Marched into desert - no food, water, or shelter. Then they began
to massacre them. See massacre sites on the map. Only 3000? Survive?
Turkish believe there was an attempt to undermine rise of turkish nationalism, thought there
were attempts on certain leaders by armenian nationalists which justified this genocide.
Systematic nature of how armenian genocide was conducted - all these things - foreshadow of
things to come.
Exact same things that would happen under the nazis in the holocaust - the nazis studied
armenian genocide and spanish conquest of mexico. Nazis even said that no one would care bc
who remembers the armenians. To this day turkey does not recognize it as a genocide.
Tremendous diaspora of armenians throughout the world.
End of WWI:
Paris peace conference
Treaty of versailles
Exclusion of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria
Germany publically shamed
Even though Turkey had genocide - diplomats writing about the armenian genocide. Henry
morgenthal i - jewish american diplomat in armenia - writing to US - other countries knew
exactly what was happening but decided that bc of the war they didnt address it.
Germany mostly blamed, but other countries blamed too. Establishes a pattern - supposed to be
a war to end all wars, establish policing bodies like League of Nations (US doesnt join)
Effects of war:
Setting stage for WWII
discontent, distrust, death and destruction, peace movement
Also no money to rebuild esp in Germany

Bc of aspect of war and devastation - have photography thats more easily spread - more
accessible - influences the peace movement
See novels like all quiet on the western front - psychological impact on trench warfare shellshock, PTSD - written by a german - book was banned in germany
Also see book by woman not so quiet
Win international awards in france BUT banned and not published
After WWII thats when all quiet reemerge - not so quiet not until 1990s, banned in britain
Also works in hemingway
Painting by picasso - bombing of a small town in spain
See more violence and dark artwork
3/17
Notes on UN
Land mines/bombs
Hiroshima
Palestine israel jewish state
Not having enough people in the room - example after wwi - league of nations - things were
done w/o members being present - only 4 members present w/o other insight
Hiroshima bomb censored - british news reel
Holocaust - the US knew. Raphael lemkin - created the term genocide - comes to the US from
poland and was watching persecution of jews, start advocating
Jewish scientists start to flee to US and other places
There was an exchange of information - propaganda being spread that we could see
Spending on military - funded by the state
How are UN peacekeeping missions formed? - through the host countrys soldiers
gaap@stjohns.edu
4/4
Proquest - subject specific
Zotero - pulls citations and pdfs creating your own database
search.creativecommons.org - images, videos - make sure its okay for you to use!!
Dont use google images, just use cc or flickr
Recommend download image and cite it
Image courtesy of place linked, used for educational purposes only
Somewhere on the guide talk about who you are as authors - this page created by: in dr. careys
class, put hyperlinks to your bio, etc - why do we have expertise/credentials
Put description - displays right below link - more info - hovers
citations
Annotated bibliography - each link has its own box?
About box - about the group
Bibliography of everything on the page
Have individual citations for other things
Big chunk of text - your synthesis - your contribution