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Particle size
Basic principle
1.
2.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
it has been estimated that 85% of particles >5 um are retained in the
upper respiratory tract ; 90% of particle in the 1-5um range are
retained in the alveolae . Particles <0.5um>
Example 3
Partiicle size reduction increase the number of particles per gram. -->
the greater the number of particles per dose, the lower the variability
between dosage units
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
2.
3.
tablets made with more angular materials had highter strength -->
increase in particle interlocking
4.
Particle Size
Micromeritics : The science and technology of small particles
derived from the latin minuere meaning less, but size rediction is to
be preferred as a more straightforward title
Why is important?
Because it helps to improve the existing active ingredients to be delieved.
Particle size influences the performance if the medicine and the
pharmacological performance of the drug. For example, powder with
different sizes have different flow and packing properties, which alter the
volumes of powder during each encapsulation or tablet compression event.
Therefore, to avoid this problem, the particle size of drug may be defined
during formulation. Because, if there are any interferences with the
uniformityof a fill volumes may alter the mass of drug that incorporated
into the tablet or capsule and hence reduce the content uniformity of the
medicine.
The following factors are infuencing size reduction
Plasticity - stickiness
melting point
Are all materials exhibit brittle behaviour? - Not all materials exhibit this
type of brittle behaviour and some can resist fracture at much larger
stresses.
why some materials can resist fracture at much larger stress? - because
these tougher materials can undergo plastic flow, which allow strain energy
relaxation without crack propagation. When plastic flow occurs, atoms or
molecules slip over one another and this process of deformation requires
energy.
* Thus, the ease of comminution depends on the brittleness or placticity of
the material because of their relationship with crack initiation and crack
propagation.
Surface hardness
- Size reduction may be influenced by surface hardness. The hardness of a
material can be described by its position in a scale devised by a German
mineralogist called Mohs.
- Mohs's scale is a table of materials :
1.
at the top of the table is diamond, which Mohs hardness > 7 , and
this has a surface that is so hard that it can scratch anything below it.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- only a very small amount of energy affects size reduction (~2%) . the
remainder is lost in many ways.
Heat
Sound
vibration
a large capacity
Compression Methods
Impact methods
Attrition Methods
2.
During milling - the hammer swing out radiallly from rotating shaft.
The higher velocity of the hammers cause brittle fracture to the
particles. Small particles are less prone to fracture than larger
particles
During milling: the whole body of the mill is vibrated and size
reduction occurs by repeated impaction
milled particles fall through a screen at the base of the mill. the
efficiency of vibratory milling is greater than for conventional ball
miling.
Feed : too much material - producing a cushioning effect ; too little causes loss of efficiency and abrasive wear of the mill part
2.
Size of the balls : - large balls break down the coarse feed material ,
the smaller helps to form the fine product by reducing the void space
between balls.
3.
Speed of rotation : -
Low angular velocities : little movement of the balls , so that the size
reduction is minimal
high angular velocities: the ball are thrown out of the mill wall by
contrifugal force and no size reduction occurs
P mill