In February 2016, rumors that microcephaly is caused by the use of the

larvicide pyriproxyfen in drinking water were refuted by scientists.[107][108]

[109] "It's important to state that some localities that do not use pyriproxyfen
also had reported cases of microcephaly", read a Brazilian government
statement.[110] The Brazilian government also refuted conspiracy theories
that chickenpox and rubella vaccinations or genetically modified mosquitoes
were causing increases in microcephaly.[109]

GuillainBarr syndrome[edit]
A high incidence of the autoimmune disease GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS),
noted in the French Polynesia outbreak, has also been found in the outbreak
that began in Brazil.[98] Laboratory analysis found Zika infections in some
patients with GBS in Brazil, El Salvador, Suriname and Venezuela,[111] and
the WHO declared on 22 March 2016 that Zika appeared to be "implicated" in
GBS infection, and that if the pattern was confirmed it would represent a
global public health crisis.[112]

Containment and control[edit]

Diagnosis[edit]
Main article: Zika fever
Symptoms of Zika virus
Symptoms of Zika virus[113]
Symptoms are similar to other flaviviruses such as dengue fever or the
alphavirus that causes chikungunya,[114] but are milder in form and usually
last two to seven days.[6] It is estimated that 80% of cases are
asymptomatic.[8] The main clinical symptoms in symptomatic patients are
low-grade fever, conjunctivitis, transient joint pain (mainly in the smaller
joints of the hands and feet) and maculopapular rash that often starts on the
face and then spreads throughout the body.[114]

It is difficult to diagnose Zika virus infection based on clinical signs and

symptoms alone due to overlaps with other arboviruses that are endemic to

similar areas.[115] The methods currently available to test for Zika antibodies
cross-react with dengue antibodies. An IgM-positive result in a dengue or Zika
ELISA test can only be considered indicative of a recent flavivirus infection.
Plaque-reduction neutralization tests can be performed and may be specific.
[116] The Zika virus can be identified by RT-PCR in acutely ill patients.[6]

Americas[edit]
Several countries, including Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Jamaica,
advised women to postpone getting pregnant until more was known about
the risks.[15][117] Plans were announced by the authorities in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, to try to prevent the spread of the Zika virus during the 2016 Summer
Olympics in Rio.[118] The health ministry of Peru installed more than 20,000
ovitraps during the 2015 dengue outbreak. The same ovitraps will be used to
monitor a potential Zika outbreak in tropical regions of Peru.[119]

symptoms of microcephaly
Symptoms of microcephaly, linked to mothers infected by Zika virus.[113]
Because of the "growing evidence of a link between Zika and microcephaly"
the CDC issued a travel warning on 15 January 2016 advising pregnant
women to consider postponing travel to Brazil as well as the following
countries and territories where Zika fever had been reported: Colombia, El
Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico,
Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela, and the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico.[120] On 20 January, the Ministry of Health of Chile published a health
notice.[121] On 22 January, eight more countries and territories were added
to the list of those affected: Barbados, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Saint
Martin, Guyana, Cape Verde, and Samoa.[122] On 1 February, Costa Rica and
Nicaragua were added to the list, bringing the number of countries and
territories affected to 28.[123]

The agency issued additional guidelines and suggested that women thinking
about becoming pregnant consult with their physicians before traveling.[124]
Canada issued a similar travel advisory.[118][125]

On 5 February 2016, after the laboratory confirmation of a Zika virus infection

in the U.S. in a non-traveler, which was linked to sexual contact with an

infected partner, the CDC issued interim guidelines for prevention of sexual
transmission of Zika virus for the United States.[8] These guidelines
recommend that men who reside in or have traveled to an area of active Zika
virus transmission who have a pregnant partner should abstain from sexual
activity or consistently and correctly use condoms during sex for the duration
of the pregnancy.[8] The guidelines recommend that pregnant women discuss
any possible Zika exposure with their male partners.[8] The guidelines
recommend that non-pregnant women and their partners consider taking
similar measures.[8] On 8 February 2016, CDC elevated its response efforts
to a Level 1 activation, the highest response level at the agency. On 23
February 2016, the CDC issued a statem2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Zika Fever". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1
February 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Meghan (22 January 2016). "Rapid spread of Zika virus in
the Americas raises alarm". Science News (Society for Science and the Public)
189 (4): 16. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Kiernan, Paul; Jelmayer, Rogerio (3 February 2016). "Zika Fears
Imperil Brazil's Tourism Push". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones &
Company). Retrieved 27 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zika virus triggers pregnancy delay calls". BBC News
Online. 23 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cumulative Zika suspected and confirmed cases reported by
countries and territories in the Americas, 20152016". Pan American Health
Organization. 31 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Arias, L. (27 March 2016). "No new cases of Zika in Costa Rica".
The Tico Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Communicable Disease Threats Report, Week 13, 27
March2 April"(PDF). Publications. European Centre for Disease Prevention
and Control. 1 April 2016. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Serju, Christopher (19 March 2016). "Three More Zika Cases
Confirmed". The Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica).
Jump up ^ Quirs, Jorge E. (21 March 2016). "Aumentan a 149 casos por virus
del zika" [Zika cases increase to 149]. TVN Noticias (in Spanish) (Panama).
Jump up ^ Nowakowski, Kelsey (15 March 2016). "Weekly Update: Four More
Zika Cases, No New Dengue Cases Confirmed". St. Thomas Source. Retrieved
16 March 2016.

Jump up ^ "Protocolo de vigilncia e resposta ocorrncia de microcefalia"

[Protocol for surveillance and response to the occurrence of microcephaly]
(PDF). Emergncia de Sade Pblica de Importncia Nacional (in Portuguese).
Ministrio da Sade, Secretaria de Vigilncia em Sade. 22 January 2016. p.
17.
Jump up ^ Kindhauser, Mary Kay; Allen, Tomas; Frank, Veronika; et al. (9
February 2016). "Zika: the origin and spread of a mosquito-borne virus"
(PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. doi:10.2471/BLT.16.171082.
ISSN 0042-9686.
Jump up ^ Costa, Denise (11 March 2016). "Zika em Cabo Verde levanta
suspeitas de "estirpe africana" do vrus" [health emergency'". CNN. Retrieved
2 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Sikka, Veronica; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Popli, Raaj
K.; et al. (11 February 2016). "The emergence of zika virus as a global health
security threat: A review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint
working Group (JWG)". Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 8 (1): 315.
doi:10.4103/0974-777X.176140 (inactive 2016-03-24). ISSN 0974-8245.
^ Jump up to: a b Kraemer, Moritz U.G.; Sinka, Marianne E.; Duda, Kirsten A.;
et al. (7 July 2015). "The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes
aegypti and Ae. albopictus". ELife 4: e08347. doi:10.7554/eLife.08347. ISSN
2050-084X. PMC 4493616. PMID 26126267.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Oster, Alexandra M.; Brooks, John T.; Stryker, Jo
Ellen; et al. (2016). "Interim Guidelines for Prevention of Sexual Transmission
of Zika Virus United States, 2016". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65
(5): 120121. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6505e1. ISSN 0149-2195. PMID
26866485.
^ Jump up to: a b c "CDC encourages following guidance to prevent sexual
transmission of Zika virus". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tavernise, Sabrina (23 February 2016). "C.D.C.
Investigating 14 New Reports of Zika Transmission Through Sex". The New
York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brazil Health Minister: Zika epidemic worse than thought". ITV
News. 28 January
Jump up ^ "Over 190,000 people infected with Zika virus worldwide Russian
watchdog". TASS. 25 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "South Korea confirms first case of Zika virus". CNBC. 22 March
2016.

Jump up ^ Bradsher, Keith (9 March 2016). "Taiwan and Hainan at Risk of Zika
Spread, Scientist Warns". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Fourth case of Zika reported in Czech Republic". Prague Daily
Monitor. 24 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Madeira reports two imported Zika cases". Outbreak News Today.
27 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "To gravide har testet positivt p zikavirus". NRK (in Norwegian)
(Norway). 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "58 Zika virus cases confirmed in Spain". Business Standard
(India). 29 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Two Zika virus cases reported in Switzerland". The Local
(Switzerland). 26 January 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Branco, Jorge (20 March 2016). "Queensland Zika virus cases:
Bowen residents urged to spray for pests". Brisbane Times.
Jump up ^ "Zika virus infection weekly report" (PDF). Public Health
Surveillance. Institute of Environmental Science and Research. 10 March
2016.
^ Jump up to: a b McNeil, Jr., Donald G.; Romero, Simon; Tavernise, Sabrina (6
February 2016). "How a Medical Mystery in Brazil Led Doctors to Zika". The
New York Times. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Identificado vrus causador de doena misteriosa em Salvador e
RMS notcias em Bahia". GloboNews (in Portuguese) (So Paulo). 29 April
2015.
Jump up ^ "Zika virus Brazil: confirmed". ProMED-mail. International Society
for Infectious Diseases. 19 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Duffy, Mark R.; Chen, Tai-Ho; Hancock, W. Thane (11 June
2009). "Zika virus outbreak on Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia".
The New England Journal of Medicine 360 (24): 25362543.
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805715. PMID 19516034.
Jump up ^ Hayes, Edward B. (September 2009). "Zika virus outside Africa".
Emerging Infectious Diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 15
(9): 13471350. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090442. ISSN 1080-6059. PMC
2819875. PMID 19788800.
^ Jump up to: a b Romero, Simon (29 January 2016). "Tears and Bewilderment
in Brazilian City Facing Zika Crisis". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 February

2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Musso, Didier (October 2015). "Zika Virus Transmission
from French Polynesia to Brazil". Emerging Infectious Diseases (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention) 21 (10): 1887. doi:10.3201/eid2110.151125.
Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Murthy, Bhavini (28 January 2016). "Origin of Zika Virus
Outbreak in Brazil May Be Linked to Major Sporting Events". ABC News.
Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Musso, D; Cao-Lormeau, VM; Gubler, DJ (18 July 2015). "Zika virus:
following the path of dengue and chikungunya?". The Lancet 386 (9990):
2434. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61273-9. PMID 26194519.
^ Jump up to: a b McNeil, Donald G., Jr. (March 24, 2016). "One Traveler May
Have Brought Zika to the Americas in 2013". The New York Times. Retrieved
March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Faria, N. R.; Azevedo, R. d. S. d. S.; Kraemer, M. U. G.; et al. (24
March 2016). "Zika virus in the Americas: Early epidemiological and genetic
findings". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf5036. ISSN 0036-8075.
Jump up ^ Ai, Jing-Wen; Zhang, Ying; Zhang, Wenhong (23 February 2016).
"Zika virus outbreak: a perfect storm". Emerging Microbes and Infections
(Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication) 5 (3): e21.
doi:10.1038/emZika virus outbreak (2015present)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zika virus outbreak (2015present)
Zik-world-map active 03-18-2016 web.jpeg
Countries and territories with active transmission of the Zika virus
as of 18 March 2016[1]
Date April 2015 present
Type Outbreak
As of early 2016, a widespread outbreak of Zika fever, caused by the Zika
virus, is ongoing, primarily in Latin America and the Pacific Islands. The
outbreak began in April 2015 in Brazil, and has spread to other countries in
South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. In January 2016,
the World Health Organization (WHO) said the virus was likely to spread
throughout most of the Americas by the end of the year;[2] and in February

2016, the WHO declared the cluster of microcephaly and GuillainBarr

syndrome (GBS) cases reported in Brazilstrongly suspected to be
associated with the Zika virus outbreaka Public Health Emergency of
International Concern.[3][4][5][6]

The virus is spread mainly by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is

commonly found throughout the tropical and subtropical Americas. It can also
be spread by the Aedes albopictus ("Asian tiger") mosquito, which has
become widespread as far north as the Great Lakes region in North America.
[7] Sexual transmission of the Zika virus is also possible.[6][8][9][10] Most
Zika virus infections are asymptomatic, rendering precise estimates of the
number of cases difficult to determine.[11] In approximately one in five
cases, Zika virus infections result in Zika fever, a minor illness that causes
symptoms such as fever and a rash. Critically, Zika virus infections of
pregnant women have a suspected link with newborn microcephaly by
mother-to-child transmission.[12][13] In addition, Zika is suspected of being
associated with a cluster of cases of GuillainBarr syndrome.[3]

A number of countries have issued travel warnings, and the outbreak is

expected to affect the tourism industry significantly.[6][14] Several countries
have taken the unusual step of advising their citizens to delay pregnancy
until more is known about the virus and its impact on fetal development.[15]

Contents [hide]
1

Epidemiology

1.1

Transmission

1.2

Microcephaly and other infant disorders

1.3

GuillainBarr syndrome

Containment and control

2.1

Diagnosis

2.2

Americas

2.3

International

2.4

Responses

2.5

Controversies

See also

References

External links

Epidemiology[edit]
Cases in the Americas[16]
[show]Country
as of 31 March 2016

Autochthonous cases

Deaths

Cases in Africa, Asia and Oceania[23]

[show]Country
see ref. for latest update Autochthonous cases
Imported cases
[show]Country
see ref. for latest update
As early as August 2014, physicians in Natal in northeastern Brazil began to
investigate an outbreak of illness characterized by a flat pinkish rash,
bloodshot eyes, fever, joint pain and headaches. While the symptoms
resembled dengue fever, testing ruled out this and several other potential
causes. By March 2015, the illness had spread to Salvador, Bahia and had
appeared in three different states.[61] Then, in May 2015, researchers from
the Federal University of Bahia and the Evandro Chagas Institute determined,
using the RT-PCR technique, that the illness was an outbreak of Zika virus.
[62][63]

The Zika virus was first isolated in 1947, in a rhesus monkey in a forest near
Entebbe, Uganda.[64] Although serologic evidence indicated additional
human exposure during subsequent decades in parts of Africa and Asia,[65]
before the 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak, only 14 cases of human Zika
virus disease had been documented.[64]

Researchers generally believe the virus was brought to Brazil by an infected

traveler who had been exposed to the virus in French Polynesia, who was
then bitten by a mosquito that then infected others.[66][67][68] Phylogenetic
analysis of the first Brazilian infections have strongly indicated that the
circulating virus is the Asian, rather than African, strain of the virus, and was
genetically similar to the virus found in the outbreak in French Polynesia.[67]
[68] It appears Zika's route from Africa and Asia to Oceania and then the
Americas may mirror that of chikungunya and dengue, both of which are
endemic in a large portion of the Americas.[69]

The specific event that brought the virus to Brazil was uncertain until March
2016. Brazilian researchers have suggested that the Zika virus arrived during
the 2014 FIFA World Cup tournament.[66] French researchers speculated the
virus arrived shortly afterwards, in August 2014, when canoeing teams from
French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Easter Island, and the Cook Islands, which
had been or were experiencing Zika outbreaks, attended the Va'a World
Sprint Championships in Rio de Janeiro.[61][67] However, the outbreak in
French Polynesia is known to have peaked and declined precipitously by
February 2014, lending doubt to the suggestion the virus arrived later that
year in Brazil with spectators and competitors.[70] A study published in
Science, which developed a "molecular clock" based on the count of virus
mutations in a relatively small sample, suggested Zika virus arrived in the
Americas (most likely in Brazil) from French Polynesia between May and
December 2013, well before the World Cup and Va'a Championships.[70] In
the Science article, Faria and colleagues managed to trace the origins of the
virus strain that is circulating in Brazil and found out that this strain has few
genetic variability when compared to the strain of French Polynesia; after
relating the number of travellers arriving in Brazil from French Polynesia with
the cases reported and the events happening in that year, the team was able
to prove that the virus arrived in Brazil on 2014 during the Confederation
Cup, when Tahiti's team played against other teams in a few brazilians cities,
which attracted a lot of tourists from both places.[71] Zika virus usually has
very mild, or no symptoms, so it took almost a year for Brazil to confirm the
first case of the disease. By then the outbreak was already widespread..
Factors associated with the rapid spread of Zika virus in Brazil include the
non-immune population, high population density, tropical climate and
inadequate control of Aedes mosquitoes in the country.[72]

Confirmed cases have now been reported in most of South and Central
America, and the Caribbean.[73] Cases have also been reported that were
imported from South America into Europe,[74] Canada,[75] United States,[76]
China,[77] and Australia.[78]

Transmission[edit]
See also: Zika virus Transmission

Adult Aedes aegypti mosquito, a vector or carrier of the Zika virus

Zika is a mosquito-borne disease and possibly a sexually transmitted
infection.[8] The resurgence of Aedes aegypti's worldwide distribution over
the past 23 decades makes it one of the most widely distributed mosquito
species.[79] In 2015, Aedes albopictus was present in tropical, subtropical,
and temperate regions of the Americas, reaching as far north as the Great
Lakes of North America and, internationally, living alongside Aedes aegypti in
some tropical and subtropical regions.[7]

The Aedes aegypti mosquito usually bites in the morning and afternoon
hours, and can be identified by the white stripes on its legs.[80] The mosquito
species (Aedes aegypti, mainly, and Aedes albopictus) that can spread Zika
virus can also spread dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever.[81]

There have been two reports of possible Zika virus transmission via sexual
intercourse from infected males to their partners.[6][8][82] On 23 February
2016, the CDC announced that it is investigating 14 additional cases of
possible sexual transmission.[9][10]

Researchers also suspected that Zika virus could be transmitted by pregnant

woman to their babies ("vertical transmission"). None was proven until
February 2016, when a paper by Calvet et al. was published, showing that not
only Zika virus genome was found in the amniotic fluid but also IgM
antibodies to those virus.[83] This means that not only can the virus cross the
placental barrier, but also the antibodies produced by the mother can reach
the fetus, which suggests that vertical transmission is plausible in these
cases. One other study published in March 2016 by Mlakar and colleagues
analysed autopsy tissues from a fetus with microcephaly that was probably
related to Zika virus; researchers found ZIKV on the brain tissue and
suggested that the brain injuries were probably associated with the virus,
which also shed a light on the vertical transmission theory.[84]

Microcephaly and other infant disorders[edit]

A baby with microcephaly (left) compared to a baby with a typical head size
As of March 2016, public health officials strongly suspect that Zika infection
during pregnancy can cause a number of grave outcomes, including
microcephaly and loss of pregnancy.[6][85] Following the initial Zika outbreak
in Northeastern Brazil, physicians observed a very large surge of reports of
infants born with microcephaly, with 20 times the number of expected cases.
[86][87] Many of these cases have since been confirmed, leading WHO
officials to project that approximately 2,500 infants will be found to have born
in Brazil with Zika-related microcephaly.[88][89] On 10 March 2016, a
research group from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana
(Slovenia), led by young researcher Jernej Mlakar, M.D., published an article
in The New England Journal of Medicine, connecting the Zika virus to
microcephaly.[84]

Proving that Zika causes these effects is difficult and complex for several
reasons.[90][91] For example, the effects on an infant might not be seen until
months after the mother's initial infection, long after the time when Zika is
easily detected in the body.[90] In addition, research is also needed to
determine the mechanism by which Zika produces these effects.[92]

Since the initial outbreak, studies that use several different methods have
found evidence of a link, leading public health officials to conclude that it
appears increasingly likely the virus is linked to microcephaly and
miscarriage.[92][93] On 1 February 2016, the World Health Organization
declared recently reported clusters of microcephaly and other neurological
disorders a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).[85] On
8 March 2016, the WHO Committee reconfirmed that the association between
Zika and neurological disorders is of global concern.[92]

The Zika virus was first linked with Zika in Cape Verde is suspected to be
"African strain" of the virus]. United Nations Radio (in Portuguese) (United
Nations).
Jump up ^ "Zika: Local transmission reported in Laos". Outbreak News Today.
5 March 2016.

Jump up ^ "Zika virus infection Maldives". Disease Outbreak News. World

Health Organization. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Valente, Catherine S. (7 March 2016). "Palace: No Zika outbreak".
The Manila Times Online.
Jump up ^ "Countries with local Zika transmission". European Centre for
Disease Prevention and Control (Stockholm). 5 February 2016. Retrieved 8
February 2016.
Jump up ^ Lefevre, Amy Sawitta; Birsel, Robert (2 February 2016). "Thai
health ministry says don't panic over Zika virus". Reuters. Retrieved 12
February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Epidemiological situation". Zika virus. European Centre for
Disease Prevention and Control. 24 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "400 suspected Zika cases in American Samoa". Marianas Variety.
29 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Epidemiological situation". Zika outbreak in the Americas and the
Pacific. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 1 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "10 cases of Zika virus confirmed in Fiji". Radio New Zealand. 2
April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Communicable Disease Threats Report, Week 7, 1420 February
2016"(PDF). Publications. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention
and Control. 18 February 2016. p. 2. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Zika virus infection outbreak, Brazil and the Pacific
region" (PDF). Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control. 25 May 2015. p. 4. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Epidemiological situation" (PDF). European Centre for
Disease Prevention and Control. Stockholm. 7 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Samoa records 10 Zika cases". Xinhua. 21 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tonga says Zika clean-up working". Radio New Zealand. 5 March
2016.
Jump up ^ Herriman, Robert (28 April 2015). "Zika virus reported on Vanuatu
for the first time". Outbreak News Today.
Jump up ^ "pidmie Madagascar vulnrable au virus Zika" [Epidemic Madagascar vulnerable to Zika]. L'Express de Madagascar (in French). 12
March 2016.

Jump up ^ Chastain, Mary (23 February 2016). "Colombian Becomes South

Africa's First Zika Case". Breitbart News Network. Retrieved 26 February
2016.
Jump up ^ Bronstein, Hugh (26 February 2016). "Argentina woman contracts
Zika without leaving the country". Reuters.
Jump up ^ "Surveillance of Zika virus". Zika virus. Government of Canada. 17
March 2016.
Jump up ^ Bronstein, Hugh (27 March 2016). "Chile Reports Its First Sexually
Transmitted Zika Case". Medical Daily.
Jump up ^ "Peru reports 4th imported Zika case". Outbreak News Today. 7
March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Zika virus disease in the United States, 20152016". Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention. 30 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "China reports more imported Zika, 15 cases reported to datE".
Outbreak News Today. 1 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Ifrati, Ido (7 February 2016). "No Reason for Panic in Israel Over
Zika, Say Health Officials". Haaretz Newspaper.
Jump up ^ "New Zika virus infection confirmed in Japan". Japan Today. 12
March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Russia confirms first imported Zika virus case". The Financial
Express. Indo-Asian News Service. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 26 February
2016.ent further encouraging adherence to this guidance after 14 reports of
possible sexual transmission of the virus were under investigation.[9][10]

On 18 March 2016, Centers for Disease Prevention and Control cautioned

men who have been infected with Zika from attempting to conceive children
due to probability of virus transfer from man to woman during sexual activity
which in turn can affect the fetus, under this cautioZika virus infection in a
traveller returning to Europe from Brazil, March 2015". Eurosurveillance 20
(23): 21153. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.23.21153. PMID 26084316.
Jump up ^ "Zika virus warning issued to New Brunswick travellers". CBC
News. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Sun, Lena H. (20 January 2016). "CDC: Dozen or so cases of Zika
virus among U.S. residents". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 January
2016.

Jump up ^ Rajagopalan, Megha; Jim, Clare; Shakil, Ismail; et al. (10 February
2016). "China confirms first case of Zika virus". Reuters (Beijing/Hong Kong).