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Aircraft characteristics are of prime importance to the airport planner and designer. The
following characteristics need to be studied
1. Type of propulsion
2. Size of aircraft
3. Minimum turning radius
4. Minimum circling radius
5. Speed of aircraft
6. Capacity of aircraft
7. Aircraft weight and wheel configuration
8. Jet blast
9. Fuel spillage
10. Noise
Type of propulsion
The size of aircraft, its circling radius, speed characteristics, weight carrying capacity, noise
nuisance etc,.depends upon the type of propulsion of the aircraft. The performance
characteristics of aircrafts, which determine the basic runway length, also depends upon the
type of propulsion
Size of Aircraft
The size of aircraft involves following important dimensions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wing span
Fuselage length
Height
Distance between main gear
The wing span decides the width of taxiway, separation clearance between two parallel
trafficways, size of apron and hangers, width of hanger gates.
The length of the aircraft decides the widening of taxiways on curves, size of apron hanger
etc.
The height of the aircraft decides the height of the hangar gate.
Wheel base affect the minimum turning radius of the aircraft.
Minimum circling radius
In order to decide the radius of taxiway, the position of aircraft in loading apron and hangars
and to establish the path of the movement of aircraft, it is very essential to study the geometry
of the turning movement of aircrafts.
= 1.6 km
= 3.2 km
=13 km
= 80 km
Fuel spillage
At loading apron and hangars, it is difficult to avoid spillage completely, but effort should be
made to bring it within minimum limit. The bituminous pavements are seriously affected by
the fuel spillage and therefore, it is essential that the areas of bituminous pavements under
fueling inlets,
Noise
Noise generated by aircraft create problems in making decision on layout and capacity. The
correct assessment of future noise patterns to minimize the effect on surrounding
communities
Correlation between aircraft characteristics and airport planning
Sl.No
Aircraft Characteristics
Wing Span
2
3
4
Height of aircraft
Wheel Base
Aircraft capacity
5
6
Wheel configurations
Aircraft Velocity
Noise
Airport layout
Airport layout components
The main components of an airport layout are:
1. Airport consists of following
a. Landing strip, consisting of a runway, shoulder and stop ways
b. Taxiways
c. Apron
2. Terminal area, consisting of the following
a. Gates
b. Terminal building
A holding apron is the portion provided near the end of a runway for engine run-up and for
hatching or unhatching vehicles towing the aircraft. They also serve as the area for aircraft
waiting for take-off
The gate is the opening in the terminal building though which passengers enter/ leave the
terminal building on arrival/ departure from an aircraft parked in the apron.
Terminal building: Primary function of an airport building is to accommodate terminal and
operations activities like control towers, weather bureau, and administrative block and
passenger facilities. Location of building with respect to runway and taxiway should provide
space for future expansion terminal building should be set back by 150 m and 75 m for
instrumental and non-instrumental landing systems respectively.
Hangersrefered to large sheds where repair, renovation, servicing and fuelling of aircrafts are
undertaken. Hangers are usually steel framed structures with ventilation as essential
requirement. Machine shops and spare parts stores are provided within hangears. Size and
number of hangers depend upon the demand.
Flight support area consists of a number of structures and facilities for air traffic control
navigation aids and fuelling the aircraft
Regional planning
The planning of an airport should be done considering the air traffic needs of the nation as a
whole rather than an individual locality. Airport planning including the airport
administration, if not done on regional basis, would seriously impair the effective air traffic
services of the country. It may further result in surplus or shortage of airport facilities on
regional basis. Improper location of the airport in relation to the area served would result in
unrealistic planning and undesirable air space conflicts.
Airport planning on regional basis avoids the creation of separate airports by individual
jurisdiction.
The regional plan usually provides the following information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The following data needs to be collected for a scientific and sound planning on regional basis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Population
Topographical and geographical features
Existing airports in the vicinity
Air traffic characterisitics
Population
The population growth of an area to be served and the character of population based on the
income groups and activities should be determined. The trend and needs of the people
towards saving of travel time should also be studied.
Topographical and geographical features
Sometimes because of the topography, air service is the only accessible mode of
transportation. The geographical location of the area to be served is also equally important.
Existing airports in the vicinity
Distance, population and economic charater of the adjoining areas having air service should
be studied. Two nearby airports should be located sufficiently apart so that the encircling
radii of two aircraft landing simultaneously do not overlap
Air traffic characteristics
Various existing modes of transport, with their merits and demerits in the area to be served,
should be carefully studied. The future expected volume of air traffic in terms of passengers,
cargo, mail etc., and the number of aircraft movements required for the above should also be
determined.
Regional plan
The site selected should fit well into the regional plan, therby forming it an integral part of
the national network of airport
Airport use
The selection of site depends upon the use of an airport i.e. weather for civil or for military
operations. However, during the emergency, civilian airports are taken over by the defence.
Therefore, the airport site selected should be such that it provides natural protection to area
from air raids.
Proximity to other airports
The site should be selected at a considerable distance from the existing airports so that the
aircrafts landing in one airport does not interfere with the movement of aircraft at other
airport. The required separation between the airports mainly depend upon the volume of air
traffic, the type of aircraft and the air traffic control,.i.e. weather the airports are equipped
with instrumental landing facilities or not.
Ground accessibility
The site should be so selected that it is readily accessible to the users. The airline passenger is
more concerned with the door-to-door time rather than the actual time in air travel. The time
to reach the airport is, therefore, an important consideration specillay for short haul
operations. The time required to reach an airport in a passenger car, from the business or
residential centres should normally not exceed 30 min. the best location is a site adjacent to
the main highway.
Topography
This includes natural features like ground contors, trees, streams etc. a raised ground e.g. a
hill top os usually considered to be an ideal site for an airport. The reasons are.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Obstructions
When aircraft is landing or taking off, it loses or gains altitude very slowly as compared to
the forward speed. For this reason, long clearance areas are provided on either side of the
runway known as approach areas over which the aircraft can safely gain or lose altitude. The
areas should be kept free of obstructions. Obstruction may be consists of fences, tress, pole
lines, building and other natural or man made objects, sometimes the ground itself may slope
upwards from the end of the runways to such an extent that it forms an obstruction to the
aircraft operation. If the obstruction exists around a site over which an airport is to be built,
the removal is imperative at any cost.
Visibility
Poor visibility lowers the traffic capacity of the airport. The site selected should therefore be
free from visibility reducing conditions, such as fog, smock and haze. Fog generally settles in
the area where windblown is minimum. E.g. in a valley areas.
Wind
Runway is so oriented that landing and takeoff is done by heading into the wind. Wind data
.i.e., direction, duration and intensity of wind should be collected over a minimum period of
about five years. This helps in proper orientation of runway and influence the shape of the
site needed for the development of the airport.the site should be located to the windward
direction of the city, so that a minimum smoke from the city is blow over the site.
Noise nuisance
The extent of noise nuisance depends upon the limb out path of aircraft, type of engine
propulsion and the cross weight of aircrafts. Therefore, the site should be so selected that the
landing and take-off paths of the aircrafts pass over the land which is free from residential or
industrial development. Sometime buffer zone may have to be provided between the take off
end of a runway and a nearby residential area. If buffer zone cannot be provided, some
acoustical barrier may have to be installed. Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) recommends that
to minimise community disturbance due to noise, the area nearby to the airports should be
kept free from the residential development and places of public assembly.
Grading, Drainage and soil Characteristics
Grading and drainage plays an important role in the construction and maintenance of airport
which in turn influences the site selection. The original ground profile of a site together with
any grading operations, determines the shape of the airport area and the general pattern of the
drainage system. Possibility of floods at the valley site should be investigated.
Future development
Considering than the air traffic volume will continue to increase in future, more number of
runways may have to be provided for an increased traffic, similarly, more facilities may be
required for processing of passengers, baggage and shelter of aircraft.
Availability of utilities from town
An airport has to be provided with facilities like water supply, sewer, telephones, electricity
etc. in the selection of site, the availability of these utilities from the town should be given
due consideration.
direction. The procedure for determining the orientation of runway from this type of wind
rose
is
described
below.
Draw three equi-spaced parallel lines on a transparent paper strip in such a way that the
distance between the two nearby parallel lines is equal to the permissible cross wind
component. This distance is measured with the same scale with which the wind rose diagram
is drawn the permissible cross wind component is 25kph. Place the transparent paper strip
over the wind rose diagram in such a way that the central line passes through the centre of the
diagram. With the centre of wind rose rotate the tracing paper and place it in such a position
that the sum of all the values indicating the duration of wind within the two outer parallel
lines is the maximum. The runway should be thus oriented along the direction indicated by
the central line. The wind coverage can be calculated by summing up all the percentages.