Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Concrete Design
Dr.Amorn Pimanmas
Sirindhorn International
Institute of Technology (SIIT)
RC beam
Casting of RC foundation
Example of RC structures
Dome : CMU
Hypar Roof : MU
Earthquake
Acid attack
Fire attack
Design Codes
The most significant reinforced concrete code in the
US is Building Code Requirement for Reinforced
Concrete.
Concrete
This code available from the American Concrete
Institute, generally referred to as ACI318 Code.
In this course the design
procedures of the ACI318-08M
(2008) code is adopted.
Note : RC Codes in Thailand
are based on ACI318-89.
89
Design Philosophies
Two philosophies of design have been prevalent.
The Working Stress Method (WSM),
WSM focusing on
conditions at service load was the principal method
used from the 1900s until 1960s.
Now, this method is called Alternative Design
Method (ADM).
ADM
Today (2009) the Strength Design Method (SDM)
SDM is
used, focusing on conditions at loads greater than
service loads when failure may be imminent.
SDM is deemed conceptually more realistic to
establish safety.
In the SDM,
SDM the service loads are increased by
factors to obtain the load at which failure is
considered to be imminent, called factored load.
load
Wet mixing
Dry mixing
May be
added
Natural
fibers
Slump check
Steel fibers
+
Cement
Superplasticizer
Adding water
Curing
CSH
Ca(OH)2 Ettringite
Unit weight
Poissons ratio
Compressive strength
Modulus of elasticity
Tensile strength
Combined Stress
Confined concrete
Shrinkage
Creep
Thermal
Compressive strength
Stress-strain
relationship
Rate of loading
It should be noted that the shape of the
stress-strain curve for various concretes of the
same cylinder strength under various condition of
loading, varies considerably.
Cylinder strength
fc = 21 MPa
at 56 days
Concrete Class
The concrete is classified by compressive strength
as follows:
Low strength concrete : fc <= 20 MPa
Moderate strength concrete : 20 < fc < 40 MPa
High strength concrete : fc => 40 MPa
18
14
21
18
24
21
28
24
(British standard)
32
28
35
30
38
32
40
35
42
38
45
40
(American standard
Modulus of Elasticity
The figure represent a typical stress-strain curve for
concrete.
In the figure, the initial modulus (tangent at origin), the
tangent modulus
(at 0.5fc), and the
secant modulus
are noted.
Usually the secant
modulus at from
25-50% of fc is
Concrete strain, mm./mm.
considered to be
the modulus of elasticity of concrete
Modulus of Elasticity
For many years the modulus of elasticity of
concrete was approximate adequately as 1,000fc
by ACI code.
Recently ACI318 proposed the modulus of
elasticity for normal weight concrete as
Ec = 4,700(fc)0.5
(MPa)
(MPa)
Poissons Ratio
The ratio between the transverse strain and the
strain in the direction of applied uniaxial loading,
referred to as Poissons ratio.
ratio
For concrete, it is
usually found to be
in the range 0.15 to 0.20.
0.20
At high compressive
stresses the transverse
strains increase rapidly,
rapidly owing to internal cracking
parallel to the direction of loading.
Tensile Strength
The tensile strength of
concrete varies from
about 8 to 15% of its
compressive strength, fc.
The tensile strength of
concrete doesnt vary
in direct proportion to
its compressive strength.
It does, however, vary
approximately in proportion
to the square root of fc.
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength is quite difficult to measure with direct
axial tension loads because of problems in gripping,
stress concentrations and aligning the loads.
Modulus of rupture
Splitting Test
Tensile strength
Table shows approximate formulas for tensile strength
obtained from three different approaches.
Normal weight
(MPa)
Direct test
0.33(fc)0.5
Splitting test
0.53(fc)0.5
Modulus of rupture
0.50(fc)0.5
Based in hundreds of
tests, the code provides
a modulus of rupture
fr = 0.5(fc)0.5
fr = 0.5(fc)0.5
P2
M
Uniaxial
C
Biaxial
C
C
T
C
Triaxial
C
T
C
C
Biaxial Stress
In this case, the stresses act in one plane and the third
principal stress is zero.
Where
fc
fl
fcc = fc + 4.1fl
fc
fcc = Kfc
fcc
fc
Shrinkage of Concrete
Influence of amount
of water on shrinkage
125
1.2
kgf./m.3
150
175
200
225
250
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
250
lb
300
350
400
of concrete
Shrinkage of Concrete
In lieu of specific information on the shrinkage
properties of the concrete, the following
approximate expressions for shrinkage can be
used.
sh = [t/(35+t)](sh)u
t
(esh)u
Creep of concrete
Creep is the properties of concrete by which it
continues de deform with time under sustained loads
within elastic range (say below 0.5fc).
Frequently creep is associated with shrinkage.
In general, true elastic strain
strain decreases since the
modulus of elasticity is a function of concrete
strength which
increases
with time.
Creep of Concrete
Accurate prediction of creep is complicated
because of the variables involved.
Branson, D. E. (1977) gives a standard creep
coefficient equation.
Ct
2
Compressive
(MPa)
, fstrength
c (./. )
T = 70C
T = 400C
30
T = 200C
T = 600C
20
T = 800 C
The coefficient of thermal
10
expansion () and contraction
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.04
(./.)
varies somewhat, depending
Stain, c (mm./mm.)
upon the type of aggregate and richness of the mix.
Deformed bars
Various types of rib
Bars in Thailand
Diameter
(mm.)
6
Perimeter
(mm.)
18.86
Mass
(kgf/m)
0.22
Area
(mm.2)
28.3
RB9
28.29
0.50
63.6
RB12
12
37.71
0.89
113
RB15
15
47.14
1.39
177
RB19
19
59.71
2.23
284
RB25
25
78.57
3.85
491
Diameter
(mm.)
10
Perimeter
(mm.)
31.40
Mass
(kgf/m)
0.62
Area
(mm.2)
78
DB12
12
37.71
0.89
113
DB16
16
50.29
1.58
201
DB20
20
62.90
2.47
314
DB25
25
78.57
3.85
491
DB28
28
88.00
4.83
616
DB32
32
100.6
6.31
804
Tensile strength
Yield strength