What are electrolytes?

Why electrolytes can conduct

electricity?
What are free moving ions?
What compounds have free
moving ions?
What is the meaning of
chemical changes?
What are particles?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an

electrolyte or not? Why?

Ammonia (NH3) solution is an

electrolyte or not? Why?

Why molten lead is an

electrolyte?
What is an ion?

Why glucose solution is not

an electrolyte?

Molecules have charge or not?

Why?

Why cation has positive

charge?
Why anion has negative
charge?
What is electrolysis?

Free moving cations or anions or both.

Ionic compounds
in molten state or aqueous solution
changes of charge of ions or
any particles
atoms
molecules
ions
It is an electrolyte
Although HCl is a covalent compound, it dissolves in water
and produce hydroxonium ions (H3O+) and chloride ions (Cl-).
HCl (aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) [refer textbook pg. 117]
It is an electrolyte
Although NH3 is a covalent compound, it dissolves in water
and produce ammonium ions (NH4+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).
NH3 (aq) + H2O(l)
NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) [refer textbook pg. 118]
In molten state, there are free moving lead ions (Pb2+).
It must have charge (positive or negative).
Cation or Anion
Glucose are covalent compounds
Although Glucose dissolve in water, but
it exist as molecules that are neutral (without charge)
It does not have any free moving ions
Cannot conduct electricity
Molecules do not have charge, they are neutral.
A molecule is formed by sharing of electrons of two or more unstable
non-metal atoms.
The number of electrons in a molecule is equal to the total proton
number of the atoms.
The total charge is neutral.
Number of electrons in the cation is less than the proton number.

Number of electrons in the anion is more than the proton number.

a process of decomposition ()of

a compound in molten or aqueous state (solution)
by using a direct electric current.
a battery
an electrolyte
two electrodes

Electrolytic cell consists of?

Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
substances
conduct electricity
molten state or aqueous solution
undergo chemical changes
Presence of free moving ions.

Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

What is anode?
What is cathode?
What are the anions and
cations present in:
(short-form:
mt = molten
sl = solution)

mt sodium chloride
mt zinc bromide
mt aluminium oxide
mt sodium oxide
mt potassium iodide
mt lead(II) bromide
sodium chloride sl
mt magnesium chloride
mt sodium iodide
mt potassium bromide
mt zinc iodie
copper(II) sulphate sl
dilute sulphuric acid
potassium iodide sl
dilute hydrochloric acid
copper(II) nitrate sl
silver nitrate sl
Cations and anions will be
attracted to which electrodes?
Write the half equation for the
discharge of

lead(II) ion.
chloride ion.
copper(II) ion.
hydroxide ion.
sodium ion.
bromide ion.
fluoride ion.
magnesium ion.
oxide ion.
aluminium ion.
zinc ion.
potassium ion.
calcium ion.

electrode connected to positive terminal of an electric source

electrode connected to negative terminal of an electric source
Write out the chemical formula. For example AxBy
1.
Determine the cations and anions.
2.
Molten AxBy:
Cation
: Ay+(l)
Anion: Bx-(l)
AxBy Solution:
Cations : Ay+(aq), H+(aq)
Anion: Bx-(aq), OH-(aq)
*** For solution, it must also have H+ and OH-.
*** cations and anions in molten state must be in liquid (l) state.
*** cations and anions in solution must be in aqueous (aq) state.
Cation: Na+(l)
Anion: Cl-(l)
Cation: Zn2+(l)
Anion:Br-(l)
Cation: Al3+(l)
Anion: O2-(l)
Cation: Na+(l)
Anion: O2-(l)
Cation: K+(l)
Anion: I-(l)
Cation: Pb2+(l)
Anion: Br-(l)
Cation: Na+(aq), H+(aq)
Anion: Cl-(aq) , OH-(aq)
Cation: Mg2+(l)
Anion: Cl-(l)
Cation: Na+(l)
Anion: I-(l)
Cation: K+(l)
Anion: Br-(l)
Cation: Zn2+(l)
Anion: I-(l)
Cation: Cu2+(aq), H+(aq)
Anion: SO42-(aq), OH-(aq)
Cation: H+(aq)
Anion: SO42-(aq), OH-(aq)
Cation: K+(aq), H+(aq)
Anion: I-(aq), OH-(aq)
Cation: H+(aq)
Anion: Cl-(aq), OH-(aq)
Cation: Cu2+(aq), H+(aq)
Anion: NO3-(aq), OH-(aq)
Cation: Ag+(aq), H+(aq)
Anion: NO3-(aq), OH-(aq)
Cations will be attracted to Cathode
Anions will be attracted to Anode
GE = gain electrons
LE = lose electrons
Cation discharge its electrons by gaining electrons.
Anion discharge its electrons by losing electrons.
Pb2+(aq) + 2e- Pb(s) or Pb2+(l) + 2e- Pb(s)
2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e-or 2Cl-(l) Cl2(g) + 2eCu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) or Cu2+(l) + 2e- Cu (s)
4OH-(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4eNa+(aq) + e- Na(s) or Na+(l) + e- Na(s)
2Br-(aq) Br2(g) + 2e- or 2Br-(l) Br2(g) + 2e2F-(aq) F2(g) + 2e- or 2F-(l) F2(g) + 2eMg2+(aq) + 2e- Mg(s) or Mg2+(l) + 2e- Mg(s)
2O2-(l) O2(g) + 4eAl3+(aq) + 3e- Al(s) or Al3+(l) + 3e- Al(s)
Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Zn(s) or Zn2+(l) + 2e- Zn(s)
K+(aq) + e- K(s) or K+(l) + e- K(s)
Ca2+(aq) + 2e- Ca(s) or Ca2+(l) + 2e- Ca(s)

GE
LE
GE
LE
GE
LE
LE
GE
LE
GE
GE
GE
GE

Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

iron(II) ion.
hydrogen ion.
copper(I) ion

What precaution should we take

during electrolysis of molten
compound which contain
chloride and bromide ions?
What are the observations,
conclusions and products in
anode and cathode in electrolysis
of :

mt sodium chloride

mt lead(II) bromide

How to predict the products of

electrolysis?

What happens during an

electrolysis of molten lead(II)
bromide, PbBr2(l)?

Fe2+(aq) + 2e- Fe(s) or Fe2+(l) + 2e- Fe(s)

2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) or 2H+(l) + 2e- H2(g)
Cu+(aq) + e- Cu(s) or Cu+(l) + e- Cu(s)
Carry out in a well-ventilated place
Chlorine and bromine vapour are poisonous and pungent.

GE
GE
GE

Observation = what you see or feel.

Conclusion = conclusion according to the observation
Product = the substance at anode or cathode

Anode
: a gray substance is deposited
Cathode : a greenish-yellow gas is given off
Conclusion :
mt sodium chloride conducts electricity.
Chlorine gas is given off at the anode.
Sodium is deposited at the cathode
Product:
Anode
: chlorine
Cathode : Sodium
Anode
: a gray substance is deposited
Cathode : a greenish-yellow gas is given off
Conclusion :
mt lead(II) bromide conducts electricity.
Bromine gas is given off at the anode.
Lead is deposited at the cathode
Product:
Anode
: Lead
Cathode : Bromine
P1. Identify cations and anions present in compound.
P2. Identify cations attracted to cathode.
P3. Identify anions attracted to anode.
P4. Determine number of electrons involved in discharge
(The number of electrons is equal to the charge on the ion, for
example, Cu2+ will discharge 2 electrons)
P5. Write half equation of cation gaining electrons
P6. Write half equation of anion losing electrons.
P7. Write balance chemical equation by adding the two half-equations.
*** Product of electrolysis is at the right hand side of chemical equation.

Molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2(l) is an electrolyte

It has free moving lead ion, Pb2+(l) and

P1

free moving bromide ions, Br (l).

P1

2+
The positive ions (cations), lead ions, Pb (l) move to cathode.
P2

The negative ions (anions), bromide ions, Br (l) move to anode.

P3

2+
At cathode, a lead ion, Pb (l) discharge by accepting 2 electrons P4
to form a lead atom.

Pb2+(l) + 2e- Pb(s)

P5

Lead metal is formed at cathode.

At anode, a bromide ion, Br- discharge by donating 1 electron to P4

form a bromine atom.
3

Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

What happens during an

electrolysis of molten sodium
chloride, NaCl(l)?

What happens during an

electrolysis of molten lead(II)
Oxide, PbO(l)?

What happens during an

electrolysis of Copper(II)
Sulphate solution, CuSO4(aq)?

2 bromine atoms combine to form a bromine gas, Br2 molecule.

2Br-(l) Br2(g) + 2eP6
Bromine gas is released at anode.
The overall equation of the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide,
PbBr2 is : Pb2+(l) + 2Br-(l) Pb(s) + Br2(g)
P7
Molten sodium chloride, NaCl(l) is an electrolyte
It has free moving sodium ion, Na+ and
P1
free moving chloride ions, Cl .
P1
+
The positive ions (cations), sodium ions, Na move to cathode.
P2
The negative ions (anions), chlorides ions, Cl move to anode.
P3
+
At cathode, a sodium ion, Na discharge by accepting 1 electron
P4
to form a sodium atom.
Na+(l) + e- Na(s)
P5
Sodium metal is formed at cathode.
At anode, a chloride ion, Cl- discharge by donating 1 electron to form
a chlorine atom.
P4
2 chlorine atoms combine to form a chlorine gas, Cl2 molecule.
2Cl-(l) Cl2(g) + 2eP6
Chlorine gas is released at anode.
The overall equation of the electrolysis of molten Sodium Chloride,
NaCl is : Na+(l) + 2Cl-(l) Na(s) + Cl2(g)
P7
Molten lead(II) oxide, PbO(l) is an electrolyte
It has free moving lead ion, Pb2+ and
P1
2free moving oxide ions, O .
P1
The positive ions (cations), lead ions, Pb2+ move to cathode.
P2
2The negative ions (anions), oxide ions, O move to anode.
P3
2+
At cathode, a lead ion, Pb discharge by accepting 2 electrons to form
a lead atom.
P4
2+
Pb (l) + 2e- Pb(s)
P5
Lead metal is formed at cathode.
At anode, an oxide ion, O2- discharge by donating 2 electrons to form
an oxygen atom.
P4
2 oxygen atoms combine to form an oxygen gas, O2 molecule.
2O2-(l) O2(g) + 4eP6
Oxygen gas is released at anode.
The overall equation of the electrolysis of molten lead(II) oxide, PbO
is : Pb2+(l) + 2O2-(l) Pb(s) + O2(g)
P7
Copper(II) Sulphate solution, CuSO4(aq) is an electrolyte
It has free moving copper(II) ion, Cu2+, sulphate ions, SO42P1
+
free moving hydrogen ions, H and hydroxide ions, OH .
P1
2+
The positive ions (cations), copper(II) ions, Cu and hydrogen ions,
H+ move to cathode.
P2
2The negative ions (anions), sulphate ions, SO4 and hydroxide ions,
OH- move to anode.
P3
At cathode, a copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is selectively discharged by
accepting 2 electrons to form a copper atom.
P4
2+
Cu (aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
P5
4

Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

Draw a labelled diagram to

show the set-up of apparatus
for an electrolysis of molten
lead(II) Oxide, PbO(l).
What happens during an
electrolysis of dilute sulphuric
acid, H2SO4(aq)?

The electrochemical series

Draw a labelled diagram to
show the set-up of apparatus
for an electrolysis of dilute
sulphuric acid, H2SO4(aq).
Unit of concentration
Factors that affect the
electrolysis of an aqueous
solution.

What happens during an

electrolysis of 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq)?

Copper metal is formed at cathode.

At anode, a hydroxide ion, OH- is selectively discharged by donating
electrons to form water and oxygen gas.
P4
4OH-(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4eP6
Oxygen gas is released at anode.
The overall equation of the electrolysis of Copper(II) Sulphate
solution, CuSO4(aq) is :
2Cu2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) 2Cu(s) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
P7
Refer figure 6.3 in Practical Book, page 60
Change Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 to Solid lead(II) Oxide, PbO.
Dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4(aq) is an electrolyte
It has free moving sulphate ions, SO42-,
P1
free moving hydrogen ions, H+ and
P1
free moving hydroxide ions, OH .
P1
+
The positive ions (cations), hydrogen ions, H move to cathode.
P2
2The negative ions (anions), sulphate ions, SO4 and hydroxide ions,
OH- move to anode.
P3
+
At cathode, a hydrogen ion, H discharge by accepting 1 electrons to
form a hydrogen atom.
P4
2 hydrogen atoms combine to from a hydrogen gas, H2 molecule.
2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
P5
Hydrogen gas is released at cathode.
At anode, a hydroxide ion, OH- is selectively discharged by donating
electrons to form water and oxygen gas.
P4
4OH (aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e
P6
Oxygen gas is released at anode.
The overall equation of the electrolysis of Dilute sulphuric acid,
H2SO4(aq) is :
4H+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) 2H2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
P7
Figure 6.3 in textbook page 101
Refer figure 6.5 in Practical Book page 62.
Change electrolyte to dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4(aq)
mol dm-3 or g dm-3
Position of ions in the electrochemical series
Concentration of ions in the electrolytes
Types of electrodes used in the electrolysis
1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq) is an electrolyte.
It has free moving chloride ions, Cl-,
P1
+
free moving hydrogen ions, H and hydroxide ions, OH .
P1
+
The positive ions (cations), hydrogen ions, H move to cathode.
P2
The negative ions (anions), Cl- and OH- move to anode.
P3
+
At cathode, a hydrogen ion, H discharge by accepting 1 electrons to
form a hydrogen atom.
P4
2 hydrogen atoms combine to from a hydrogen gas, H2 molecule.
5
Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

What happens during an

electrolysis of 0.001 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq)?

Draw a labelled diagram to

show the set-up of apparatus
for an electrolysis of
Copper(II) Sulphate solution,
CuSO4(aq) with Copper
electrode.

2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)

P5
Hydrogen gas is released at cathode.
At anode, a chloride ion, Cl- is selectively discharged by donating 1
electron to form a chlorine atom.
P4
2 chlorine atoms combine to form a chlorine gas, Cl2 molecule.
2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2eP6
Chlorine gas is released at anode.
The overall equation of the electrolysis of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid, HCl(aq) is :
2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) H2(g) + Cl2(g)
P7
-3
0.001 mol dm hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq) is an electrolyte.
It has free moving chloride ions, Cl-,
P1
+
free moving hydrogen ions, H and
P1
free moving hydroxide ions, OH .
P1
+
The positive ions (cations), hydrogen ions, H move to cathode.
P2
The negative ions (anions), chloride ions, Cl and hydroxide ions, OHmove to anode.
P3
+
At cathode, a hydrogen ion, H discharge by accepting 1 electrons to
form a hydrogen atom.
P4
2 hydrogen atoms combine to from a hydrogen gas, H2 molecule.
2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
P5
Hydrogen gas is released at cathode.
At anode, a hydroxide ion, OH- is selectively discharged by donating
electrons to form water and oxygen gas.
P4
4OH-(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4eP6
Oxygen gas is released at anode.
The overall equation of the electrolysis of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid, HCl(aq) is :
4H+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) 2H2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
P7
Refer practical book 68, figure 6.9
Change Carbon electrodes to Copper electrodes.

Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

What happens during an

electrolysis of Copper(II)
Sulphate solution, CuSO4(aq)
with Copper electrode?

Copper(II) Sulphate solution, CuSO4(aq) is an electrolyte

It has free moving copper(II) ion, Cu2+,
P1

2free moving sulphate ions, SO4 ,

P1

+
free moving hydrogen ions, H and hydroxide ions, OH .
P1

2+
The positive ions (cations), copper(II) ions, Cu and hydrogen ions,
H+ move to cathode.
P2

2The negative ions (anions), sulphate ions, SO4 and hydroxide ions,
OH- move to anode.
P3

2+
At cathode, a copper(II) ion, Cu is selectively discharged by
accepting 2 electrons to form a copper atom.
P4

2+
Cu (aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
P5

Copper metal is formed at cathode.

At anode, the copper anode corrodes and dissolves in the

electrolyte.

A copper atom donates 1 electron to form a copper(II) ion,

P4
2+
Cu .

Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2eP6

The concentration of the copper(II) ions in the solution remains

unchanged.

This is because of the rate of formation of copper(II) ions, Cu2+ at

the anode is the same as the rate of discharge of copper(II) ions,
Cu2+ at the cathode.

The blue colour of the solution remain unchanged.

The overall equation of the electrolysis of Copper(II) Sulphate

solution, CuSO4(aq) is :
Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s) Cu(s) + Cu2+(aq)
P7
How do you test the present of Hydrogen gives a pop sound with a lighted wooden splinter
hydrogen and oxygen?
Oxygen rekindles a glowing wooden splinter.
What are the observations and Observations:
products in the electrolysis of Cathode : A gas is given off that gives a pop sound with a lighted
dilute sulphuric acid?
wooden splinter
What is the overall result?
Anode : A gas is given off that rekindles a glowing wooden splinter
Ratio of gas at cathode to volume at anode is 2:1
Products:
Cathode : Hydrogen
Anode: Oxygen
Overall result:
1. Electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid is the decomposition of water
2. Concentration of the sulphuric acid inc as the electrolysis progresses.
What are the observations and 0.005 mol dm-3 potassium iodide solution
products in the electrolysis of Observations:
0.005 mol dm-3 potassium
Cathode : A gas is given off that gives a pop sound with a lighted
iodide solution and
wooden splinter
2 mol dm-3 potassium iodide
Anode : A gas is given off that rekindles a glowing wooden splinter
solution?
Products:
Cathode : Hydrogen
Anode: Oxygen

2 mol dm-3 potassium iodide solution

Observations:
Cathode : A gas is given off that gives a pop sound with a lighted
wooden splinter
7
Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

Anode

What are the observations and

products in the electrolysis of
0.001 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid and 1 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid?

What are the reactive metals

can be extracted from their
ores by electrolysis?
In the electrolysis of the
reactive metal, metals are
formed through the reaction at
Why cryolite, Na3AlF6 is
added to aluminium oxide?
How do you purify an impure
copper through electrolysis?

Products:
Cathode : Hydrogen
Anode: Iodine
-3
0.001 mol dm hydrochloric acid
Observations:
Cathode : A gas is given off that gives a pop sound with a lighted
wooden splinter
Anode : A gas is given off that rekindles a glowing wooden splinter
Products:
Cathode : Hydrogen
Anode: Oxygen
1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Observations:
Cathode : A gas is given off that gives a pop sound with a lighted
wooden splinter
Anode : a greenish-yellow gas is given off that bleach moist litmus
paper.
Products:
Cathode : Hydrogen
Anode: Chlorine

Aluminium

magnesium

How do you electroplate a cup

with copper through
electrolysis?

What is voltaic cell (vc)?

Give an example of vc.

: A yellow solution that gives a dark blue colour with iodine

solution.

the cathode
metal ions are cations
cations move to cathode and discharge there.
lower its melting points.
It serves as Catalyst (refer Form 5 Chapter 1 Rate of Reaction)
anode
: Impure copper
cathode : Pure copper
The electrolyte must have Copper(II) ions
refer figure 6.5 in textbook page 102.
The impure copper will corrodes and dissolve in the electrolyte.
Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2ePure copper will form at cathode.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
The overall equation of the electrolysis is :
Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s) Cu(s) + Cu2+(aq)
anode
: Copper electrode
cathode : Cup
refer figure 6.6 in textbook page 103.
refer the answer of the above question.
2 diff. metals
being immersed into an electrolyte and
connected by wire.
A cell with 2 diff metals
inserted into a lemon and
connected by wire
8

Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

What is Daniell cell?

A solution of zinc ion

A solutions of copper ion

What is the function of the

salt bridge in Daniell Cell
(see photograph 6.2 in
textbook page 105)?
What is the function of the
porous pot in Daniell Cell
(see photograph 6.3 in
textbook page 105)?
In vc, how do we determine
its negative (-ve) terminal and
positive (+ve) terminal?
1. Determine the ve
terminal and +ve terminal
in vc with following
metals immersed in
Sodium Chloride solution.
2. Write the 2 half equations.

A voltaic cell
Zinc and copper are used as electrodes.
Each of the metals is immersed into a solution of its ions such as
Zinc Sulphate solution, ZnSO4(aq) and
Copper(II) Sulphate solution, CuSO4(aq)
The 2 solutions are connected through a salt bridge or a porous pot.
Refer Photograph 6.2 and 6.3 in textbook page 105.
Zinc Sulphate solution, ZnSO4(aq)
Zinc Nitrate solution, Zn(NO3)2(aq)
Zinc Chloride solution, ZnCl2(aq)
Further details please refer chapter 8 - Salts
Copper(II) Sulphate solution, CuSO4(aq)
Copper(II) Nitrate solution, Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Copper(II) Chloride solution, CuCl2(aq)
Further details please refer
o chapter 8 Salts
o Form 5 chapter 3 Oxidation and Reduction
To complete the electric circuit by allowing ions to flow from one
half-cell to another

To complete the electric circuit by allowing ions to flow from one

half-cell to another

-ve terminal
Metal with higher position in electrochemical series (e/s).
+ve terminal
Metal with lower position in e/s.
1. -ve terminal (-t)
o Metal with higher position in electrochemical series (e/s).
+ve terminal (+t)
o Metal with lower position in e/s.
2. t releases its electrons:
M(s) Mn+(aq) + ne- , M = -t
Cation in the electrolyte with lower position in e/s receives the
electrons released by t. For example, cations in Sodium Chloride
solution are Na+(aq) and H+(aq). H+ has lower position in e/s compared
to Na+. Thus, H+(aq) will receives the electrons.
2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)

3. Write the overall eq.

Potassium and Sodium

3. Write balance chemical equation by adding the two half-equations.

1. -t: Potassium
+t: Sodium
2. K(s) K+(aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. 2K(s) + 2H+(aq) 2K+(aq) + H2(g)
9

Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

Calcium and Potassium

Zinc and Sodium

Iron and Silver

Magnesium and Copper

Aluminium and Iron

Copper and Lead

Lead and Iron

Aluminium and Sodium

Lead and Silver

Silver and Tin

Tin and Zinc

Copper and Silver

In Daniel Cell (DC), what are

the metals used as t and +t?
DC consists of ___ half cells?

1. -t: Potassium
+t: Calcium
2. K(s) K+(aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. 2K(s) + 2H+(aq) 2K+(aq) + H2(g)
1. -t: Sodium
+t: Zinc
2. Na(s) Na+(aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. 2Na(s) + 2H+(aq) 2Na+(aq) + H2(g)
1. -t: Iron
+t: Silver
2. Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + H2(g)
1. -t: Magnesium
+t: Copper
2. Mg(s) Mg2+(aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
1. -t: Aluminium
+t: Iron
2. Al(s) Al3+(aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. 2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)
1. -t: Lead
+t: Copper
2. Pb(s) Pb2+(aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. Pb(s) + 2H+(aq) Pb2+(aq) + H2(g)
1. -t: Iron
+t: Lead
2+
2. Fe(s) Fe (aq) + 2e
2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + H2(g)
1. -t: Sodium
+t: Aluminium
+
2. Na(s) Na (aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. 2Na(s) + 2H+(aq) 2Na+(aq) + H2(g)
1. -t: Lead
+t: Silver
2. Pb(s) Pb2+(aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. Pb(s) + 2H+(aq) Pb2+(aq) + H2(g)
1. -t: Tin
+t: Silver
2. Sn(s) Sn2+(aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. Sn(s) + 2H+(aq) Sn2+(aq) + H2(g)
1. -t: Zinc
+t: Tin Zinc
2. Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
1. -t: Copper
+t: Silver
2. Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + e2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
3. Cu(s) + 2H+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + H2(g)
-ve terminal : Zinc
+ve terminal : Copper
Two: Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq) half-cell and Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq) half-cell
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Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

In DC, -t is immersed in
_____________ solution.
In DC, +t is immersed in
_____________ solution.
The 2 half cells in DC are
connected by ___________.
Half equation in t of DC
Half equation in +t of DC
Overall equation in DC
As the DC reaction
progresses, what happen to
the ions in 2 half cells?
The differences between
primary cells (p/c) and
secondary cells (s/c)
Examples of p/c

Zinc Sulphate

Examples of s/c

Compare an electrolytic cell

and a voltaic cell:
Function

Structure

Polarity of electrodes

Process occurring at
negatively charged
electrode
Process occurring at
positively charged
electrode
Flow of electrons

Products

Copper(II) Sulphate
Salt bridge or
Porous pot / device
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + eCu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Zinc ions in the Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq) half-cell increase.
Copper(II) ions in the Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq) half-cell decrease.

Primary cells are non-rechargeable cells

Secondary cells are rechargeable cells

Dry cell/zinc-carbon cell, alkaline-manganese cell, silver oxide cell

and lithium cell
Nickel-cadmium cells, lithium ion cell, nickel metal hydride (NiMH
batteries) and lead-acid accumulator (car battery)

Electrolytic Cell
Uses direct electric current to
produce a non-spontaneous
chemical change
2 electrodes immersed in an
electrolyte. The two electrodes are
connected to a battery.

-ve elelectrode = cathode

+ve electrode = anode
Electrons are gained by cations.

Electrons are released by anions.

Voltaic Cell
Uses a spontaneous chemical
change to produce a direct electric
current
2 different metal electrodes
immersed in an electrolyte.
Two 2 electrodes are connected to
a device that uses electricity such
as bulb. Could also be made up of
2 half-cells.
-ve terminal = > reactive metal
+ve terminal = < reactive metal
The atoms of the t lose electrons
to form ions.
The ions from the electrolyte gain
electrons to form atoms.

Fr. anode to +t of battery and then fr. From (fr.) t to +t

t of battery to cathode
Electricity
Electrolyte = molten ionic
compound (i.c.)
- Constituent elements of i.c.
Electrolyte = aq solution
- depend on factors affecting the

selective discharge of ions.

Find the position in electrochemical series (e.s.) for the following pair of metals:
Pair of Metals
Negative terminal
Voltage/volts
Position in e.s.
11

Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

A
A and C

x volt
C
A

B and C

y
y<x

x volt

y volt
C
A

A and D

z
z>x

x volt

y volt

z volt
C
D

Do the question in form 4

chemistry textbook page 109
(Work This Out 6.6)

Do the Review Questions in

form 4 chemistry textbook pg
113, 114 and 115

No.
(a) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(b)

Negative
terminal
Magnesium
Magnesium
Zinc
Zinc
Metal Q

Positive
terminal
Silver
Zinc
Lead
Silver
Silver

Cell voltage
3.0V + 0.5V = 3.5V
3.0V 1.1V = 1.9V
1.1V 0.4V = 0.7V
1.1V + 0.5V = 1.6V
2.5V

Mg-Ag produces 3.5V whereas Zn-Ag produces 1.6V, so metal Q must be

in between Mg and Zn as 2.5 V is in between 3.5V and 1.6V.
1. A is not electrolyte as it has no free moving electrons. It has free
moving molecules only.
B is electrolyte as it has free moving electrons.
C is not electrolyte as it has no free moving electrons. It has free
moving molecules only.
D is not electrolyte as it has no free moving electrons.
2. Molten Aluminium Oxide has Al3+(l) and O2-(l) ions.
Al3+(l) discharges its ions at cathode:
Al3+(l) + 3e- Al(s)
O2-(l) discharges its ions at anode:
2O2-(l) O2(g) + 4e3. Hydrochloric acid has H+(aq), Cl-(aq) and OH-(aq) ions.
Test tube X cover electrode positive (anode), thus OH-(aq) will be
selectively discharged at anode and produce oxygen gas which can be
tested by a glowing splinter.
Lime water CO2, A lighted splinter H2,
A moist litmus paper acid or alkali
4. cathode: iron key and anode: silver B
5. Refer to Electrochemical series (e.s.)
(K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag)
Copper(Cu) and Magnesium(Mg) has the longest distance D
6. Negative terminal = Magnesium
(as it has higher position than Zn in e.s.)
Mg(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2e-

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Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng

7. A it will increase the voltage as the distance of 2 metals in e.s.

become bigger.
B it will lower the voltage as the distance of 2 metals in e.s.
become smaller.
C it has no effect of changing electrolyte.
D it has no effect in change the container.
8. Q>P (2.5V) , Q>R (3.0V) , R>S (0.2V) Q>P>R>S
9. Q > Pb, Q < Fe Metal Q = Sn
Metal which is higher than Sn in e.s. = Mg, Zn, Al
10. I and III
Subjective Questions
(a)
X = Silver, Y = impure silver
(in electroplating, anode: metal; purification, anode: impure metal)
(b)
Ag+(aq) Ag(s) + e(c)
Y dissolve in silver nitrate solution which decrease its mass and anion
Y in silver nitrate solution discharge its electrons and deposits at Z
which increase its mass.
(d)
Unchange as the rate of X dissolve in silver nitrate solution is same as
the rate of X discharge its electrons and deposit at Iron ring.
(e)
Pollution due to chemical waste

13

Created by Olzen Khaw Tee Seng