Calculus 1: Derivative

Application of Derivative

rikip ginanjar
President University
November 2015

Extreme values of Functions

Maximum and Minimum Absolutes

Let f be a function with domain D.

The function f has absolute maximum value on
D at point c if f(x) f(c) for all x in D

Th function f has absolute minimum value on D

at point c if f(c) f(x) for all x in D
Example: f(x) = cos x ; - /2 x /2 has an
absolute value 1 and minimum value 0
But if f(x)= sin x , for the same interval, has
maximum vlue 1 and minimum -1

Local Maximum and Minimum

A function f has a local maximum value at interior point c on
its domain if f(x) f(c) for all x on an open interval
containing c
A function f has a local maximum value at interior point c on
its domain if f(c) f(x) for all x on an open interval
containing c

To Find Extrema
If f has a local maximum value or local
minimum value at an interior point on its
domain, if f exists at c, then f(c) = 0
An interior point in the domain of f, where f = 0
or undefined, is a critical point of f

To find absolute extrema

Find all critical points
Take the maximum and minimum of those
values.

Example : find absolute extrema

f(x) = x2 on [-2,1]
Answer:
f(x) = 2x = 0, then critical point is x =0
On the critical point f(0) = 0,
At endpoints f(-2) = 4, f(1) = 1
Function f has the absolute maximum value 4 at
x = -2 and the absolute minimum value 0 at x =0

Monotonic Functions
If function f is defined on interval I, and if x1 and
x2 are two points in I
If f(x1) < f(x2) when x1 < x2, we say f is
increasing on I
If f(x1) > f(x2) when x1 < x2, we say f is
decreasing on I.

A function that increases or decreases on I is

called monotonic function on I

Monotonic Function based on its

derivative
Let f be a continue function on [a,b] and
differentiable on (a,b)
If f(x) > 0 at every point in (a,b), then f is
increasing on [a,b]
If f(x) < 0 at every point in (a,b), then f is
decreasing on [a,b]

example
f(x)=x3-12x-5
f(x) = 3x2 -12 = 3 (x2-4)=3(x-2)(x+2)

x< -2

-2 < x < 2

x>2

f(-3) = 15

F(0)=-12

F(3) = 15

incr

decr

incr

To find Local Extrema

If f changes from negative to positive at c, then
f has local minimum at c
If f changes from positive to negative at c, then
f has local maximum at c
If f does not change at c, f does not have local
extrema at c

Example : from previous example, then f has

local minimum at x= -2 and local minimum at x
=2

Concavity
A graph of a function which is differentiable
twice
It will concave up on interval I if f increases on I
it will concave down on I, if f decreases on I

With second derivation, we can know the

concavity graph of a function
If f > 0 on I, graph of f on I concave up
If f < 0 on I, graph of f on I concave down

Example
f(x) = x3a is concave down on (- ,0) and
concave up on (0, ) because f(x)=6x
f(x)=x2, will concave up on (- , ) because f(x)
= 2 is always positive

Inflection Points
A point where the graph of a function has a
tangent line and the concavity changes
Using the graph of y, find the concavity and
inflection point!

Finding Local Extrema

Let f be continue on an open interval
containing x=c
If f(c) = 0 and f(c)< 0, then f has a local
maximum at x=c
If f(c)=0 and f(c) > 0, then f has a local
minimum at x=c
If f(c)=0 and f(c) = 0, then f might have local
maximum or local minimum or even does not
have both

Sketch graph of a function

Knowing f and f, we can sketch a graph of a
function f
Find extrema points
Find an interval where f increases and interval
where f decreases
Find where the graph of f concave up and
concave down
Sketch the graph
Plot several points like extrema points, inflection
points, and interseection on x-axis and y-axis

Example
Function f(x) = x4 4x3 + 10
F(x) = 4x3 12x2 = 4x2 (x-3)
0 F(x)
X<

=0 pada
titik x=0 danX>3
x= 3
0<x<3

decr

decr

incr

Meaning f does not have extrmea at x= 0, and

has local minimum at x =3
F(x) =12x2 -24x = 12x (x-2)

x<0

0<x<2

x>2

Concave up

Concave down

Concave up

x<0

0<x<2

2<x<3

x>3

decr

decr

decr

incr

Concave up

Concave down

Concave up

Concave up

Mean Value
Assume f continue at all points on [a,b] and
differentiable at all interior points (a,b). If
f(a)=f(b), then there exists at least one point x=c
in (a,b) where f(c) = 0
Assume f continue at all points on [a,b] and
differentiable at all interior points on (a,b). If
f(a)=f(b), then there exists at least one point x=c
in (a,b) where

f ' (c )

f (b) f (a)
b a

Example
f(x) = x2 continue on 0 x
differentiable on 0 < x < 2.

2 and

Find mean value and find the point c

Answer:
f(c) = (f(2) f(0)) / (4-2) = (4 0) / 2 = 2
f(x) = 2x; f(c) = 2c = 2 then c =1

Physics interpretation
If (f(b)-f(a))/(b-a) is interpreted as mean
changes of f on [a,b] and f(c) is velocity.
Then mean value theorem says that at a certain
point, the velocity must equal to the mean
changes on the whole interval.