KAEDAH CAMPURAN

(MIXED-METHOD)

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Categories of Research Designs

Quantitative
Qualitative
Mixed Methods

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Mixed methods designs

1.Sequential Explanatory Design
2.Sequential Exploratory Design
3.Sequential Transformative Design
4.Concurrent Triangulation Design
5.Concurrent Embedded Design
6.Concurrent Transformative Design
sequential- berturutan
concurrent- selari, serentak
explanatory- bertujuan menghuraikan
exploratory- bertujuan meneroka atau merintis
transformative- bertujuan menetapkan kaedah yg palng sesuai
triangulation- bertujuan membanding dan mengesahkan
embedded- bertujuan menyelitkan satu kaedah dalam kaedah yg lain
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Planning mixed methods procedures

Timing

Weighting

Mixing

Theorizing

No Sequence
Concurrent

Equal

Integrating

Explicit

Sequential Qualitative
first

Qualitative

Connecting

Implicit

Sequential Quantitative
first

Quantitative

Embedding

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Sequential explanatory design

QUAN
Data &
Results

Following up

qual
Data &
Results

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Interpretation

Sequential explanatory design:

Characteristics
Viewing the study as a two-phase project
Collecting quantitative data first followed by
collecting qualitative data second
Typically, a greater emphasis is placed on the
quantitative data in the study
Example: You first conduct a survey and then
follow up with a few individuals who answered
positively to the questions through interviews

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Sequential explanatory design:

When do you use it?
When you want to explain the
quantitative results in more depth with
qualitative data (e.g., statistical
differences among groups, individuals
who scored at extreme levels)
When you want to identify appropriate
participants to study in more depth
qualitatively
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Example of describing Sequential

explanatory design
The purpose of this two-phase, explanatory mixed methods
study will be to obtain statistical, quantitative results from a
sample and then follow-up with a few individuals to probe or
explore those results in more depth. In the first phase,
quantitative research questions or hypotheses will address the
relationship or comparison of __________ (independent) and
________ (dependent) variables with ___________
(participants) at ___________(the research site). In the
second phase, qualitative interviews or observations will be
used to problem significant _______(quantitative results) by
exploring aspects of the ________ (central phenomenon) with
_______ (a few participants) at ____________ (research
site).

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Sequential exploratory design

QUAL
Data &
Results

quan
Data &
Results
Building to

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Interpretation

Sequential exploratory design:

Characteristics
Viewing the study as a two-phase project
Qualitative data collection precedes
quantitative data collection
Typically, greater emphasis is placed on the
qualitative data in the study
Example: You collect qualitative diary entries,
analyze the data for themes, and then develop
an instrument based on the themes to
measure attitudes on a quantitative survey
administered to a large sample.

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Sequential exploratory design:

When do you use it?
To develop an instrument when one is
not available (first explore, then
develop instrument)
To develop a classification or typology
for testing
To identify the most important
variables to study quantitatively when
these variable are not known
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Example of writing Sequential exploratory

design
The purpose of this two-phase, exploratory mixed methods
study will be to explore participant views with the intent of
using this information to develop and test an instrument with
a sample from a population. The first phase will be a
qualitative exploration of a _______(central phenomenon) by
collecting
___________(data)
from
____________
(participants) at _______ (research site). Themes from this
qualitative data will then be developed into an instrument (or
survey) so that the __________ (theory and research
questions/hypotheses) can be tested that ________ (relate,
compare) ____________ (independent variable) with
__________ (dependent variable) for _________(sample of
a population) at _________ (research site).

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Sequential transformative design

QUAL

quan

Social science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview

QUAN

qual

Social science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview

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Sequential transformative design:

Characteristics
Has two distinct data collection
phases
A theoretical perspective is used
to guide the study
Purpose is to use methods that
will best serve the theoretical
perspective of the researcher

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Concurrent triangulation design

QUAN
Data and Results

+
Interpretation

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QUAL
Data and Results

Concurrent triangulation design:

Characteristics
Collecting both quantitative and qualitative data
Collecting these data at the same time in the
research procedure
Analyzing the quantitative and qualitative data
separately
Comparing or combining the results of the
quantitative and qualitative analysis
Example: collect survey data (quantitative) and
collect individual interviews (qualitative) and then
compare the results
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Concurrent triangulation design: When

is it used?
When you want to combine the
advantages of quantitative (trends, large
numbers, generalization) with qualitative
(detail, small numbers, in-depth)
When you want to validate your
quantitative findings with qualitative data
When you want to expand your
quantitative findings with some openended qualitative data (e.g., survey with
closed- and open-ended data)
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Concurrent embedded design

QUAN
Pre-test
Data &
Results

qual

quan

QUAN

QUAL

Intervention

qual
Process

QUAN
Post-test
Data &
Results

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Interpretation

Concurrent embedded design:

Characteristics
One data collection phase during which
both quantitative and qualitative data are
collected (one is determined to be the
primary method).
The primary method guides the project and
the secondary provides a supporting role in
the procedures.
The secondary method is embedded or
nested within the predominant method
and addresses a different question.
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Example for writing a concurrent design

(Triangulation or nested)
The purpose of this concurrent mixed methods study is to
better understand a research problem by converging both
quantitative (numeric) and qualitative (text or image) data. In
this approach, ___________ (quantitative instruments) will be
used to measure the relationship between the ________
(independent variables) and __________ (dependent
variables). At the same time in the study, the __________
(central phenomenon) will be explored using _____________
(qualitative interviews, documents, observations, visual
materials) with _________ (participants) at ____________
(the research site).

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Concurrent transformative design

quan

QUAN + QUAL
Social science theory, qualitative theory,
advocacy worldview

QUAL
Social science theory, qualitative theory,
advocacy worldview

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Concurrent transformative design:

Characteristics
Guided by a theoretical perspective.
Concurrent collection of both
quantitative and qualitative data.
The design may have one method
embedded in the other so that diverse
participants are given a choice in the
change process of an organization.

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Further readings

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Benefits of Mixed Method

Triangulation: Seeks convergence, corroboration and
correspondence of results from different methods.
Complementarity: Seeks elaboration, enhancement,
illustration, clarification of results of one method with the
results from the other method.
Development: Seeks to use the results of one method to help
or inform the other method.
Initiation: Seeks the discovery of paradox and contradiction,
new perspectives, the recasting of questions or the results
from one method with questions or results from the other
method .
Expansion: Seeks to extend the breadth and range of inquiry
by using different methods from different inquiry components.
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