Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Week 3
Lecture 8 Tsunami
Tsu means
harbor
Nami means
wave
Tsunami wave lengths are long (up to more than a hundred kilometers)
Clicker session
Undersea landslides
Hawaiian Islands
1883 Krakatau
1628 BC Santorini
Asteroids
Eltanin impact
Undersea
rupture
Tsunami
mimicks
the of normal, thrust and megathrust faults
rupture
sub-sea
2004 Indian
Tsunamiofmimicks
the Ocean and 2011 Tohoku
megathrust
ruptureof sub-sea
1977 Sumba or 1933 Sanriku (normal faults)
megathrust
Undersea landslides
1883 Krakatau
If the rupture
is 100
km
1628
BC Santorini
wide,
is the initial
If thesorupture
is 100 km
Asteroids
tsunami
wide, sowavelength
is the initial
65 million year ago K-T extinction
tsunami wavelength
(m/sec2)
(km)
Clicker session
Students who are comfortable
with basic math: Please offer
to help any students who are
not
km
John and Jackie Knill took
these photographs from the
beach at Khao Lak, Thailand
as the 2004 tsunami wave
broke and flooded onshore.
This was the last photograph
they ever took. Their remains
were identified a month and a
half after they died in the
tsunami.
Undersea landslides
1883 Krakatau
1628 BC Santorini
Asteroids
Time is marked
(obscurely) in the lower
left corner
Why did the wave travel more slowly to the east than to the west?
~1,200 km
Sudden vertical
motions during the
2004 earthquake
produced the great
tsunami
Andaman islands
Nicobar islands
The seafloor southwest of
the Nicobar islands and
Aceh rose several meters
over just a few minutes
Aceh
6 km
About 90,000 of a
population of 350,000 died
before
after
West coast of Aceh province. The wave ran up the slopes more than 30 meters
West coast of Aceh province. The wave ran up the slopes more than 30 meters
Undersea landslides
1883 Krakatau
1628 BC Santorini
Asteroids
Undersea landslides
Hawaiian Islands
1883 Krakatau
1628 BC Santorini
Asteroids
Eltanin impact
Undersea landslides
1883 Krakatau
1628 BC Santorini
Asteroids
Mw7.9
earthquake
524 m
Undersea landslides
Hawaiian Islands
1883 Krakatau
1628 BC Santorini
Asteroids
Eltanin impact
200 kilometers
Singapore,
for scale
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8IAgUNr6x4
A wave this high is locally possible, in the case of a large volcanic sector collapse
200 kilometers
Singapore,
for scale
Normal faults are evidence of the incipient collapse of the flank of Kilauea volcano
Hydrodynamic
modeling of the
collapse of the
south flank of
Kilauea volcano
Courtesy of Steven
Ward, U California
Santa Cruz
Undersea landslides
Hawaiian Islands
1883 Krakatau
1628 BC Santorini
Asteroids
Eltanin impact
Undersea landslides
Hawaiian Islands
1883 Krakatau
1628 BC Santorini
Asteroids
Santorini
Undersea landslides
Hawaiian Islands
1883 Krakatau
1628 BC Santorini
Asteroids
Eltanin impact
o A 10-km diameter meteorite struck Earth 65 million years ago and led to the extinction of
about 50% of known species at the time, including most species of dinosaurs. Clear
geological evidence for an immense tsunami on the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico
Here is a map of the anticipated travel time for a tsunami originating in South America
Tsunami-resistant buildings
Warning signs
Vertical evacuation structures
How are we dealing with very rare but very consequential tsunami?
Three examples:
Japan, in preparation for the 2011 tsunami
Padang, West Sumatra
The South China Sea
869 Simulation
2011 inundation
49
I minute
4 minutes
7 minutes
10 minutes
after
arrival
at coast
Clicker session
10
8
6
4
2
0
meters
10
meters