I.

BACKGROUND
Language is a tool for human to communicate with others. Every country
has their language which has different cultures, characteristics, vocabularies, and
the way to express the context of meaning. Because of the differences, for a
translator, it is important to know those things to get the meaning in one language
which can be expressed in another language.
Translation is a process of transferring the meaning from one language to
another language. It can be done by changing the form or keeping the form. In
transferring text it should be the closest natural equivalent which means the
closest is the meaning and the equivalent is the form. In translating process, there
are many ways or methods that are used by translators to make them easier in
translating a text. But, sometime, because of the differences characteristics and
cultures of every language make the meaning of the Source Language (SL) cannot
be found in the Target Language (TL), it can be translated by borrowing the text
of the SL into the TL, for example in the novel entitled A Walk To Remember:
SL: The air smelled of pine, salt, and sea, a scent unique to
the Carolinas.
TL : Udara menebarkan aroma pohon pinus, garam dan laut yang begitu
unik bagi penduduk Carolina.
The meaning of unique in the SL (English) cannot be found in the TL
(Indonesian), so translator borrows the word in SL to be translated into the TL.
Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) have been able to condense translation
procedures to just seven different ones. They have differentiated two basic
translation methods: direct (literal translation) and the indirect (oblique

translation), The first three procedures fall into the category of direct (literal
translation) and the last four fall into category of indirect (oblique translation).
Vinay and Darbelnet (1958:61-64), literal translation means that the
source language message can be translated perfectly into target
language, because the message is based on parallel categories or
concepts. Oblique translation comes into use when there are gaps in
target language which have to be filled by some equivalent meant, so
that the meaning or impression is the same for the source language
and target language. Oblique translation must be used also, when the
language have some structural or metalinguistic differences so that
certain stylistic effect cannot be transferred without radical semantic
or lexical change. More precisely, the translator must turn to oblique
translation if the literally translated message either has another
meaning than the source language one, correspond to something in
the metalinguistics of the target language but not at the same
linguistic level.
There are three procedures of Direct or Literal Translation, namely
Borrowing, Calque, and Literal Translation. Meanwhile, there are four procedures
of Oblique Translation namely, transposition, modulation, equivalence and
adaptation. From the example above, it is one of the kinds of seven procedures in
translation by Vinay and Darbelnet. In their article entitled A Methodology for
Translation (in Venuti, 2000) state that there are seven procedures in the process
of translation, namely borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition,
modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The aim of the study is to find and
analyze kinds of translation procedures which will be found in the novel entitled
A Walk To Remember.
II.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

According to Catford (1965:20) says that translation is the replacement of

textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in
another language (target language). In translating the meaning of source language to
target language, a translator needs a way or strategy of translating. One of the
translation methods or procedures or strategies is the translation procedures by Vinay
and Darbelnet.
The translation procedures consist of:
a. Borrowing is transferring a SL word to a TL. Either because the TL does not have
a lexicalized correspondence, or for stylistic or rhetorical reasons e.g. coup dtat;
noblesse oblige!, Realpolitik, mermelada light, msica rap, ad hoc
formulation, proper names, names of people (except the Pope and royals), The
Times, American On Line.
b. Calque is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations,
the components of compounds, and perhaps phrases (To transfer a SL word or
expression into the Target Text using a literal translation of its component
Elements) (Delisle)
Examples:
superman >bermensch
compliments de la saison > compliments of the season
marriage de convenance > marriage of convenience
c. Literal translation ranges from one word to one word, through group to group (un
beau jardin > a beautiful garden), collocation to collocation (make a speech >
faire un discours), clause to clause (when that was done > quand cela fut fait), to
sentence to sentence (The man was in the street > Lhomme tait dans la rue).

d. Transposition is a change in the grammar from SL to TL (singular to plural;

position of the adjective, changing the world class or part of speech) Working with
you is a pleasure > Trabajar contigo El trabajo contigo Cuando trabajo
contigo dune importance exceptionnelle > exceptionally large (SL adj. +
adjectival noun > TL adv. + adj.)
Tras su salida> after hed gone out
Theres a reason for life > Hay una razn para vivir
with government support > apoyado por el gobierno
Its getting dark > comienza a oscurecer
e. Modulation is a variation through change of viewpoint, of perspective, and very
often of category of thought (Vinay and Darbelnet) introducing a clarification
with respect to the original formulation.
Il na pas hsit > He acted at once
shallow > poco profundo
f. Equivalence is to substitute a TL statement for a SL statement which accounts for
the same situation, even though there is no formal or semantic correspondence. To
render a set phrase [idiom, clich, locucin] from the SL with a set phrase from
the TL which expresses the same idea, although in a different way (Delisle).
Approximate equivalence of complete statements, accounting for the same
situation in different terms. Different from modulation in that it belongs to the
semantic level, not to the lexical level. An extreme case of modulation.
the story so far > Rsum des chapitres prcdents
The early bird catches the worm > A quien madruga Dios le ayuda
One bitten, twice shy > El gato escaldado del agua fra huye
Such hypocrisy makes me see red > Esas hipocresas me sacan de quicio
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Get off your backside and do something useful! > Deja de rascarte la barriga y
ponte a hacer algo til!
No parking at all times > vado permanente
You are welcome > de nada
g. Adaptation is to replace a situation of the SL by an analogous situation of the TL
(when communicative situations are difficult to understand in the culture of TL,
when the situation of the SL does not exist in the TL - a cultural gap- and
therefore another equivalent situation has to be created). To replace a sociocultural reality from the SL with a reality specific to the Target Culture in order to
accomodate for the expectations of the Target Audience (Delisle)
Dear Sir > Muy seor mo
Yours ever > Le saluda atentamente

III.

DATA ANALYSIS
1. Borrowing
It is the simplest of all translation methods. It is a case when a word or an
expressions in the source language cannot be found in the target language so, it
refers to take the word or expression from the SL and used in the TL.
a. SL : I am standing outside the Baptist church. p.2
TL : Aku sedang berada di luar bangunan gereja Baptis. p.5

b. SL : though television was never important to those of us who grew up

there. p.2
TL : meskipun televisi bukanlah barang penting bagi kami yang dibesarkan
disini. p.6
Based on those examples above, every country has different language
and also they have their own characteristics, vocabularies and cultures. So, as
a translator need some methods or procedures to transfer the meaning to make
the readers understand what the meaning is. One of the methods in translation
is borrowing. This method is used by the translators because the SL text is
unknown in the TL like those examples in which (a) Baptist [E] was translated
into Baptis [I] and (b) Television [E] into Televisi [I]. The translator borrowed
the SL text by deleted the last word like the examples or it can be done by
changing the word like computer [E] into komputer [I].

2. Calque
It is a special kind of borrowing in which a language borrows an expression
form of another and then the form is translated literally each of its elements.
a. SL : I notice that the dogwoods and azaleas are blooming. p.1
TL : Aku melihat tanaman dogwoods dan azalea sedang bermekaran. p.4
b. SL : like those maps of the Amazon River that you see in National
Geographic. p.4
TL : seperti Sungai Amazon dalam peta-peta majalah National Geographic.
p.7
Calque is a method of borrowing a text in the SL into the TL. As the
examples above, we can see the translator was using calque method to transfer
the meaning in the SL into TL such as in the example (a) dogwoods and

azaleas [E] was translated into dogwoods dan azalea [I] the translator was
using this method by keeping the text so, the meaning can be accepted by the
readers. Dogwoods and Azaleas are plants that unknown in Indonesia. The
other example (b) National Geographic [E] was translated into National
Geographic [I] in which there is no a change in the translation because the text
is the magazines name that not comes from Indonesia whereas the translator
should keep it by using a italic format text in the TL.
3. Literal Translation
It is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically
appropriate in the TL text.
a. SL : My father was on one of the House committees that oversaw the Red
influence supposedly infiltrating every aspect p.6
TL : Ayahku merupakan salah satu anggota komite Parlemen yang bertugas
mengawasi infiltrasi pengaruh Merah ke dalam aspek p.9
b. SL : Now, I'd heard all about Bible in Sunday school or at church. p. 108
TL : Aku sudah pernah mendengar kisah-kisah yang ada di dalam Alkitab
sewaktu sekolah Minggu maupun di gereja. p. 86
The translator was translated the SL text red influence [E] into
pengaruh merah [I] grammatically. If the text is translated literally, look at
the grammar and the structure so the translation is right but, actually if we
look at into the meaning, surely as the readers it will make them confused and
awkward when they read the text. As we know, the translations goal is a text
should be the closest natural equivalent which means the closest is the
meaning and the equivalent is the form. The meaning has to be accepted by

the readers so that, they can be understood the text. In the translation red
influence [E] into pengaruh merah [I] does not mean it brings the red color
into the city but Red is a term or symbol that is used by the writer that
describes a danger or negative influence to the city. The same thing happened
in the second example whereas Sunday school [E] was translated into sekolah
Minggu [I]. Sunday school does not mean school as usual the people do, from
Monday to Saturday that the people we have to do to get knowledge. The
Sunday school is a term that used by Christians especially for kids in which
every Sunday they go to Church and then they learn about Bible and hear the
story about Jesus.

4. Transposition
It is translating process which involves the replacing of one word-class by
another without changing the meaning of the message.
a. SL : She looked exactly like an angel. p.66
TL : Penampilannya betul-betul seperti malaikat. p.58
In this method, the SL text was replacing of one word-class in the TL
like the example above she looked [E] was translated into penampilannya [I]
in which it replaced the word-class from the SL into TL. If we look at the SL
text the word She is pronoun and looked is a verb then it replaced the
word-class in the TL text penampilannya is a noun phrase. Although, they
have different word-class, it does not change the meaning of the message in
the text.

5. Modulation
It is a variation in the message due to a change in the point of view: seeing
something in different light. Using modulation is justified when a literal or
transposed translation results in a form which is not quite natural and going
against the felling of the target language.
a. SL : Youre a real gentleman. p.42
TL : Kau memang pria sejati. p.38
b. SL : as I cry to you for help, as I raise my hands, my Lord, toward your
holy of holies. p.109
TL : apabila aku berteriak kepadaMu minta tolong, dan mengangkat
tanganku ke tempatMu yang mahakudus. p.88
The translator using this method in the translation to express the same
phenomenon in a different way like the example above the translator was
translated the SL text gentleman [E] into pria sejati [I] and the second
example in which I cry to you for help[E] was translated into aku berteriak
kepadaMu minta tolong[I]. Looking for the two examples, if they translated
into pria yang sesungguhnya (first example) and aku menangis kepadaMu
minta tolong (second example) it makes the translation is not quite natural in
the target language so, the translator used his/her point of view in which it
makes the translation as natural as possible, can be understood by the readers
and also the meaning can be accepted for everyone who reads it.
6. Equivalence
It is using completely different stylistic and structural methods. Translating
process which is applied when there are two texts with the same context of
situation.
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a. SL : seniors headed off to college and came face-to-face with all the
fornicators. p.5
TL : para siswa memasuki perguruan tinggi dan berhadapan langsung
dengan para pezina. p.8
b. SL : His coat was old-fashioned, black and long, like a trench coat without
zippers p.113
TL : Jasnya model kuno, berwarna hitam dan panjang, seperti jas hujan tanpa
ritsleting p. 90

This method is used to refer to cases where languages describe the

same situation by different stylistic or structural means. Such as the those
examples above the translator was translated the SL text (a) face-to-face
into berhadapan langsung and (b) old-fashioned into model kuno. The
translations have the different structural that they have been an equivalent.

7. Adaptation
Translating process which is adopted if there is situation being referred to by
the SL message but it is unknown in the TL culture, translator should create a new
situation.
a. SL : Here we go, I thought to myself. p.26
TL : Wah mulai lagi nih, kataku dalam hati. p.25
b. SL : Oh hey, I said, playing it cool, whats going on? p.34
TL : Oh hai, sahutku, pura-pura tidak peduli, ada apa? p.31
The translator used this method because of the SL message cannot be
found in the TL culture because of the different situation that the translator
should create a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. Like
the examples above in which (a) I thought to myself [E] was translated into

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kataku dalam hati [I] and (b) Playing it cool [E] was translated into pura-pura
tidak peduli [I] whereas those examples have different structure and meaning
if we translate the text literally, but in this situation, the translator was
translated the SL message based on the context and situation that occurred in
the novel.
IV.

CONCLUSION
Based on the data analysis, the writer can be concluded that the translator used
all the kinds of translation procedures in translating the SL novel entitled A Walk To
Remember by Nicholas Sparks, they are borrowing, calque, literal translation,
transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation. It based on the theory that is
used by the translator, it is Vinay and Darbelnet (1958).
By the analysis, the writer can be concluded that the dominant methods that is
used by the translator in the novel entitled A Walk To Remember by Nicholas
Sparks, they are borrowing, calque, literal translation, modulation, equivalence and
adaptation. We can see that the writer gave 2 examples of each method. Meanwhile,
for transposition method, there is only one example that the writer gave to analyze.

V.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brata, Made. 2014. The Theory and Application of Translation.
Desi, R. 2011. An Overview of Translation Procedures. Accessed on November 17,
2015.
http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/23850/3/Chapter%20II.pdf
Topadm. 2014. Translation Procedures. Accessed on December 14, 2015.
http://www.uv.es/tronch/Tra/TranslationProcedures.pdf

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