Pic10A Lecture4

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PIC10A Lecture 4

Reading
p44-61

Boolean expression
named after famous Mathmatician George Boole
In 1854 he published An investigation into the Laws of Thought,
on Which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic
andProbabilities Boole approached logic in a new way reducing it
to a simple algebra, incorporating logic into mathematics. He
pointed out the analogy between algebraic symbols and those that
represent logical forms. It began the algebra of logic called
Boolean Algebra which now finds application in computer
construction, switching circuits etc.

Examples

bool a = true;
bool b = 5; // number not equal to 0 means true
bool c = 0; // false

Use true or false

you can use integers to represent them
0 means false, any other number means true
cout of a bool is 0 (if the bool is false) or 1 (if the bool is true).

C++ notation

English

Sample

!=

not equal to

ans != 'n'

==
<

<=
>

>=

equal to

less than

less than or equal to

greater than

greater or equal than

x+7==2*y

count < 1000

time <= limit

time > limit
age >= 21

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Logical operators
C++ notation

English

||

or

&&
!

Sample

and

(income > 20000) && (income < 30000)

not

!(age < 21)

(grade=='A') || (grade=='B')

The parentheses in the && and ||examples are not necessary

Question:
1) Which integers give an output 1?

int a = ????;
cout << (a > 1 && a < 10 && a%2==1);

2)
If a = 3, what is !(a > 5 || a <7)?

if-else statements
Syntax

if(condition)
one line statement;

Meaning

if condition is true, execute the

statement.

Example

if(condition) {
statement1;
statement2;
.........
}

if condition is true, execute the

statements.

if(myScore > yourScore) {

cout << "I win!\n";
myGameWin++;
}

char gender;
cin << gender;
if(gender=='M' || gender=='m')
cout << "You are a male.\n";

Remark about the braces { }

You must use braces when there are more than one statements.
When there is only one statement, the braces are optional.
You can always put braces (even for one line statement).

/*
Enter your score (within 0 to 100).
The program will find out your grade.
A: 90-100
B: 80-90
C: 65-80
D: 50-65
*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
double score;
cout << "Please enter your score: ";
cin >> score;

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if(score>100 || score<0) { // score is within 0 to 100
cout << "Invalid score.\n";
cout << "Please check the score and run the program again.\n";
}
if(score>=90 && score<=100)
cout << "Your grade is A.\n";
if (score>= 80 && score<90)
cout << "Your grade is B.\n";
if (score >= 65 && score < 80)
cout << "Your grade is C.\n";
if(score>=50 && score<65)
cout << "Your grade is D.\n";
if(score>=0 && score<50)
cout << "You fail!\n";
return 0;

Syntax

if(condition)
yes_statement;
else
no_statement;

Meaning

If condition is true, execute

yes_statement.
If condition is false, execute
no_statement.

Example

if(condition) {
yes_statement1;
yes_statement2;
......
} else {
no_statement1;
no_statement2;
....
}

If condition is true, execute

yes_statements.
If condition is false, execute
no_statemenst.

if(myScore > yourScore) {

cout << "I win!\n";
myGameWin++;
} else {
cout << "You win!\n";
yourGameWin++;
}

Syntax

if(condition1) {
statement1;
......
} else if(condtion2){
statement2;
.....
} ........
............
else {
statement_for_other;
}

char gender;
cin << gender;
if(gender=='M' || gender=='m')
cout << "You are a male.\n";
else
cout << "You are a female.\n";

Meaning

If condition1 is true, execute statement1.

If condition2 is true, execute statement2.
..........
if none of the above conditions is true, execute statment_for_other

Examples

/*
Enter your score (within 0 to 100).
The program will find out your grade.

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A: 90-100
B: 80-90
C: 65-80
D: 50-65
*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
double score;
cout << "Please enter your score: ";
cin >> score;

if(score> 100 || score < 0) { // score is within 0 to 100

cout << "Invalid score.\n";
cout << "Please check the score and run the program again.\n";
} else if (score >= 90) {
cout << "Your grade is A.\n";
} else if (score >= 80) {
cout << "Your grade is B.\n";
} else if (score >= 65) {
cout << "Your grade is C.\n";
} else if(score >= 50) {
cout << "Your grade is D.\n";
} else {
cout << "You fail!\n";
}
return 0;

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