Ectric Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Vehicle Research PDF

Electric&HybridVehicleResearchat
Electric
& Hybrid Vehicle Research at
ImperialCollegeLondon
p
g
Presentedby:DrGregoryOffer
Presented
by: Dr Gregory Offer
EPSRCCareerAccelerationFellow
ImperialCollegeLondon,UK
Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Network

ElectricandHybridVehiclesNetwork
Departments
MechanicalEngineering
Electrical&Electronic
Electrical & Electronic
Engineering
EarthScienceand
Engineering
ChemicalEngineering
Materials
Bioengineering
CentreforTransportStudies
ImperialCentreforEnergy
Policy and Technology
PolicyandTechnology
Researchactivities
Fuelcells
Batteries
Electricmotors
Powerelectronics
Internalcombustionengines
l
b i
i
Vehiclearchitecture
Motorsport
Testing
Policy
Why?
ClimatechangeandCO2emissions
Climate change and CO2 emissions
Diversityofenergysupply
Localairpollution
Howey DA,North,RandMartinezBotas,R,
DA North R and Martinez Botas R Road
Road
transporttechnologyandclimatechangemitigation
BriefingPaperNo.2 GranthamInstituteforClimate
Change Imperial College London
Change,ImperialCollegeLondon
http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/climatechange/publications
UKlongtermresearchprioritiesfor
Electric&HybridVehicles
Lowcostcompacthighefficiencymotors
L
Lowcost,durable,energydensebatteries
d bl
d
b
i
Lowcostpowerelectronics
Intelligentthermalmanagement
gy
g
Controlofoverallenergymanagement
Toolsfordesignandoptimisation
Refs:
AnIndependentReportontheFutureoftheAutomotiveIndustryintheUK,
NewAutomotiveInnovationandGrowthTeam(NAIGT)
LowCarbonVehiclesInnovationPlatform,TechnologyStrategyBoard(TSB)
4
Improvingconventionaltechnology
Turbocharger group
Turbochargergroup
W
Worldleadingresearch
ld l di
h
intoturbochargers
Toachievesignificant
g
improvementsinthe
performanceandenergy
efficiencyofinternal
combustionenginesbyuse
ofturbomachinery
Inthepast10yearshave
developedahighspeed
dynamometerfor
turbochargerresearch,
enablingaverywiderange
bli
id
oftestconditionstobe
achieved
http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/turbochargers
Thermalaspectsofelectricalmachines
Convection in axial flux electrical machines

Convectioninaxialfluxelectricalmachines
Statorconvection:
h=q/(TsTref)
rotor
case
airflow
fl
(Geiras, 2008)
rotationaxis
Howey,D.A.,Childs,P.R.N.,Holmes,A.S.,Airgapconvectionin
y
g p
rotatingelectricalmachines,invitedreviewpapertotheIEEE
TransactionsonIndustrialElectronics accepted
Electrical measurement technique

Electricalmeasurementtechnique
heat transfer into
fl id
fluid
copper
FR4
550 m
200 m
PCB1
solder
resist
tres 25
m
ttrack 25
m
Howey,D.A.,Holmes,A.S.andPullen,K.R.,Radially resolved
measurementofstatorheattransferinarotorstatordiscsystem,
InternationalJournalofHeatandMassTransfer53(13)(2010)pp.
493501,DOI10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.09.006
PCB2
tFR4 = 1.65
mm
Observed flow transition at stator

Observedflowtransitionatstator
Turbulent
Laminar
Heat transfer
(dimensional)
Rotational Reynolds number
Howey,D.A.,Holmes,A.S.andPullen,K.R.,Predictionand
measurementofheattransferinaircooleddisctypeelectrical
t fh tt
f i i
l d di t
l ti l
machines,IETPEMD2010,1921April2010,ThistleHotel,Brighton
UK,DOI10.1049/cp.2010.0138
10
Parameterisation ofmodels
Hey,J.,Howey,D.A.,MartinezBotas,R.,Lamperth,M,Transient
thermalmodelling ofanaxialfluxpermanentmagnet(AFPM)
machine with model parameter optimisation usingaMonteCarlo
machinewithmodelparameteroptimisation
using a Monte Carlo
method,VTMS10 VehicleThermalManagementSystems,1519
May2011,IMechE,London
11
Thermal &electricalmanagementof
batteries
12
Battery Pack Development
System modelling & validation

Systemmodelling&validation
Continuous
powergui
Bus Bar 17
Bus Bar 2
Contact R7
M
Modelling,designing,building
d lli d i i b ildi
andtestingofbatterypacks
forEVs,including:
+
v
-
Real
RealVehicletesting&
Vehicle testing &
validation!
Bus Bar 1
Contact R
Battery27
Bus Bar 98
Contact R93
_
Battery37
Bus Bar 60
Contact R91
_
Battery38
Bus Bar 61
Contact R59
_
Battery39
Bus Bar 43
Contact R51
_
Battery26
Bus Bar 44
Contact R55
_
Battery6
Bus Bar 45
Contact R54
_
Battery
Bus Bar 46
Contact R58
_
Battery3
Bus Bar 48
_
Battery4
Contact R8
Bus Bar 4
Contact R4
m
Battery5
Contact R6
Contact R5
Contact R2
Contact R1
Contact R9
Contact R57
Contact R56
Contact R53
Battery50
Contact R52
+
v
-
Battery45
Contact R60
Voltage Measurement6
Contact R92
Contact R94
Ideal Switch
Bus Bar 97
Bus Bar 8
Bus Bar 7
Bus Bar 6
Bus Bar 5
Bus Bar 49
Bus Bar 19
Contact R17
Contact R13
+
+
v
-
Contact R14
Contact R16
Contact R12
Contact R65
Contact R11
Bus Bar 56
Contact R96
m
_
Battery46
Contact R63
+
v
-
m
_
Battery31
Bus Bar 99
Contact R98
m
_
Battery28
Contact R64
Bus Bar 57
Contact R70
+
m
_
Battery29
Contact R67
Bus Bar 33
Contact R62
+
m
_
Battery30
Contact R68
Contact R19
Bus Bar 34
Contact R66
Battery25
Battery11
Bus Bar 35
m
_
Battery7
Contact R15
Contact R69
m
_
Battery8
Bus Bar 36
m
_
Battery9
Contact R18
m
_
Battery10
Contact R10
m
_
Contact R71
Battery47
Contact R97
Contact R99
Scope2
Bus Bar 96
+
Bus Bar 16
Bus Bar 15
Bus Bar 14
Bus Bar 13
Bus Bar 37
Bus Bar 32
Bus Bar 31
Bus Bar 30
Bus Bar 47
Bus Bar 55
Bus Bar 62
Bus Bar 100
i
-
Current Measurement
Contact R27
+
v
4
Scope1
Contact R23
Bus Bar 18
Bus Bar 12
Contact R47
+
v
-
Bus Bar 10
Contact R44
m
_
+
v
-
m
_
Battery44
Bus Bar 101
Contact R104
m
_
Battery41
Bus Bar 59
Contact R90
m
_
Battery42
Contact R103
Bus Bar 58
Contact R88
m
_
Battery43
+
v
-
_
Battery49
Contact R101
Bus Bar 42
Contact R50
m
_
Battery40
m
_
Battery48
Contact R81
Bus Bar 38
Contact R84
m
_
Battery24
m
_
Battery36
Contact R73
Bus Bar 39
Contact R83
m
_
Battery21
Bus Bar 40
Contact R87
m
_
Battery22
Bus Bar 41
Contact R48
m
_
Battery23
Bus Bar 9
Contact R40
m
_
Battery20
Contact R102
m
_
Battery33
Contact R74
Contact R100
m
_
Battery34
Contact R77
Contact R80
m
_
Battery35
Contact R78
Contact R72
m
_
Battery32
Contact R29
Contact R76
m
_
Battery2
Contact R21
Bus Bar 11
Contact R43
+
m
Contact R75
m
_
Battery12
Contact R22
Contact R79
m
_
Battery13
Contact R25
Contact R28
m
_
Battery14
Contact R26
Contact R20
m
_
Battery1
Contact R24
Battery51
Battery52
Scope
Contact R46
Contact R45
Bus Bar 28
Contact R39
+v
-
Bus Bar 75
Bus Bar 73
Contact R149
Bus Bar 76
Contact R121
Bus Bar 83
Contact R166
+
v
-
m
_
Battery82
Bus Bar 104
Contact R144
+
m
Contact R165
Bus Bar 93
+
v
-
_
Battery71
Bus Bar 82
Contact R164
_
Battery81
Bus Bar 103
C tact
Con
t R120
+
m
Contact R143
+
m
Contact R157
Bus Bar 89
Contact R31
Bus Bar 71
C tact
Con
t R142
_
Battery70
Bus Bar 81
Contact R156
_
Battery78
Contact R158
Bus Bar 90
Contact R119
+
m
Contact R141
Bus Bar 77
m
_
Battery79
Contact R161
Bus Bar 91
+
- v
_
Battery59
Bus Bar 70
C t
Con
tact R140
_
Battery69
m
_
Battery80
Contact R162
Bus Bar 92
Contact R160
m
_
Battery77
Contact R155
Bus Bar 88
Contact R117
+
m
Contact R133
Bus Bar 78
Contact R159
m
_
Battery76
Contact R147
Bus Bar 84
+
m
_
Battery58
Bus Bar 69
C tact
Cont
t R132
_
Battery66
Contact R134
Bus Bar 79
Contact R163
m
_
Battery73
Contact R148
Bus Bar 85
Contact R109
+
m
_
Battery67
Bus Bar 102
Contact R30
+
m
_
Battery57
Bus Bar 65
C tact
Con
t R136
+
m
Contact R137
Bus Bar 80
Contact R154
m
_
Battery74
Contact R151
Bus Bar 86
Contact R146
m
_
Battery75
Contact R152
Contact R110
Bus Bar 66
C tact
Con
t R135
_
Battery68
Contact R105
Bus Bar 64
Contact R118
+
m
_
Battery54
Contact R113
+
m
Contact R138
Contact R95
Bus Bar 63
Contact R116
+
m
_
Battery55
Bus Bar 67
C tact R139
Con
_
Battery65
Contact R131
Bus Bar 72
m
_
Battery72
Bus Bar 87
Contact R150
Contact R114
+
m
_
Battery64
Contact R123
Contact R89
Bus Bar 54
Contact R108
+
m
_
Battery56
Bus Bar 68
C tact R130
Con
+
m
_
Battery61
Contact R124
Bus Bar 74
Contact R153
+
v
-
Bus Bar 24
C tac
Con
t t R122
+
m
_
Battery62
Contact R127
Contact R61
Bus Bar 50
Contact R112
+
m
_
Battery53
Contact R107
Bus Bar 20
C t
Con
tact R126
+
m
_
Battery63
Contact R128
Contact R82
Bus Bar 51
Contact R111
+
m
_
Battery19
Contact R33
Bus Bar 21
C tact
Con
t R125
+
m
_
Battery60
Contact R85
Bus Bar 52
Contact R115
+
m
_
Battery16
Contact R34
Bus Bar 22
C tact
Con
t R129
+
m
Contact R86
Bus Bar 53
Contact R106
+
m
_
Battery17
Contact R37
Bus Bar 23
+
v
-
Bus Bar 29
Contact R32
+
m
_
Battery18
Contact R49
Bus Bar 25
Contact R36
+
m
Contact R41
Bus Bar 26
Contact R35
+
m
Battery15
Contact R42
Bus Bar 27
Contact R38
Detailed
Detailedbatterymodels
battery models
Thermalmanagement&
electricalmanagement,
including BMS
includingBMS
Systemsintegrationinto
vehicles
Energymanagement
gy
g
Safetyandmechanicalintegrity
Fault&qualitydiagnostics
Bus Bar 3
Contact R3
Voltage Measurement
Step
Battery83
Contact R167
Bus Bar 94
Contact R145
Bus Bar 95
Bus Bar 105
ElectrochemicalImpedance
Spectroscopy
FromInvestigationoflithiumionpolymer
y
g
y
p
batterycellfailureusingXraycomputed
tomographybyYufitetal.,Electrochemistry
Communications,2011
T H E PA N - A M E R I C A N H I G H WAY
www.racinggreenendurance.com
Drove26,000kms
PanAmerican Highway
PanAmericanHighway
4months
AlaskatoArgentina
Thunderskycells
20
Fuelcellsystem design&testing
21
SOFC/ZEBRA Battery Hybrid

SOFC/ZEBRABatteryHybrid
.
( g
p
)
Combinea(hightemperature)ZEBRA
batteryandanintermediate
temperaturesolidoxidefuelcell(IT
SOFC)
Surpass theefficiency ofapurely
fuelcelldrivenvehicle
Extend therange ofaa purely
batterydrivenvehicle
Optiontooperateonhydrocarbon
Option to operate on hydrocarbon
fuel
Fuel
IT-SOFC
System
DC/DC
ZEBRA
Battery
FCMI
DC/DC
Control
BMI
MotorLoad
CAN
Driver
Modelledthesystem
Testedat1/10th scale
Aguiar,P. BrettD.J.L.Brandon,N P,Feasibilitystudyandtechno
economicanalysisofanSOFC/batteryhybridsystemforvehicle
applications,JPowerSources,2007,Vol:171,Pages186197.
VMU
Designing,building,integrating&
testingaFCHEVpowertrain
Rangeextendermode
Range extender mode
Minimisedynamic
operation
Optimisecomponentsfor
fixedoperatingpoint
Minimisestart
Minimise startup/shut
up/shut
downevents
Result
Simplifysystemdesign
Opportunitytoremove
some BoP
someBoP
Reducecost
Improveddurability
p
y
Humidifier
Blower
Fuel Cell Stack
Purge
Valve
Back pressure
Control valve
Hydrogen
Humidifier
Hydrogen System
Recirculation pump
Air System
Cooling System
Nitrogen system
Hydrogen supply
Manual
Valve
Solenoid
Valve
Nitrogen supply
Manual
Valve
Solenoid
Valve
Deionising
Filter
Radiator
Coolant
Pump
Fan
Objectiveofthisprojectwastodesignbalanceofplant
appropriateforhybridelectricvehicleapplicationsunder
urbandutycycles.Smallelectricdeliveryvanwithuser
unsatisfied with limited range
unsatisfiedwithlimitedrange
Page23
System specification
Systemspecification
12
LLowpressureNedstack
N dt k
P9.575PEMFCstack.
10
8
75cellswithnominal
maximumpowerof9.5
kWe
Power (kW)
Vehicle
Vehiclesimulations
simulations
estimatedaveragegross
powerrequirementof4
kWe
Opportunitytooperate
y
g
y
systemathighefficiency
ifbalanceofplant
optimised
2
0
0
50
100
150
200
-2
-4
-6
-8
Time (s)
Motor power
Rolling losses
Aerodynamic losses
Powerrequirementsandlossesfromelectric
powertrainfromonerepeatedcycleofthe
ECE15drivecycle
Page24
System modelling & validation

Systemmodelling&validation
M
Modelling,designing,
d lli d i i
buildingandtestingof
fuel cell range extenders
fuelcellrangeextenders,
including:
Balanceofplant,
Startup/shutdown
strategies,
Controlandoptimisation
Control and optimisation
Degradation&failure
modes
RealSystemtesting&
validation!
Progressreportedin:CordnerM,MatianM,OfferGJ,etal,Designing,building,testingandracingalowcostfuel
cellrangeextenderforamotorsportapplication,JournalofPowerSources,Vol 195,Iss 23,2010,pages78387848
Degradation
Primarymodes*
Pi
d *
Startupandshutdown
(44%)
Powercycling(28%)
Idlingatlowcurrent(28%)
Modellingincludes
simplifiedsteadystate
values
l
Comparisonofsteady
state and dynamic
stateanddynamic
operation
Underpureproportionalcontrol,stacktemperature
Under
pure proportional control stack temperature
wasmaintainedatasteady61Cwiththermal
oscillationsof0.5Candperiod40scausedbythe
10sphaselagbetweentheinletandoutlet
temperatures
Degradation models based upon:
* Miller, M. and Bazylak, A. Journal of power sources, 196(2):601613, 2011.
Ryoichi Shimoi, R., et al. SAE International Journal of Engines, 2(1):960-970, 2009.
DC/DC converters
DC/DCconverters
DC/DCconverters
DC/DC
AnumberofDC/DC
converters have been
convertershavebeen
usedbytheteamover
theyears
Thesehavealways
proventobethehardest
to find!
tofind!
Bespokedesignnormally
necessaryy
Electricalandcontrol
integrationachallenge
ReportedinProceedingsofEVS24,Stavanger,
Norway,2009,FuelCellRacing:ImperialCollege
LondonPresentstheRacingGreenTeam,Clague,R.,
Offer, R., Matian, M., et al.
Offer,R.,Matian,M.,etal.
Page27
RacedinFormulaZero2008and
2009Seasons,poweredby
Hydrogenics PEMFC,Maxwell
Supercapacitors,LEMCOmotors,
Zahn DC/DC,andNavitas
DC/DC and Navitas motor
motor
controllers,controlledby
CompactRIO
Realworldtesting
28
RAC Future Car Rally

RACFutureCarRally
Imperialwroterules
andjudgedpremierlow
carbonvehicleeventin
theworld
Resultswrittenupas
journalpaper
And,asreport HoweyDA,MartinezBotasRF,LyttonL,etal,Comparative
5th
Nov2011
measurementsoftheenergyconsumptionof51electric,
hybridandinternalcombustionenginevehicles,
TransportationResearchD,2011,Pages:16
Undergraduate teaching project

Undergraduateteachingproject
Over100studentsayear,highlightsinclude
IRG04vehicle
FullbatteryelectricFormulaStudentvehicle,racingatSilverstoneinJuly2011
y
,
g
y
Over50studentsinvolvedinvehicleraceteam
RnD division,energystorageteam
Batteryandsupercapacitordesigning,making&testing
Fundamental science modelling
Fundamentalscience,modelling
Batterymanagementsystemsandcontrol
Involving23students
RnD division,hybridONEteam
Hybridpowertraindesign,designingandtestingbattery/supercap hybridsystems,incBMS
andenergymgmt
Enginemanagementandenergymanagementincombustionenginehybridpowertrain
Involving21students
g
Rnd division,fuelcellteam
Designing,buildingandtesting3rd generationoffuelcellsystemforinstallationintoelectric
deliveryvan
Involving10students
Involving 10 students
Studentsarehavingtoworkonsimilarchallengestomajorautomotivecompanies,atthe
forefrontoftechnologydevelopment
Page32
Technoeconomics
35
Rationale
ElectrochemicalAutomotive
E i
Engineering
i
Fundamentalelectrochemistryof
componentsandsystems
Performanceoptimisation,controland
energymanagementt
Degradation&failuremodemodelling
Systemsintegrationmodellingand
optimisation
ExampleAim
l i
Topredictoptimum fuelcellandbattery
configurations forapluginhybridbased
upontheinteractionsbetween
components and the impact on durability
componentsandtheimpactondurability
andsystemcomplexity,costandweight
Todesign,buildandtestsuchafuelcell
rangeextendedelectricvehicle,
ambitiousaim intimefortheLondon
Olympics.
Examplefigurefrom:OfferGJ,ContestabileM,HoweyDA,etal,Techno
economicandbehaviouralanalysisofbatteryelectric,hydrogenfuelcell
i
db h i
l
l i fb
l
i h d
f l ll
andhybridvehiclesinafuturesustainableroadtransportsysteminthe
UK,
EnergyPolicy,2011,Vol:39,pages:19391950
Progressreportedin:CordnerM,MatianM,OfferGJ,etal,Designing,
building,testingandracingalowcostfuelcellrangeextenderfora
motorsportapplication,
JPS,Vol 195,Iss 23,2010,pages78387848
Hydrogen & Electricity

Hydrogen&Electricity
Synergistic
Synergisticnotantagonistic.
not antagonistic
Assumption:Hybridconfigurationscheaper!
Question:Isthistrueandwhatisoptimum
hybrid configuration?
hybridconfiguration?
Hydrogen&FuelCells
Electricity&Batteries
Fuel lifecycle efficiency

Fuellifecycleefficiency
Goodfor
Good
for conventional
Poorforelectrolysis
Goodforconventional
Good
for conventional
V.Goodforrenewables
Technologycost
Costlyforpeakpower
Okay foraveragepower
for average power
Cheapforpeakand
average power
averagepower
Range
Independent ofdevice
DependentandCostly
Costoffuel
Largevariability
Cheap
Page37
Simple Answer Part A

SimpleAnswerPartA.
Yes,hybrid
, y
configurations
arecheaper.
FCEVAssumed
FCEV Assumed
20kWfuelcell
6kWhbattery
50:50usage
BEVAssumed
25
25kWh
kWh
battery
QuestionB.
Whatis
optimum?
OfferG.J.etal.,Comparativeanalysisofbatteryelectric,hydrogenfuelcell
Offer
G J et al Comparative analysis of battery electric hydrogen fuel cell
andhybridvehiclesinafuturesustainableroadtransportsystem.
EnergyPolicy,2010,Vol:38,Pages:2429
Driving behavioural analysis

Drivingbehaviouralanalysis
20
UKNational
TravelSurvey
Data
Nationwide
Nationwide
distribution
Similar
distributions
in USA and
inUSAand
Germany
Average
Small
Small/Medium
Medium
L
Large
18
16
14
8
6
2
4
2
0
0
<5
< 10
< 15
< 25
< 35
< 50
< 100
< 200
200 <
EnergyPolicy,2011,Vol:39,pages:19391950
FirstpresentedatGroveFuelCellConferenceinLondon,
October2009
Perc
cent
10
Day
y Distance Driven (banded)
(
) / miles
12
Perce
ent
Aggregated
gg g
&
Differentcar
types
yp
Hybrid battery size generation

Hybridbatterysizegeneration
Forbaseline
vehicle
h l
NTS=Medium
VED=Multi
purpose
Assumptions
100%capacity
useable
Singleovernight
charge
SimilartoUSand
Germany*
Andhence
similarmodel
resultstoo
100
Cum
mulative Percentage
e/%
80
60
40
20
All electric days possible / total days

Electric miles possible / total miles
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Battery size / kWh

ForUSAseeT.H.BradleyandC.W.Quinn,JournalofPowerSources,2010,195,53995408.
ForGermanyseeSteigerW.,VolkswagenAG:EuropeanForumAlpbach2008
Results
Baseline=allassumptionsaverage
Resultsshownonleftexclude carbon
Resultsshownonrightincludefixedcarboncost(average=$120)
Results shown on right include fixed carbon cost (average $120)
Allotherassumptionsfixedunlessotherwisestated(yellow)
Shadederrorbars
((
Xaxis
Fixedassumptions
Cost = f C H 2 .C E .C FF .(C Batt .C FC .C ICE )(

. BSize .FC Size ). CCO2 . f (EGen ) .( f (behaviour ). f (vehicle ))
Page41
Batterycosts,mostimportant
assumption
Dominate
costsofFCHEV
Highly
sensitivefor
largebattery
g
y
size
Diminishing
returnsbeyond
~10
10kWh
kWh
Ifrangenota
concernaBEV
maybe
y
possible
((

Page42
Hydrogencosts,dominatesforsmall
batterysize
FCEV
Highlysensitive
FCHEV
Highlysensitive
forsmall
batterysizes
Highcost
favourslarger
batterysize
Forlarge
l
batterysize
negligible
effect
Fuelcellcostsaffect
comparisonwithICE
butdonot affect
FCHEV result
FCHEVresult
significantly!!!
((

Page43
Decarbonisingelectricitygeneration,necessary,
butCO2 emissionsonlyaffectcostalittle
Dominatesemissions
FFavourslarger
l
batterysize
Effectonprice
negligibleevenat
$120/tonne
Hydrogenproduction
d
d i
Assumedsteam
reformedmethane
Differentmethods
ofhydrogen
y g
productionmay
balancethiseffect
Note:IntheUKBothelectricityandhydrogen
offer~50%reductioninemissionstoday!
((

Page44
Carbon price affects comparison ICE

Carbonprice,affectscomparisonICE
FCEVvs FCHEV
FCHEV
ICEcomparison
Negligible effect
Negligibleeffect
Smallfavouring
largerbatteries
becauseofH2
production
production
method
Highlysensitive
Effectivecarbon
price necessary
pricenecessary
tofavournew
technologies
BothFCEV,
FCHEVandBEV
Higherthebetter
((

Page45
Different vehicle type batterysize

Differentvehicletype
battery size
Hybridisation
SSensitiveto
iti t
vehicletype
Largevehicles
needlarge
batteries
Drivingbehaviour
Differentfor
vehicletypes
Increasingvehicle
si e increases
sizeincreases
totalmilesper
day
Effects
Botheffects
Both
effects
suggestincreased
costsandless
benefitfromthe
FCHEV
Large vehicle is
Largevehicleis
clearlydifferent
Page46
Different vehicle types

Differentvehicletypes
FCHEV
Similaroptimum
batterysizes
predictedforall
types
Electricrange
El t i
obviouslyaffected
Largevehicle
significantly
different
Howdoesthis
affectemissions?
((

Page47
Dependentvariable
Different vehicle type emissions

Differentvehicletype
Emissions
Worsefor
W
f
largervehicles
Notjusteffect
largerenergy
consumption
p
Economics
Favourssimilar
batterysize
(hollow
s mbols)
symbols)
Butlarger
vehiclemeans
lessmilescan
bedrivenas
electric
Increasinguse
ofrange
extender
Note:Thisisforsteamreformedmethaneand50%
Note:
This is for steam reformed methane and 50%
decarbonisedelectricity
Page48
Latest work
Latestwork
SubmittedtoEnergy&EnvironmentalScience
Policy Summary
PolicySummary
80
70
FCHEV is cheaper than FCEV and BEV

FCHEVischeaperthanFCEVandBEV
Batterysizesbetween515kWh
predictedindependentofvehiclesizeor
behaviour
Behaviouriscritical
Beha
io r is critical
ReducingCO2emissionsfrom
electricitygenerationiscrucial
Reducing CO2 emissions from
ReducingCO2emissionsfrom
hydrogenalsocrucial,butthereis
moretime,
Steamreformingmethaneisstill
commensurate with very ambitious
commensuratewithveryambitious
UKemissionsreductiontargetseven
in2030
Carbonpriceislikelytobeasmall
driver,otherpolicymeasures
required
Thefuturewillbeablendof
technologies
millio
onsales/year
60
50
BEVs
40
FCVs
30
PHEVs
20
HEVs
10
ICEVs
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Illustrationofapossibleuptakescenarioforelectricdrivevehicles,thatiscompatible
year
withmeetingtheIPCCs2050GHGemissionreductiontargets(adaptedfromtheIEA
BLUEMapscenario)
Long Distances
Heavy Vehicles
Hydrogen
& Fuel Cells
Mass Market
Plug-in-Hybrids
Battery
Electric
Sh t Distances
Short
Di t
Light Vehicles
Plug-in-Hybrids
Mass Market
Advanced
Biofuels
Note:Nottoscale
time
Long Distances
Heavy Vehicles
New Project FUTUREVehicles

NewProject
FUTURE Vehicles
3.5mfundingover4years,5Universities,fundedunderTSBLowCarbonVehicle
3
5 f di
4
5U i
iti f d d d TSB L C b V hi l
IntegratedDeliveryProgramme.OnepartnerisShanghaiAutomotiveIndustries
Corporation(SAIC)UKTechnicalCentre
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Electric&HybridVehicleResearchat

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Network

Convection in axial flux electrical machines

Electrical measurement technique

Observed flow transition at stator

Rotational Reynolds number

Battery Pack Development

System modelling & validation

Bus Bar 100

Bus Bar 101

Bus Bar 104

Bus Bar 103

Bus Bar 102

Bus Bar 105

SOFC/ZEBRA Battery Hybrid

Fuel Cell Stack

System modelling & validation

RAC Future Car Rally

Undergraduate teaching project

JPS,Vol 195,Iss 23,2010,pages78387848

Hydrogen & Electricity

Fuel lifecycle efficiency

Simple Answer Part A

Driving behavioural analysis

Hybrid battery size generation

All electric days possible / total days

Battery size / kWh

Cost = f C H 2 .C E .C FF .(C Batt .C FC .C ICE )(

Cost = f C H 2 .C E .C FF .(C Batt .C FC .C ICE )(

Cost = f C H 2 .C E .C FF .(C Batt .C FC .C ICE )(

Cost = f C H 2 .C E .C FF .(C Batt .C FC .C ICE )(

Carbon price affects comparison ICE

Cost = f C H 2 .C E .C FF .(C Batt .C FC .C ICE )(

Different vehicle type batterysize

Different vehicle types

Cost = f C H 2 .C E .C FF .(C Batt .C FC .C ICE )(

Different vehicle type emissions

FCHEV is cheaper than FCEV and BEV

New Project FUTUREVehicles

Thank you for listening

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