UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM &

ENERGY STUDIES

LAB MANUAL

HEAD LABS
H.O.D
Dr.Deepak sharma
N.B.SONI

MR.

Page 1 of 45

LIST OF EXPERIMENT

1. To verify Thevenins theorem.

2. TO verify Super Position theorem.
3. TO verify Maximum Power theorem.
4. Study phenomenon of resonance in RLC series circuit.
5. To study LCR parallel circuits in resonance condition.
6. Measurement of efficiency of a single phase
transformer by load test.
7. To connect,start,reverse the direction of rotation and
measurement speed of a 3-phase Induction motor.
8. To determine load characteristics of a shunt wound DC
Generator.

Page 2 of 45

CONTENTS
1. OBJECTIVE
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED
3. THEORY & APPLICATION
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
5. OBSERVATION
6. CALCULATION
7. RESULT
8. PRECAUTION AND SOURCES OF ERROR
9. RELATED SHORT QUESTIONS
10. REFERRENCES

Page 3 of 45

VERIFICATION OF
THEVININS THEOREM

Page 4 of 45

EXPERIMENT NO.1
1. OBJECTIVE: To verify the Thevenins theorem
2.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl
.
N
o
1.
2.
3.

Name of
Apparatus

Type

Range/Ra
ting

Qty Make

Voltmeter
Supply
Ammeter

d.c.
d.c.
d.c.

(0-15) volt
12 V,5V
(0-250)ml
Amp

1
1
1

4.
5.

Rheostats
Resistors

Pot
Fixed

6.

Connecting
wires

50,25,5
0

1
3

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED

Page 5 of 45

Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of apparatus for conduction

3.THEORY & APPLICATION:

Sometimes we want to determine the response (Current,
Voltage or power delivered) in a single load resistance in
network by a simple equivalent circuit. Determining the
response in the load resistance then becomes much easier.
The use of this theorem is very helpful & time saving when
we have to find the response in any branch of a given

Page 6 of 45

network shown in Fig below for different values of load

resistance.
According to the Thevenins theorem Any linear network
containing
energy sources (generator) &
resistances(impedances) can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source VTH in series with RTH. The value of
VTH is the open circuit voltage between the terminals of the
network and RTH is the impedance measured between the
terminals with all energy sources treated as open circuit. Current
across the load resistance (RL) is given by the equation
IL=VTH/(RTH+RL
4.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Step1: Remove the load resistance or the branch from
original given circuit, where response or loops current
have to be measured.

Step 2: Calculation of VTH or VOC :

V.R2/(R1+R2) =VTH

VOC =

Page 7 of 45

 Step 3: Calculation of RTH: (1) theoretically: By

series-parallel or star-delta trans-formation we can
calculate the thevenin resistance.
Here

RTH=R1IIR2+R3=(R1 R2/R1+R2)+R3

(2) Practically: (i) we can measure the Thevenin resistance by

measuring short circuit current ISC through AB terminal by
connecting an ammeter.
RTh=VTH/ISC

(ii) We can measure the Thevenins resistance by using digital

multimeter.

Step 4: Now make the equivalent circuit and connect

the supply = to VTH or VOC, Thevenin resistance RTH &
load resistance RL in series.
Page 8 of 45

 Step 5: Now measure/ Calculate the load current IL

through load resistance.IL= VTH/(RTH+RL)
5.OBSERVATION:

S.NO.
1.
2.
3.

Theoretically

Practically

Supply voltage
Thevenin voltage VTH or
VOC
Short circuit current ISC

4.

Thevenin Resistance
from RTH
5.
Circuit Load Current IL
6.CALCULATION: IL= VTH/(RTH+RL),
RTh=VTH/ISC
7.RESULT:
1. The value of open circuit voltage (V OCVTH) is
volts.
2. The value of Thevenins resistance is
......ohms.
3. The value of current across load is
.amps.
Note:From the reading, it is found that measure value of current
flowing through the load IL are the same as determined by
Thevenins theorem.
Page 9 of 45

8.PRECAUTION and SOURCES of ERROR:

All connections should be tight.

All steps should be followed carefully.
Readings and calculation should be taken carefully.
Dont touch the live terminals.

9. RELATED SHORT QUESTIONS:

1.What is the utilization of thevenins theorem?2.Give
the statement of thevenins theorem?
3. What do u mean by active and passive theorem?
4. Define bilateral and unilateral circuit?
10. REFERRENCES:
1.Fundamental of Basic electrical engineering by
G.B GUPTA

Page 10 of 45

VERIFICATION OF SUPER
POSITION THEOREM

Page 11 of 45

EXPERIMENT NO.2

1.

Find the current i1, i2 & i3 as shown in fig1 using

Superposition theorem.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
OBJECTIVE:

Sl
.
N
o
1.
2.
3.

Name of
Apparatus

Type

Range/Ra
ting

Qty Make

Voltmeter
Supply
Ammeter

d.c.
d.c.
d.c.

(o-15)volt
12 V,5V
(0250)mlAm
p

1
1
1

4.
5.

Rheostats
Resistors

Pot
Fixed

6.

Connecting
wires

50,25,5
0

1
3

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED:

Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of apparatus for conduction

Page 12 of 45

3.THEORY & APPLICATION:

Super position theorem states that in a network of linear

resistances containing more than one source of e.m.f the
current which flows at any points is the sum of all the currents
which would flow at that point if each e.m.f source replaced for
the time being by resistances equal to their internal
resistances.
4.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step1:Connect the circuit as shown in fig 2 through patch

cords. Consider only one voltage source at a time, first 12
volt.
Switch ON the instrument using ON/OFF switch provided on
the front panel.

Note down the respective currents i1, i2, & i3 by connecting

ammeter of 250mA range in series of resistances R 1, R2 & R3
in table 1.

Fig 2.

Similarly note down voltages V1, V2, &V3, one by one by

Connecting voltmeter of range 15V across
the each
resistance in table1

Now connect the circuit again by removing the B 1 voltage

source, through patch cords. Consider only one voltage
source at a time, second 5 Volt.

Page 13 of 45

Repeat the steps 2 to 5

Connect the circuit as shown in Fig 1, to measure net
algebraic sum of current when both the voltage sources
(12 volt and 5 Volt) connected simultaneously.
Again repeat the steps 2 to 5.
Compare the values of columns 4 &5, 8 &9 and 12 &13.

5.OBSERVATION TABLE:

Table 1
Measurean
d

R1=
In
fig2

In
fig
3

R2=
Sum
of
fig2
&fig3

In
fig
1

In
fig
2

R 3=

In

Sum In
of
fig
fig3
fig2 1
&fig
3

In

Sum In
In of
fig1
fig2
fig fig2
3
&fig3

VoltageVi(
=12,3)
volts
Current
I1(=1,2,3)
mA
Page 14 of 45

6. CALCULATION:
7. RESULT:

8.PRECAUTION & SOURCE OF ERROR:

In AC power supplies there are always variations present

at output due to fluctuations in mains input. These
fluctuations may disturb the output result, so be careful
when you are performing verification of super position
theorem in AC circuits.

Resistance tolerance: 10%

Check AC output voltage every time when you are
performing the experiments.

9. RELATED SHORT QUESTIONS:

1.Define

Superposition theorem?

2.What do u mean by the algebraic sum of the

currents.
3.How will u find the current due to a single voltage
source in the super position theorem?
10. REFERRANCE:

Fundamental of Basic electrical engineering by G.B

GUPTA

Page 15 of 45

VERIFICATION OF
MAXIMAM POWER
THEOREM

Page 16 of 45

EXPERIMENT NO.3

1. OBJECTIVE:

To verify the Maximum power theorem.

2.APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.N
o.

Name of
Apparatus

1.

Accumulato
r
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Resistance
box
Rheostat of
suitable
rating
connecting
wires

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Typ
e

Range/Rati
ng

QTY

(0-15V)
(0-25 Amp)

1
1

Make

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED

Fig. 1:
conduction

Schematic diagram of apparatus for

Page 17 of 45

3. THEORY & APPLICATION:

According to the maximum power transfer theorem as

applied to D.C. network, a resistive load will abstract
maximum power from a network when the load
resistance is equal to the resistance of the network as
viewed from the output terminals, with all energy
sources replaced by their internal resistance. In the
case of A.C. network load impedance should be
complex conjugate of source impedance.

4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Connection diagram is shown above in figure, where R is

fixed at some suitable value, load resistance R L varies and
ammeter and voltmeter readings are noted.
This process is repeated for different values of R.
For every value of RL, curve is plotted between power
consumed in the load resistance and load resistance R L and
from the curve so drawn the value of RL for maximum power
drawn in determined.

5.OBSERVATION:

Value of
S.N

R=

Resistance Current in

Voltage VL

Power consumed
Page 18 of 45

o.

RL in ohms

amperes
(IL)

in volts

P= VL IL watts

6. Calculations: The value of current in load resistance in -----ohms.

The value of voltage in load resistance is---volt.
The value of power consumed is -----watts.
The value of load resistance is--------ohms.

7. RESULT:

It will be found that power consumed (VL, IL) will be maximum

when RL becomes equal to R. This verifies the maximum power
transfer theorem.
8.PRECAUTION & SOURCES OF ERROR:

All the connections should be tight.

Readings should be taken carefully for accurate result.
Do not touch the live terminals because touching the live
terminals is injurious to health.
Switch off after taking the readings

9. RELATED SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Give the statement of Maximum power transfer

theorem?
Page 19 of 45

2. Is it always possible to operate at Maximum

power transfer?
3. What is the efficiency of maximum power
transfer?

10. REFERRENCES:

Fundamental of Basic electrical engineering

by G.B GUPTA

STUDY OF PHENOMENON
OF RESONANCE IN R L C
SERIES CIRCUIT

Page 20 of 45

EXPERIMENT NO.4
1.OBJECTIVE:

Study of phenomenon of resonance in R-L-C

series circuit.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.N
o.
1.
2.
3.

Name of Type
Apparatu
s
voltmeter A.C.
Ammeter A.C.
Kit for RLC
Circuits

Range/Rati QTY
ng

Make

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED:

Page 21 of 45

Fig. 1:

Schematic diagram of apparatus for conduction

3.THEORY & APPLICATION:

Consider an A.C. circuit containing a resistance R, and

inductance L and a capacitance C connected in series as shown
in Fig.

O888

Page 22 of 45

At resonance voltage, XL=XC (in magnitude only) So , at

resonance
(i) Not reactance is zero i.e., X= 0
(ii) Impedance of the circuit, Z= R
(iii) The current flowing through the circuit is maximum and in
phase with the
applied voltage. The magnitude of current is
equal to V/ R.
(iv) The Voltage drop across the inductance is equal to the voltage
drop across the capacitance.
(v) The power factor is unity.
When this condition exists, the circuit is said to be in resonance
the frequency at which it occurs is known as resonance frequency.
It is denoted by fr then XL = Xc ; L = 1/C ; 2frL =
1/2frC ; fr = 1/2LC.
From the above expression it is obvious that the value of
resonance frequency depends on the parameter of the two
energy-storing elements.

4.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

An non-inductive resistor R, an inductor L and a Capaciter C

are connected in series, connect a voltmeter and an
ammeter, as shown in fig above , such that the current I= V/R
does not exceed the safe value and with a small capacitor the
supply is switched on and all readings are recorded. The
frequency is gradually increases reading being noted at several
intervals. The curves are plotted for current and frequency
capacitance which is shown in fig below

Page 23 of 45

5.OBSERVATION:

R= ------ohms
Supply voltage V 1= ----Volts
(A.C.)
Inductance, L = ______ Capacitance, C = _________
S.N
o.

Frequency (in
Hz)

I (in mA)

2.

6.CACULATION:

The resonance frequency fr =

fr = ..Hz

Page 24 of 45

7.RESULT:

The power factor rises in a similar way as the circuit current

i.e., it rises first to a maximum value of unity at resonance
point and then falls. At resonance the circuit behaves like a
pure resister.

8.PRECAUTION & SOURCES OF ERROR:

Connect the voltmeter and ammeter as per the circuit

diagram,
Increase the value of capacitor slowly after fixed interval of
time.
Take reading accurately.
Measure power factor with every reading.
Do not touch the live wire during practical.

9.RELATED SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. What is resonance?
2. What do you mean by resonance curve?
3. What is Q-factor?
4. What are important characteristics of parallel resonance?

10. REFERRENCES:

Fundamental of Basic electrical engineering by G.B GUPTA

Page 25 of 45

STUDY OF LCR PARALLEL

CIRCUITS IN
RESONANCE CONDITION

Page 26 of 45

EXPERIMENT NO.5
1.OBJECTIVE:

To study LCR parallel circuits in resonance condition

2.APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO.
1
2

3
4

Name of
Apparatus
LCR Kit
Function
Generator
Audio
frequency
oscillator
model-712.
Ammeter
Voltmeter

Type

Range/Rati QTY
ng

A.C.
A.C.

0-250Amp
0-5V

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED:

Fig. 1:
conduction

Schematic diagram of apparatus for

3. THEORY & APPLICATION:

Resonance: An AC circuit is said to be in resonance when

the applied voltage and the resulting current are in the phase. A
parallel resonant circuit consists of an inductor L in parallel with a
Page 27 of 45

capacitor C as shown in Figure. R is a small resistance associated

with the coil. The capacitor C is assumed to be lossless. The

tuned circuit is driven by a voltage source V. Such a parallel-tuned

circuit is commonly used in tuned amplifiers, oscillators, etc.

4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Connect Voltmeter to V sockets and Milli Ameter to mA

sockets.
Connect output terminals on function generator to sockets
marked signal output.
Keep function generator selector switch at sine wave.
Keep dial at minimum i.e. 100c/s and with amplitude control
set voltmeter reading 3 to 4 volt.
Note frequency from the dial and current from the mili
Ammeter.
Change the frequency from the dial in steps of 100 or so and
note down the corresponding current till the characteristics
of parallel resonance is obtained.
Plot a graph between frequency and current in mA.
Repeat the steps 4 to 7 for different R & L.

Page 28 of 45

5. OBSERVATIONS:

R= ------ohms

Supply voltage V 1=

----Volts (A.C.)
Inductance, L = ___
Frequency
Sl.No (Hz )
.

Capacitance, C = __

Current(m
A)

6.CACULATION:

7. RESULT: An AC circuit is said to be in resonance when the

applied voltage and the resulting current are in the phase. A
parallel resonant circuit consists of an inductor L in parallel with a
capacitor C .

Page 29 of 45

8. PRECAUTION & SOURCES OF ERROR:

Connect the voltmeter and ammeter as per the circuit

diagram,
Increase the value of capacitor slowly after fixed interval of
time.
Take reading accurately.
Measure power factor with every reading.
Do not touch the live wire during practical.
9. RELATED SHORT QUESTIONS:

1.What is resonance?

2. What is Q-factor?
1O.REFERRENCES:

Fundamental of Basic electrical engineering

by G.B GUPTA

Page 30 of 45

MEASUREMENT OF
EFFICIENCY OF A SINGLE
PHASE TRANSFORMER
BY LOAD TEST

Page 31 of 45

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
1. OBJECTIVE:

Measurement of efficiency of a single phase

transformer by load test.

2.APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.N
o.
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

Apparat
us
Ammeter
s
voltmeter
s
Wattmet
er
Single
phase
transform
er
Lamp
Load
DPIC
switch
connectin
g wires

Type

Range/Rating Quant
ity
AC
(0-5Amp),(01Amp)
AC
(0-300 V),(060V)
Dynamome (0-750W),(0ter
750W)
AC
1KVA

100W,200W,10
0W

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED

Page 32 of 45

Schematic diagram of apparatus for conduction

3. THEORY & APPLICATION:

The efficiency of a transformer is given by

the expression
= (Output power/ Input power) x 100
or
= P2 / P1 x 100
The transformer efficiency can be obtained by direct
measurement of output and input does not give accurate result,
as the power losses are quite law ( of the order of 1-4%) . The
difference between the reading of output and output instrument is
then so small that an instrument error as low as 0.5% would
cause an error of the order of 15-20% in the power losses. There
is a wastage of large amount of power and no information is
available from such a test about the proportion of copper and iron
losses.
4.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Make the connection according to the circuit diagram as

shown above in fig.
Connect the wattmeters, ammeters and voltmeters
both in primary as well as in secondary winding and
connect a load across the output of the secondary
winding under test according to the circuit diagram.
Page 33 of 45

 The supply is switched on to the circuit through DPIC

switch.
The readings of voltmeters, ammeters and wattmeters ,
on input (primary) and output (secondary) are noted for
different loads and repeat these readings at least three
time and then take their mean.

5. OBSERVATION:

S.N
o.

V1
I1 in
P1 in
I2 in
in
amps watts amps
volt
.
.
s

Cos

P2 in
watts = P2/P1
=
x
V2I2Cos 100
2

6.CALCULATION:-

Power input (Primary) side, P1 = watts.

Power in output (Secondary) side P2= V2 I2Cos
Transformer efficiency = P2/P1 x 100

= ..watts.

or =.

7. RESULT:

The efficiency of the given single phase transformer is

.

8. PRECAUTION & SOURCES OF ERROR:-

1. All connections should be tight.

Page 34 of 45

2. All apparatus should be of suitable range.

3. Never touch live conductors or terminals.
4. Readings should be taken accurately.

9. RELATED SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. How can we reduce the eddy current losses?

2. Give the name of material by which the core of transformer
is made and why.
3. What will happen if transformer is connected to rated D.C
supply and why?
4. How can we determine the HV and LV winding of
transformer?
5. What is the unit of rating of transformer and why?

10 .REFERRENCES:

Fundamental of Basic electrical engineering by G.B

GUPTA

Page 35 of 45

TO CONNECT START AND

REVERSE THE
DIRECTION OF A 3PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

Page 36 of 45

EXPERIMENT NO.7

1. OBJECTIVE:

To connect, start and reverse the direction of rotation

of a 3-phase
induction motor. Measure the speed of motor.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Three phase induction motor, Star delta

starter, TPIC switch , Screw driver, Plier, Connecting wirers,
Tachometer etc.

S.N
o.
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Apparat Type
us
Three
phase
induction
motor
Star delta
starter
TPIC
switch
Connecti
ng wirers
Tachomet
er

Range/Rating Quant
ity

Page 37 of 45

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED

Fig. 1:
Schematic diagram of apparatus for
conduction

3.THEORY & APPLICATION

Motor is connected to a three phase ac supply mains through

star-delta starter and TPIC switch, as shown in figure. The
direction of rotation of 3-phase induction motor can be
reversed by interchanging any two terminals at the TPIC switch.
4.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

The connections of a 3-phase induction motor are made to

the star-delta starter and to the TPIC switch. The TPIC switch
is closed and the motor is started by taking the lever of the
starter to the start (star) position and then with a jerk to the
Page 38 of 45

run position (or delta connections). The direction of the

rotation of the motor is observed. Say, it is in clock-wise
direction. Measure the speed. Now the motor is stopped by
pushing the stop button and supply to the
motor is
removed by opening TPIC switch. The two leads of motor is
interchanging to the TPIC switch. TPIC switch is closed and
motor is started again. The direction of rotation of the motor
is observed.
5.RESULT:

The direction of motor is found reversed when two leads of motor

are interchanged.

6.PRECAUTION & SOURCES OF ERROR:

All connections should be tight.

Never touch the live terminals.
Before change the connection OFF the supply properly.
Increase the load gradually.

Dont wear the loose dress during the experiment, it

may be dangerous.
Always use the starter of proper rating.

7. RELATED SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is the slip?
2. What is a synchronous speed?
3. Why the starter is necessary tor starling a 3 induction
motor?
4. How can we reverse the rotation of 3 induction motor?

8. REFERRENCES:

Fundamental of Basic electrical engineering by G.B

GUPTA
Page 39 of 45

DETERMINATION OF A
LOAD CHARACTERISTIC
OF SHUNT WOUND DC
GENERATOR

Page 40 of 45

EXPERIMENT NO.8
1. OBJECTIVE-

Determination of a load characteristic of a

shunt wound DC generator.
2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.N
o.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.

Apparat
us
Shunt
generato
r
Ammeter
s
Voltmeter
s
Connecti
ng wire
Load bulb

Type

Range/Rating Quant
ity

DC
MC
MC

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED

Page 41 of 45

3.THEORY & APPLICATION:

A d.c shunt generator is a self

excited generator. A d.c shunt motor with constant speed
characteristics can be used as a prime mover. The motor and
generator are firmly coupled. To enable the generator to
develop the voltage, it is driven by motor using starter.
During this process, there is no connection of load terminals
of the generator. The field terminals of the generator and the
field resistance of the shunt generator is varied using
rheostat in the field circuit,
as shown in fig. soon as the terminal voltage on no load;
read by the voltmeter V2 reached the rated no load voltage,
the shunt field resistance is kept fixed at this value. Load
resistance(rheostat) is now connected across the load
terminals. Any variation in the field and consequently the
terminal voltage. Due to voltage drop in the armature
resistance as well as due to armature reaction, there will be
a drop in terminal voltage from its no-load value, with
different values of load, i.e, load current, Load characteristics
of a d.c generator depicts the variation of terminal
voltage(V) with load current (I), when both the speed and the
exciting current are kept constant. For the D.C shunt
generator we plot a curve between load current and terminal
voltage. In this generator terminal voltage reduces due to:
1.Armature reaction.
2. Resistive drop in windings and brushes.
3.Weal excitaition.
By increasing load current as shown in graph.

Page 42 of 45

From the load characteristics of d.c. shunt generator it is clear:

(i) The terminal voltage of a d.c shunt generator decreases
with increase in load current.
(ii) In the beginning the load current reaches a certain value
(much higher than full load current0 further decrease in
load resistance causes a decrease in load current rather
than increase and the external characteristics turn back.
This is due to predominant demagnetizing armature
reaction effect and armature voltage drop over the effect
of decrease in load resistance.

4.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Connect all the equipments as circuit diagram.

Start the motor.
Now, read the ammeter & voltmeter readings varying the
load resistance.
Note the readings in observation table and plot a graph.
Switch off the main supply.

5.OBSERVATION:

S.N

Load current

Terminal voltage
Page 43 of 45

o.
1
2
3

IL amp

VT volt

6.RESULT:

The characteristics of D.C shunt generator is found as

observed in observation table and corresponding graph.

7.PRECAUTION & SOURCES OF ERROR:-

All connection should be tight.

Reading should be taken carefully.
Readings should be taken, increasing the load current.

8.RELATED SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. 1.What is the constructional difference between D.C motor

and D.C generator .
2. What is the function of commutator in a D.C. generator?
3. What is the function of commutator is a D.C. motor?

9.REFERRENCES:

Page 44 of 45

Fundamental of Basic electrical engineering by G.B

GUPTA.

Page 45 of 45