Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
com
Instituto Geolgico y Minero de Espaa, C. Ros Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
b
BRGM. Av. C. Guillemin. 45060 Orlans, France
Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research, University of British Columbia, 6339 Stores Road Vancouver, Canada BC V6T 1Z4
d
Instituto Ciencias Tierra Jaume Almera-CSIC, Llus Sol Sabars s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Received 7 September 2007; accepted 21 January 2008
Available online 14 February 2008
Abstract
We present new regional petrologic, geochemical, SrNd isotopic, and UPb geochronological data on the TuronianCampanian mafic
igneous rocks of Central Hispaniola that provide important clues on the development of the Caribbean island-arc. Central Hispaniola is made up of
three main tectonic blocksJicom, Jarabacoa and Bonaothat include four broad geochemical groups of Late Cretaceous mafic igneous rocks:
group I, tholeiitic to calc-alkaline basalts and andesites; group II, low-Ti high-Mg andesites and basalts; group III, tholeiitic basalts and gabbros/
dolerites; and group IV, tholeiitic to transitional and alkalic basalts. These igneous rocks show significant differences in time and space, from arclike to non-arc-like characteristics, suggesting that they were derived from different mantle sources. We interpret these groups as the record of
Caribbean arc-rifting and back-arc basin development in the Late Cretaceous. TheN 90 Ma group I volcanic rocks and associated cumulate
complexes preserved in the Jicom and Jarabacoa blocks represent the Albian to Cenomanian Caribbean island-arc material. The arc rift stage
magmatism in these blocks took place during the deposition of the Restauracin Formation from the TuronianConiacian transition (~ 90 Ma) to
Santonian/Lower Campanian, particularly in its lower part with extrusion at 9088 Ma of group II low-Ti, high-Mg andesites/basalts. During this
time or slightly afterwards adakitic rhyolites erupted in the Jarabacoa block. Group III tholeiitic lavas represent the initiation of ConiacianLower
Campanian back-arc spreading. In the Bonao block, this stage is represented by back-arc basin-like basalts, gabbros and dolerite/diorite dykes
intruded into the Loma Caribe peridotite, as well as the Peralvillo Sur Formation basalts, capped by tuffs, shales and Campanian cherts. This
dismembered ophiolitic stratigraphy indicates that the Bonao block is a fragment of an ensimatic back-arc basin. In the Jicom and Jarabacoa
blocks, the mainly Campanian group IV basalts of the Pea Blanca, Siete Cabezas and PelonaPico Duarte Formation, represent the subsequent
stage of back-arc spreading and off-axis non-arc-like magmatism, caused by migration of the arc toward the northeast. These basalts have
geochemical affinities with the mantle domain influenced by the Caribbean plume, suggesting that mantle was flowing toward the NE, beneath the
extended Caribbean island-arc, in response to rollback of the subducting proto-Caribbean slab.
2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Island-arc; Arc rifting; Back-arc basin; Mantle melting; Hispaniola; Caribbean plate
1. Introduction
Back-arc basins are regions of extension in a subduction zone
setting often located between the active and remnant volcanic
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: j.escuder@igme.es (J. Escuder Viruete).
0024-4937/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2008.01.003
379
Fig. 1. (a) Map of the northeastern Caribbean plate margin modified from Mann (1999). Box shows location of the study area. (b) Schematic geological map of Central
Hispaniola. SFZ = Septentrional fault zone; HFZ, Hispaniola fault zone; BGFZ, BonaoLa Gucara fault zone; SJRFZ, San JuanRestauracin fault zone; EPGFZ,
EnriquilloPlantain Garden fault zone; La Meseta (LMSZ), Ro Baiguaque (RBSZ) and Hato Viejo (HVFZ) fault/shear zones. LCB, Loma de Cabrera; LTB, Loma del
Tambor; MB, Macutico; and ACB, Arroyo Caa batholiths. Encircled number show location of UPb geochronological samples.
380
381
382
383
4. UPb geochronology
4.1. UPb samples
The main objective of UPb geochronology was to correlate
regional data for the onset of the felsic volcanism and gabbroic
plutonism in the Jicom and Jarabacoa blocks. Analytical
procedures are in the Appendix A and results are reported in
Appendix B. All ages are quoted at the 2 level of uncertainty.
The selected UPb samples were (sample location in Fig. 1) a
rhyolite flow with albite + K-feldspar + quartz phenocrysts
(sample 5JE07), a coarse-grained clinopyroxene + plagioclase
gabbro (sample 5JE79, Los Velazquitos gabbro), and a
subvolcanic medium-grained hornblende-gabbro (sample
6JE29, La Cana gabbro). The rhyolite has an adakitic affinity
and belong to the lowermost stratigraphic levels of the
Restauracin Formation in NW Jarabacoa. Separated zircon
grains are clear, pale pink, mostly stubby prims, with aspect
ratios of 1.53.5. Four abraded zircon fractions (A, B, D and E)
are all concordant (Fig. 3) and give a weighted 206Pb/238 U age of
89.1 0.9 Ma. This TuronianConiacian (geologic time scale
from Gradstein et al., 2004) boundary age is interpreted as the
crystallization age of the sample. The gabbro from Los
Velazquitos intrusive suite has MORB geochemical characteristics with a weak subduction signature. The sample was
collected in the core of a laccolith ~ 100-thick. Extracted zircon
grains are clear, pale pink to colourless, stubby to equant prisms,
with aspet ratios of of ~ 1.52.0. Zircon fractions A and C are
slighty younger, showing evidence for minor Pb loss. Fractions
B, D and E are concordant (Fig. 3) and give a weighted
206
Pb/238U age of 89.3 1.6 Ma, which is is interpreted as the
crystallization age of the gabbro. The La Cana gabbro intrudes
the Tireo Group in the SW Villa Altagracia area. This evolved
gabbro (Mg#=28) is rich in FeTi oxides and Nb (21.1 ppm),
and has an E-MORB signature. Zircon grains are turbid, yellow
and brown with some clear sectors, euhedral and prismatic.
Fractions A, B, C and D are concordant and overlapping (Fig. 3)
and give a concordia age (Ludwig, 2003) of 93.35 0.23 Ma,
interpreted as the crystallization age of the rock (Cenomanian
Turonian boundary).
4.2. Interpretation
The 89.1 0.9 Ma age of the adakitic rhyolite is equivalent to
UPb zircon and ArAr hornblende ages, obtained for the
lowermost rhyolite flows of the Restauracin Formation in the
Jicom block (Escuder Viruete et al., 2007b). These results
allow us to establish the onset of the felsic volcanism at the
Fig. 2. Schematic lithostratigraphic columns of the three crustal domains or tectonic blocks in Central Hispaniola, namely Jicom, Jarabacoa and Bonao, as well as of
the Eastern Cordillera. Encircled numbers show locations of samples for UPb geochronology. TG, Tireo Group; RBMb, Ro Blanco Member; CFm, Constanza
Formation; DC, Dajabn Chert; CMb; Constanza Member; RFm, Restauracin Formation; LCG, La Cana gabbro; PBFM, Pea Blanca Formation; BPPD, basalts of
PelonaPico Duarte Formation; TRFm, Trois Rivires Formation; BLFm, Bois de Lawrence Formation; EYMb, El Yujo Member; LVzG, Los Velazquitos gabbros;
SCFm, Siete Cabezas Formation; ATG, Arroyo Toro gabbros; LCGD, Loma Caribe related-gabbros/diorites; PvSFm, Peralvillo Sur Formation; HLFm, Hatillo
Limestone Formation; LGyFm, Las Guayabas Formation; LVgMb, Loma La Vega Member; RHz, Radiolaritic horizon; RChFm, Ro Chavn Formation; LAFm,
Loma de Anglada Formation. Ranges of age data in the Jicom block from Escuder Viruete et al. (2006a, 2007b). Adak, adakites; MB, Macutico batholith; LCB, Loma
de Cabrera batholith; LMSZ, La Meseta shear zone; TBA, tholeitic basalt/andesite suite; HMA, high-Mg andesites; NEBA, Nb-enriched basalts and andesites; BABB,
back-arc basin basalts. Other abbreviations as in Fig. 1.
384
385
386
Table 1
Major and trace element data for the diverse groups of igneous rocks in Central Hispaniola
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Unit
LVg
LVg
LVg
LVg
Cs
Cs
Rs
Rs
Rs
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
X (UTM)
Y (UTM)
Rock a
Sample Wt%
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
MnO
Cr2O3
LOI
SUM
Mg# b
Cr
Co
Ni
V
Rb
Ba
Th
Nb
Ta
La
Ce
Pb
Pr
Sr
Nd
Sm
Zr
Hf
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Y
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
466920
2075500
BAS
JG9058
52.41
0.77
19.88
7.3
2.54
6.3
3.98
3.36
0.56
0.13
0.007
2.4
99.64
41
48
15.7
16.2
222
75.3
1668
4.6
3.6
0.2
22.0
44
7.0
5.47
1466.4
22.7
5.6
76.2
2.4
1.77
4.84
0.77
4.0
21.7
0.71
2.04
0.33
1.97
0.32
488233
2079777
AND
JM9062
57.47
0.31
18.06
3.6
1.05
1.91
4.51
7.58
0.19
0.2
0.001
4.8
99.68
37
7
5.2
0.3
67
176.8
280
7.9
6.5
0.3
29.0
54.3
14.5
6.26
223.9
26.1
5.3
139.5
40
0.99
5.14
0.78
4.65
30.4
0.98
2.84
0.43
3.15
0.53
479799
2079401
AND
JM9239
60.52
0.28
16.55
3.53
1.57
2.26
5.86
4.19
0.33
0.14
0.002
4.4
99.63
47
14
3.1
0.4
57
89.6
227
7
5.8
0.2
29.4
52.4
9.1
6.28
80.3
25.8
5.6
120.2
3.7
0.89
5.19
0.93
5.48
42.2
1.15
3.72
0.58
4.02
0.65
476745
2080299
AND
JM9274
57.97
0.45
19.09
3.23
1.55
1.09
4.37
8.14
0.08
0.29
0.003
3.3
99.56
49
21
3.1
2.7
65
219.3
99
9.3
8.3
0.4
38.4
69.3
18.0
8.14
232.2
36.2
7.3
155.5
4.5
1.11
6.03
1.06
5.67
37.0
1.17
3.35
0.53
3.70
0.56
MBAS
MJ9068
55.88
0.74
16.75
8.92
3.11
5.33
5.44
0.38
0.08
0.15
0.005
2.7
99.49
41
34
20.3
b20
313
3.9
125
0.3
0.8
b 0.1
2.9
8.4
0.2
1.28
143.7
7.3
2.1
54.7
2.0
0.75
3.13
0.71
3.64
23.2
0.79
2.46
0.35
2.29
0.37
PICR
FC9068B
47.89
1.05
16.89
9.04
8.24
11.21
2.82
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.031
2.0
99.63
64
212
45.2
108
193
4.6
75
0.3
2.0
0.1
4.0
11.1
0.4
1.73
270.5
9.9
3.0
84.4
2.4
1.24
3.91
0.74
4.24
26.2
0.88
2.73
0.40
2.48
0.41
341969
2088489
BAS
6JE22A
48.66
0.71
17.09
7.55
7.45
11.09
2.64
0.51
0.1
0.1
0.032
3.7
99.63
66
219
31.6
56
223
8.4
356
0.3
1.6
0.1
3.7
8.8
0.4
1.36
227.9
6.2
2.1
38.6
1.2
0.76
2.5
0.54
3.12
16.8
0.66
1.98
0.29
1.89
0.26
341969
2088489
PICR
6JE22B
46.24
0.8
16.08
7.76
7.37
13.03
2.12
0.26
0.11
0.11
0.047
5.9
99.83
65
322
35.0
104
219
2.4
268
0.5
2.1
0.1
4.8
10.9
0.4
1.67
202.3
8.5
2.3
46.5
1.6
0.83
2.93
0.6
3.21
19.6
0.70
2.19
0.31
1.92
0.30
372366
2083343
AND
6JE110B
57.06
0.43
16.71
4.86
1.81
7.72
4.5
2.22
0.19
0.2
0.008
4.3
100.01
42
55
21.6
14.3
115
48.5
269
4.4
3.9
0.3
22.2
42.3
12.7
5.45
552.4
21.8
4.3
107.3
3.1
0.95
3.96
0.67
3.48
22.9
0.66
2.13
0.33
2.06
0.33
290148
2124049
MAND
MJ9208
53.28
0.17
8
11.79
13.9
8.95
0.71
0.08
0.06
0.26
0.143
2.5
99.84
70
978
61.8
186
181
1.3
18
0.2
0.25
b 0.1
1.2
2.8
b 0.1
0.43
9.7
2.6
0.7
13.1
0.24
0.2
0.82
0.13
0.71
4.1
0.13
0.45
0.07
0.39
0.08
267796
2144784
MBAS
FC9101
53.25
0.31
14.26
10.08
7.68
10.1
2.95
0.12
0.06
0.13
0.068
0.7
99.71
60
465
35.4
24.1
123
1.2
135
0.8
2.2
0.2
3.9
7.0
0.2
0.94
149.5
4.7
1.1
23.7
0.8
0.55
1.66
0.3
2.08
10.5
0.44
1.25
0.15
1.17
0.20
284231
2128860
BAS
MJ9134
52.87
0.26
14.14
10.79
8
8.27
3.2
0.06
0.04
0.17
0.031
1.8
99.63
59
212
47.7
47
220
0.9
144
0.6
1.1
b 0.1
3.0
5.9
0.5
0.74
217.3
3.6
0.9
17.1
0.6
0.37
0.9
0.13
0.79
4.7
0.15
0.51
0.08
0.51
0.08
249913
2145173
MBAS
JE9013
51.85
0.23
13.82
11.44
8.09
11.23
1.53
0.1
0.04
0.17
0.054
1.4
99.95
58
369
45.0
19.6
231
1.7
97
0.05
0.2
b 0.1
1.8
2.9
0.2
0.5
193.3
2.5
0.7
5.5
b 0.5
0.33
0.84
0.15
0.87
5.4
0.19
0.57
0.09
0.61
0.10
250217
2143683
MBAS
JE9012
51.71
0.23
15.21
9.59
6.39
11.75
1.24
0.06
0.02
0.15
0.032
3.4
99.78
57
219
39.0
39.4
179
2.1
55
0.3
0.9
b 0.1
2.2
3.8
b 0.1
0.54
109.9
3.1
0.8
15.1
0.5
0.38
0.84
0.17
1.03
6.5
0.22
0.60
0.10
0.65
0.12
237473
2134044
AND
FC9054
57.39
0.41
13.94
9.25
5.55
4.05
4.32
0.28
0.07
0.13
0.04
4.5
99.93
54
274
34.0
89
207
3.3
270
0.6
2.6
0.1
4.2
9.0
0.6
1.29
263.4
6.0
1.6
38.9
1.4
0.55
1.78
0.31
1.83
10.7
0.37
1.08
0.16
1.01
0.17
256398
2133330
BASAND
FC9058
53.84
0.39
13.53
8.26
4.65
12.01
2.52
0.17
0.05
0.15
0.033
4.3
99.9
53
226
29.7
56
274
1.8
431
0.3
1.7
b0.1
2.4
5.1
2.1
0.68
227.4
3.4
1.0
20.2
0.6
0.45
1.34
0.26
1.52
9.3
0.31
0.91
0.15
0.99
0.15
Group
Group
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Unit
LVg
LVg
LVg
LVg
Cs
Cs
Rs
Rs
Rs
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
Table 1 (continued)
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
Unit
LVz
LVz
LVz
LVz
LVz
LVz
LVz
PvSur
PvSur
LMA
LMA
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
X (UTM)
Y (UTM)
Rock
Sample Wt%
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
MnO
Cr2O3
LOI
SUM
Mg# b
Cr
Co
Ni
V
Rb
Ba
Th
Nb
Ta
La
Ce
Pb
Pr
Sr
Nd
Sm
Zr
Hf
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Y
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
323799
2127943
GAB
5JE79
49.53
1.07
15.61
10.04
8.38
8.78
2.8
0.61
0.08
0.12
0.036
2.8
99.86
62
246
38.6
28.9
263
8.6
36
b 0.1
1.1
b 0.1
2.3
7.1
0.5
1.12
156
6.6
2.3
56.6
1.7
0.74
3.25
0.6
3.65
24.7
0.89
2.59
0.4
2.43
0.40
323721
2125903
DIQ
5JE63
50.54
0.83
15.6
10.18
7.79
9.24
3.01
0.19
0.06
0.12
0.019
2.3
99.88
60
130
43.3
30.7
259
4.6
27
0.1
0.8
0.08
2.0
5.4
0.4
0.94
145.3
5.3
1.9
41.3
1.2
0.69
2.73
0.48
3.30
21.4
0.75
2.17
0.33
2.18
0.34
323786
2128249
GAB
5JE78
50.27
1.18
15.33
10.33
7.83
9.34
2.82
0.59
0.1
0.16
0.033
2.0
99.98
60
226
37.0
20.0
297
7.5
35
0.05
1.2
b 0.1
2.4
7.5
0.4
1.28
183
7.8
2.7
60.4
2.1
0.94
3.71
0.69
4.21
27.4
0.96
2.81
0.38
2.89
0.43
326569
2124998
GAB
5JE24
51.53
0.89
14.94
9.91
7.35
7.80
3.87
0.26
0.07
0.23
0.021
3.0
99.87
59
144
39.8
34.2
283
3.4
28
0.04
1.0
b 0.1
2.3
6.5
0.3
1.04
218.9
6.2
1.9
49.8
1.6
0.78
3.12
0.52
3.48
22.4
0.80
2.23
0.34
2.26
0.34
323655
2125795
GAB
5JE61
50.11
1.14
15.48
9.73
6.45
11.02
3.07
0.11
0.08
0.13
0.026
2.5
99.85
57
178
33.8
30.0
309
1.1
13
0.1
1.4
0.08
2.5
7.9
0.3
1.38
174.7
7.7
2.7
61.9
1.9
1.05
3.97
0.72
4.44
28.1
0.98
2.83
0.44
2.79
0.45
323701
2125792
GAB
5JE62
52.2
1.38
15.5
11.33
5.61
7.94
3.89
0.38
0.13
0.18
0.02
1.3
99.86
50
137
28.6
24.9
328
3.6
36
0.3
1.7
0.08
3.2
10.1
0.5
1.65
152.5
9.1
3.3
78.6
2.4
1.16
4.47
0.83
5.49
34.5
1.16
3.31
0.52
3.50
0.50
323182
2127980
GAB
5JE76
52.9
1.24
15.33
11.55
4.99
6.56
4.92
0.46
0.11
0.17
0.006
1.6
99.84
46
41
36.9
18.6
355
5.0
54
0.05
1.1
b 0.1
2.8
8.7
0.9
1.40
234.1
7.8
3.0
68.0
2.1
1.06
4.25
0.79
5.03
32.2
1.11
3.14
0.48
3.13
0.51
388479
2071853
BAS
6JE61A
49.76
1.90
14.68
12.46
5.13
9.61
3.45
0.05
0.16
0.19
0.006
2.6
100
45
41
48.0
19
418
0.7
4
b 0.1
2.2
0.3
4.1
12.7
0.3
2.15
167.6
12
3.94
108.0
3.1
1.38
5.30
1.08
6.48
38.8
1.25
4.04
0.62
3.67
0.58
BASAND
SP-34
53.11
1.09
14.92
9.05
5.52
9.47
4.5
0.1
0.08
0.16
0.007
2.2
100.2
55
90
27.0
40.0
265
0.8
12
0.09
0.9
b 0.1
2.9
8.2
1.5
1.40
69.1
7.8
2.6
74.0
nd
0.97
nd
0.63
4.30
26.0
0.91
2.70
0.40
2.50
0.38
PICR
5JE1
314473
2132285
DOL
5JE50
48.91
0.92
14.46
10.46
8.51
12.57
1.91
0.07
0.07
0.16
0.038
1.9
99.98
62
260
36.5
41.9
295
b .5
96
b0.1
3.0
0.1
2.5
6.6
0.4
0.98
97.1
5.4
1.8
37.9
1.1
00.70
2.50
0.44
2.92
19.0
0.66
1.88
0.29
1.78
0.30
238330
2139395
BAS
FC9050
52.53
0.66
14.78
10.36
7.04
11.69
1.46
0.08
0.06
0.17
0.044
0.9
99.77
57
301
43.3
49.0
313
0.8
66
0.3
2.8
0.2
2.3
5.5
0.1
0.82
94.7
4.3
1.4
30.9
1.0
0.52
1.61
0.39
2.35
14.6
0.53
1.52
0.24
1.48
0.23
237545
2138655
BASAND
FC9051
53.4
0.80
14.25
10.88
6.45
10.76
1.87
0.11
0.09
0.16
0.071
1.0
99.84
54
486
37.4
72.0
318
0.9
64
0.4
4.0
0.3
3.5
8.9
0.3
1.30
104.6
6.4
1.8
48.1
1.5
0.69
2.51
0.5
3.23
19.5
0.66
2.11
0.29
2.01
0.30
229020
2049072
BAS
GS9807
52.03
0.81
14.24
11.24
6.58
10.61
2.1
0.07
0.09
0.17
0.035
1.8
99.78
54
239
43.2
85
304
b.5
116
0.3
4.3
0.3
3.5
8.4
0.3
1.33
112.3
7.2
2.1
47.5
1.5
0.71
2.50
0.57
3.18
18.4
0.67
1.92
0.32
2.04
0.30
231179
2031656
PICR
SG9780
47.68
1.04
13.49
10.97
8.38
9.78
3.41
0.05
0.08
0.17
0.042
4.5
99.59
60
287
50.3
137
339
2.2
35
0.3
3.9
0.3
2.8
7.5
0.3
1.10
108.3
6.2
2.0
44.4
1.4
0.71
2.80
0.56
2.95
19.2
0.72
2.13
0.32
2.06
0.33
222650
2162500
BAS
PU9020
48.85
3.08
11.71
17.61
5.20
5.61
2.26
0.47
0.29
0.19
0.009
4.5
99.78
37
62
49.2
32.6
686
6.3
312
1.0
13
0.8
10.2
28.1
0.2
4.30
145.8
24.2
7.2
194.8
5.1
2.23
9.13
1.79
10.99
66.9
2.28
6.74
0.95
6.36
1.04
46.53
0.8
13.33
10.98
10.9
10.5
1.96
0.04
0.05
0.17
0.085
4.5
99.85
66
582
49.2
169.7
288
b .5
21
b 0.1
2.8
0.1
2.5
5.9
0.7
0.88
75.2
4.5
1.6
34.3
1.3
0.6
2.01
0.41
2.52
16.8
0.58
1.63
0.25
1.66
0.26
Group
387
388
Group
Unit
LVg
Table 1 (continued )
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
LVg
LVg
LVg
Cs
Cs
Rs
Rs
Rs
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
HMA
Group
IV IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV IV
IV
IV
IV IV
IVIV
IV
IV
IV IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IVIV
IV IV
AdakAdak
IV
Unit
LMSZ
LMSZ
LMSZ
LMSZ
LMSZ
LMSZ
LMSZ
LMSZ
7C 7C
7C 7C
7C7C
7C
7C
BPPD
BPPD
BPPD
BPPD
BPPD
BPPD
BPPD
BPPD
BPPD
BPPD
Rs Rs
LC LC
320155
2122375
AMPH
02J96
47.97
2.22
13.24
17.36
6.81
8.56
2.70
0.24
0.11
0.21
0.005
0.5
99.98
44
63
58.0
89.0
921
2.0
49
0.5
4.0
0.02
4.7
11.4
10.0
1.94
116.0
9.7
nd
71.0
3.2
1.14
4.12
0.8
5.02
27.4
1.13
3.33
0.47
3.20
0.50
265475
2143504
AMPH
FC9103
49.48
0.89
13.94
10.83
9.27
11.98
2.01
0.08
0.08
0.22
0.058
0.8
99.64
63
397
48.5
10.7
289
1.2
35
0.2
2.6
0.2
2.3
6.1
0.5
0.97
87.6
5.8
1.7
38.1
1.3
0.66
2.39
0.43
3.07
17.4
0.66
1.8
0.27
1.95
0.30
265007
2143028
AMPH
FC9102
50.19
1.06
14.19
10.80
7.64
11.47
2.59
0.09
0.07
0.22
0.045
1.3
99.67
58
308
45.1
17.4
332
1.3
52
0.1
3.6
0.3
2.6
7.3
0.3
1.06
146
5.7
1.8
40.2
1.3
0.67
2.66
0.59
3.17
18.9
0.71
2.52
0.28
2.02
0.30
377357
2064710
BAS
2J106
48.9
0.94
14.61
10.3
7.12
12.8
2.33
0.05
0.07
0.16
0.035
2.5
99.82
58
239
41.2
52.2
296
0.6
22
0.22
3.6
0.3
3.13
8.1
0.2
1.20
126.2
6.0
1.88
42.8
1.29
0.76
2.54
0.47
3.10
17.0
0.66
2.01
0.28
1.97
0.29
379322
2063028
BAS
2J107
48.37
0.94
13.66
10.32
8.24
12.82
1.67
0.04
0.07
0.16
0.054
3.6
99.94
61
369
49.9
71.7
291
0.8
11
b 0.1
3.4
0.2
3.1
7.5
0.1
0.99
110.8
5.8
1.8
41.3
1.2
0.84
2.45
0.54
3.03
17.7
0.7
2.01
0.36
2.16
0.31
383078
2060178
BAS
2J108
52.54
1.13
12.79
10.69
6.54
11.99
1.84
0.06
0.11
0.16
0.021
1.9
99.77
55
144
41.5
27.6
358
b0.5
36
0.3
4.5
0.3
4.7
8.9
0.3
1.34
95.3
8.7
2.5
54.2
2.2
0.92
3.32
0.62
3.68
24.7
0.93
2.76
0.38
2.75
0.39
381988
2058441
BASAND
2J109
55.36
1.19
11.44
9.62
5.57
10.91
3.60
0.05
0.10
0.16
0.045
1.9
99.95
53
308
36.4
43.9
283
b 0.5
18
0.16
2.6
0.2
3.5
10.3
0.2
1.64
282.1
8.52
2.57
56.1
1.8
0.91
3.05
0.56
3.65
18.7
0.74
2.12
0.30
1.84
0.276
228250
2128700
PICR
SG9017
47.49
1.43
10.84
10.74
8.49
14.29
0.92
1.06
0.15
0.17
0.185
4.1
99.87
61
1266
46.9
244.0
296
14.4
448
1.9
21.1
1.2
18.1
34.6
1.0
4.27
476.6
19.2
4.4
89.9
2.8
1.40
3.87
0.63
3.53
20.3
0.69
1.89
0.26
1.49
0.26
281579
2105698
BAS
MJ9365
50.19
2.15
13.15
12.79
7.06
11.32
1.77
0.26
0.20
0.18
0.035
0.6
99.71
52
239
49.7
94.0
351
9.7
72
1.5
17.1
1.0
14.4
33.5
0.4
4.19
233.9
19.4
4.9
126.1
3.8
1.63
5.31
0.92
5.39
30.2
0.95
2.72
0.39
2.31
0.34
288902
2105499
BAS
MJ9377
49.07
1.54
13.68
11.46
7.84
11.68
1.94
0.27
0.14
0.17
0.067
1.9
99.76
58
458
48.7
122.0
308
5.2
115
1.1
10.8
0.7
9.3
22.4
0.4
2.94
227.5
13.5
3.6
90.9
2.5
1.23
4.30
0.61
3.74
21.9
0.74
2.14
0.30
1.87
0.25
324105
2118298
DAC
5JE07
67.32
0.36
13.75
6.50
3.22
1.85
1.86
2.06
0.09
0.08
0.022
2.8
99.88
50
157
16.2
24.9
116
40.6
497
1.4
5.5
0.4
12.6
25.8
1.1
2.88
233.5
13.5
2.6
76.1
2.4
0.66
2.40
0.24
1.47
6.3
0.21
0.68
0.11
0.81
0.10
343377
2057240
GAB
6JE29
56.27
1.72
10.86
16.39
3.23
3.98
4.41
0.07
0.65
0.25
0.001
2.0
99.83
28
50
15.2
5.0
13
b 0.5
21
1.7
21.1
1.2
16.4
51.1
0.2
8.52
73.8
43.2
13.0
334.7
9.4
3.49
16.78
3.50
19.24
115.6
4.06
11.61
1.75
10.94
1.68
322374
2127789
MBAS
02J103
49.48
1.59
12.86
14.71
6.15
9.96
2.26
0.26
0.16
0.19
0.02
1.6
99.29
45
143
48.0
26.0
431
1.0
31
0.6
5.0
0.025
3.7
10.9
10.0
1.99
145.0
10.6
2.5
80.0
3.1
1.27
4.91
0.98
6.44
31.3
1.45
4.31
0.66
4.51
0.66
228280
2128700
BAS
SG9016
48.17
3.48
12.8
12.66
7.0
10.05
2.02
0.56
0.30
0.17
0.058
2.5
99.77
52
397
51.6
128.0
419
12.0
177
2.4
29.7
1.9
23
53.9
0.4
6.94
406.7
33.3
7.5
185.5
5.2
2.53
7.34
1.26
6.12
30.8
1.1
2.9
0.41
2.21
0.32
228290
2128700
PICR
SG9015
47.63
3.60
12.87
12.71
7.16
10.54
2.04
0.46
0.32
0.17
0.034
2.0
99.53
53
233
49.3
143.0
404
7.4
196
2.1
25.1
1.4
19.7
47.3
0.3
6.25
346.7
29.9
7.2
178.7
5.1
2.48
7.64
1.28
6.44
31.2
1.11
3.08
0.39
2.29
0.31
Major oxides recalculated to an anhydrous basis. Total Fe as Fe2O3. Geochemical rock groups: group I, tholeiitic to calc-alkaline island-arc basalts and andesites; group II, high-Mg andesites and basalts; group III, tholeiitic back-arc basin basalts and gabbros; and group IV, tholeiitic to
transitional and alkalic oceanic intra-plate basalts. Unit: LVg, Loma La Vega Member; Cs, Constanza Fm, Tireo Group; Rs, Restauracin Fm, Tireo Group; HMA, high-Mg andesites/basalts, Tireo Group; LVz, Los Velazquitos gabbros; LC, La Cana gabbros; PvSur, Peralvillo Sur Fm; PB,
Pea Blanca Fm; LMSZ, La Meseta shear zone; 7C, Siete Cabezas Fm; BPPD, PelonaPico Duarte Fm.
a
Rock type abbreviations: PICR, picritic basalt/picrite; BAS, basalt; BASAND, andesitic basalt; AND, andesite; DOL, dolerite; GAB, gabbro; DAC, dacite; MBAS, metabasalt; MAND, metaandesite; AMPH. Amphibolite; DIQ, mafic dyke.
b Mg# = 100 * mol MgO/ mol (FeO + MgO); for Fe O /FeO = 0.2.
2
X (UTM)
Y (UTM)
Rock
Sample Wt%
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
MnO
Cr2O3
LOI
SUM
Mg#b
Cr
Co
Ni
V
Rb
Ba
Th
Nb
Ta
La
Ce
Pb
Pr
Sr
Nd
Sm
Zr
Hf
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Y
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
IV
389
Table 2
SrNd isotope ratios for representative samples of groups III and IV
Group
Rock type
Muestra
Rb
Sr
87Sr/86Sr
(87Sr/86Sr)i
Sm
Nd
143Nd/144Nd
(143Nd/144Nd)i
(Nd)i
gabbros suite
gabbros
mafic dyke
gabbros
dolerite
5JE61
5JE63
5JE79
2JE113
1.1
4.6
8.6
3.6
174.7
145.3
156
91.1
0.703526 (7)
0.703960 (7)
0.703964 (9)
0.703764 (9)
0.703503
0.703844
0.703762
0.703617
2.7
1.9
2.3
2.75
7.7
5.3
6.6
8.4
0.513139 (8)
0.513162 (7)
0.513159 (7)
0.513152 (6)
0.513016
0.513036
0.513036
0.513037
9.60
10.00
10.01
10.02
0.702811
2.31
6.4
0.513122 (6)
0.512995
9.20
5JE50b
FC9050b
3.8
4.1
122.5
150.9
0.704760 (8)
0.705673 (8)
0.704646
0.705574
2.7
2.1
9.1
6.0
0.512987 (6)
0.513010 (5)
0.512883
0.512887
0.3
41
0.703673 (7)
0.703646
1.1
3.1
0.513020 (6)
0.512895
7.01
7.09
7.25
Calculated initial ratios (i) and Nd-values calculated at t = 89 Ma. Number in brackets is the absolute 2 error in the last decimal places.
Nd values are relative to 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512638 and 147Sm/144Nd = 0.1966 for present day CHUR (Jacobsen and Wasserburg, 1980) and lambda 147Sm = 6.54 10
12/year.
390
Fig. 5. Nb/Y vs Zr/TiO2 diagram (Winchester and Floyd, 1977) for the geochemical groups of Late Cretaceous igneous rocks in Central Hispaniola defined in the text.
Low-Ti, high-Mg andesites and basalts and felsic volcanics belong to the Restauracin Formation in the Jicom and Jarabacoa blocks.
391
Fig. 6. Plots of (a, b) TiO2 and (c, d) Nb against MgO for the diverse geochemical groups of Late Cretaceous igneous rocks in Central Hispaniola. (e, f) Plots of Nb/Th
against Y to discriminate between arc-like and non-arc-like magmas (Swinden et al., 1997). Major oxides recalculated to an anhydrous basis. In (a), NVTZ, CG and SR
fields are Northern Volcano-Tectonic Zone, Central Graben and Spreading ridge fields of the Mariana Arc-Trough system from Gribble et al. (1998; and references
herein), which are shown for comparison with groups I and II. The labelled arrows show the modelled magmatic evolution accompanying 5% fractionation for a
primitive mafic composition (Escuder Viruete et al., unpublished).
392
Fig. 7. MORB-normalized multi-element plots for samples from: (a) volcanic phase III of Caribbean island-arc of Puerto Rico following nomenclature of Jolly et al.
(1998, 2001); (b) Loma La Vega Member basalts of Eastern Cordillera of Hispaniola; (c) Group I in the Jicom block; and (d) Group II low-Ti, high-Mg andesites and
basalts of Central Hispaniola (Table 1). MORB-normalizing values are from Sun and McDonough (1989).
393
Fig. 8. MORB-normalized multi-element plots for group III samples from: (a, b) Los Velazquitos gabbros of the Jarabacoa block; (c) Peralvillo Sur Formation basalts;
and (d) related gabbros and dolerites of the Bonao block (Table 1). Range of group I Caribbean island-arc volcanic rocks from Puerto Rico are also shown for
comparison (data from Jolly et al., 1998, 2001).
and La/Yb with increasing Nb/Yb, is defined by the subductionunmodified lavas from the East Pacific Ridge (Figs. 12 and 13;
data from Su and Langmuir, 2003, PETDB, 2007; and references
herein), considered on the basis of trace element/isotopic
fingerprinting and plate reconstruction models (Pindell et al.,
2005), to belong to the same mantle domain. The Caribbean
MORB-OIB array is completed by samples from the CCOP (Hauff
et al., 2000; Kerr et al., 1997, 1999, 2002; Sinton et al., 1998;
Lapierre et al., 1999, 2000), which generally have higher Nb/Yb
ratios than the global average N-MORB, and suggest the influence
of a Late Cretaceous Caribbean plume in the source enrichment.
This influence means that CCOP samples are enriched relative to
N-MORB, and probably this enriched component decreases in
magnitude with distance from the plume. In the figures, the
Caribbean island-arc trend is represented by the volcanic rocks of
Puerto Rico, which constitute a complete record of subductionrelated volcanism in the area, spanning N70 Ma from Aptian to the
Eocene (data from Jolly et al., 1998, 2001, 2006; Schellekens,
1998). The Caribbean island-arc lavas are displaced from the
MORB-OIB array to much higher concentrations of the subduction-mobile elements Th and La. The inference is that Zr/Yb and
Nb/Yb ratios are little or unaffected by additions of components
during subduction, whereas increases in Th/Yb and La/Yb reflect
addition of slab-derived components (Pearce et al., 1995b).
In the Zr/Yb vs Nb/Yb plot, samples of groups I and II
collectively form a linear trend that passes near average N-MORB
and extend along the Caribbean island-arc trend. Following
Pearce et al. (1995b), the plot shows that for these groups both Zr
394
Fig. 9. MORB-normalized multi-element plots for group IV samples from: (a) Pea Blanca Formation basalts of the Jarabacoa block; (b) Pea Blanca Formation
basalts of the Jicom block; (c) amphibolites of the La Meseta shear zone (LMSZ); and (d) Siete Cabezas Formation basalts of the Villa Altagracia area of the Jarabacoa
block (Table 1). The fields for CaribbeanColombia oceanic plateau samples from the geographycally nearest Beata Ridge of the Caribbean and the Dumisseau
Formation in Haiti, are shown for comparison (data taken from Rvillon et al., 2000; Sen et al., 1988; and Sinton et al., 1998).
Fig. 11. (a) Initial SrNd isotopes ratios for the different geochemical groups of
Late Cretaceous igneous rocks in Central Hispaniola, except group II. Initial
ratios (i) and (Nd)i values were at t = 89 Ma. The fields for the Duarte Complex,
Dumisseau Formation, DSDP Leg 15 Sites, Loma La Vega basalts and Late
Cretaceous island-arc lavas from Eastern Puerto Rico, are taken from Lebron
and Perfit (1994), Kerr et al. (1997, 2002), Sen et al. (1988), Jolly et al. (1998,
2001, 2006) and Escuder Viruete et al. (2007a). Depleted MORB mantle
(DMM) SrNd isotopic compositions taken from Su and Langmuir (2003):
DMM average for MORBs far from plumes; D-DMM is 2 depleted and E-DMM
is 2 enriched over the average. See text for explanation.
395
Fig. 12. Plots of Zr/Yb versus Nb/Yb for the defined geochemical groups of Late Cretaceous igneous rocks in Central Hispaniola. The Caribbean island-arc trend is
represented by the Aptian to Eocene volcanic rocks of Puerto Rico (data from Jolly et al., 1998, 2001, 2006; Schellekens, 1998). A Caribbean MORB-OIB array is
defined by the subduction-unmodified lavas from the East Pacific Ridge (data from Su and Langmuir, 2003, PETDB, 2007; and references therein herein) and
completed by samples from the Late Cretaceous CaribbeanColombian oceanic plateau (Hauff et al., 2000; Kerr et al., 1997, 2002; Sinton et al., 1998; Lapierre et al.,
1999, 2000). The Caribbean plume enriched component probably increases in magnitude with proximity to the plume. Representative basalts from the Dumisseau
Formation and DSDP Leg 15, as well as gabbros and dolerites from the Beata Ridge, are also shown (data from Rvillon et al., 2000; Sen et al., 1988; Sinton et al.,
1998). In the plot, there are three principal types of trend (vector), described in detail by Pearce et al. (1995b): A = variable subduction component; B = variably
enriched mantle wedge; C = variable melt extraction. See text for explanation. N-MORB, E-MORB and OIB values are from Sun and McDonough (1989).
396
397
Fig. 13. Plots of (a to d) Th/Yb and (e to h) La/Yb versus Nb/Yb for the defined geochemical groups of Late Cretaceous igneous rocks in the tectonic blocks of Central
Hispaniola, Caribbean island-arc and Caribbean MORB-OIB array. See text for explanation.
398
Fig. 14. Schematic tectonomagmatic model for Late Cretaceous Caribbean island-arc rifting and subsequent back-arc basin development, based on the magmatic
evolution recorded in the different blocks of Central Hispaniola. The mantle flow convective regimes beneath rifted arcs and evolving back-arc basins are based on
Gribble et al. (1998) and Taylor and Martinez (2003). (a) The motion of the subducting proto-Caribbean slab drives corner flow advection in the mantle wedge. Water
released by the slab promotes partial melting in the mantle above the solidus (heavy dashed lines), which is progressively depleted of a melt component toward the
volcanic front. Melts rises and gave rise group I tholeiitic basalt/andesite suite and ultramafic/mafic cumulates in the lower arc crust. (b) When Caribbean island-arc
extension commences, the lithosphere rifts near the rheologically weak volcanic front. Hydrated mantle is advected upward into the stretching and thinning lithosphere,
leading to high degrees of melting in the rift phase. As the mantle was previously depleted, the melts are group II low-Ti, high-Mg andesites and basalts. Arc rifting could
be triggered by ridge subduction/collision in the forearc, as suggested the contemporaneous adakitic magmatism (Escuder Viruete et al., 2007b). (c) With increasing
extension a seafloor spreading centre is established near the volcanic front advecting highly hydrated mantle. As consequence, back-arc basin basalt-like group III
magmas result. (d) With continued spreading the extension axis separates from the volcanic front and mantle hydration from the slab decreases. Eventually, the back-arc
spreading system separates sufficiently from the volcanic front that it is not significantly affected by hydration and slab-derived geochemical components. Spreading
centre is now advecting shallow mantle and melts are group IV MORBs, modified by a Caribbean plume enriched component incorporated by lateral flow bellow the
extended arc from the SW. Melts derived from a similar but deeper, Caribbean plume enriched source gave rise to OIB-type off-ridge magmatism in the back-arc area.
399
Fig. 14 (continued ).
400
401
Fig. 15. Schematic model for the Caribbean arc rifting and back-arc basin opening (not to scale) during the Late Cretaceous. Plate tectonic reconstructions for the
Caribbean region are derived from Pindell et al. (2005). See text for explanation. Ji, Jicom block; Jr, Jarabacoa block; Bo, Bonao block; CC, Central Cuba; EC,
Eastern Cuba; SC, Septentrional Cordillera; EC, Eastern Cordillera; CEP, Central and Eastern Puerto Rico; VSI, Virgin and St. Croix Islands; CH, Central Hispaniola;
SWP, Southwest Puerto Rico; NWH, Northwest Haiti; MF, Muertos forearc; SWH, Southwest Haiti; BR, Beata Ridge; CCOP, CaribbeanColombian oceanic plateau.
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