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log a x n = n log a x
tan0 = 0
tan 6 =
1
3
tan 4 = 1
P2 ( x2 , y2 )
cos 3 =
VOLUME OF CONE:
V = 13 r 2 h
1
2
tan 3 = 3
VOLUME OF PRISM:
V = Ah
VOLUME OF PYRAMID:
V = 13 Ah
Absolute Value
x, if x 0,
x =
x, if x < 0.
P1 P2
Limit Laws
lim( f ( x) g ( x)) = lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
is
xa
y y 2 y1 .
m=
=
x x 2 x1
(a m ) n = a mn
xa
y y 0 = m( x x 0 ) .
SLOPE-INTERCEPT EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE:
y = mx + b .
a =1
a1 = a
m1
= m2 .
=x
sin 2 u + cos 2 u = 1
1 + tan 2 u = sec 2 u
1 + cot 2 u = csc 2 u
1
sec u =
cos u
1
csc u =
sin u
1
cot u =
tan u
cot u =
cos u
sin u
sin(2 u) = cosu
cos(2 u) = sin u
tan(2 u) = cotu
csc( 2 u ) = sec u
cot(2 u) = tanu
sin( u ) = sin u
sec(2 u) = csc u
cos( u ) = cos u
csc(u ) = csc u
sec(u ) = sec u
cot( u ) = cot u
xa
m1 =
xa
xa
1 .
m2
x a
f ( x) if
f ( x) lim
lim g ( x ) 0 .
= xa
lim
xa
xa g ( x )
lim g ( x)
xa
lim( f ( x) ) = lim f ( x)
n
x a
xa
lim x = a
xa
lim c = c
x a
EQUATION OF CIRCLE :
Trigonometric Identities
xa
lim cf ( x) = c lim f ( x)
1
= n
a
( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2 .
Centre = ( h, k ) ; radius =
Squeeze Theorem
r.
Geometric Formulas
AREA OF TRIANGLE:
A = 12 bh
x a
x a
Continuity
AREA OF TRAPEZOID:
x=a
More free study sheet and practice tests at:
tan( u ) = tan u
tan 2u =
1 cos 2u
sin 2 u =
2
cos4 =
x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
,
2
2
am
= a mn
n
a
sin u
cos u
cos6 =
sin
3
2
a m a n = a m+n
tan u =
cos 0 = 1
2
2
d = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2 .
log a a x = x
sin4 =
3
2
A = r 2 + rs
log a a = 1
log a x
sin 6 =
2
2
If P1 ( x1 , y1 ) and
log a 1 = 0
sin 0 = 0
1
2
AREA OF CONE:
Analytic Geometry
1
log a = log a x
x
Special Angles
2 tan u
1 tan 2 u
1 + cos2u
cos2 u =
2
1 cos2u
tan2 u =
1 + cos2u
A = 12 (a + b)h
AREA OF CIRCLE:
A =r
f (x) is continuous at
lim f ( x) = f (a ) .
if
xa
CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLE:
C = 2 r
Derivatives
AREA OF SPHERE:
A = 4 r 2
VOLUME OF SPHERE:
V = r
4
3
AREA OF CYLINDER:
A = 2 rh + 2 r 2
VOLUME OF CYLINDER:
V = r 2h
If
y = f (x) , then
dy
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= f ( x) = lim
h 0
dx
h
f ( x) f (a) .
or
f (a) = lim
x a
xa
The derivative f (x) is a function that
represents either
(i) the slope of the tangent line; or
(ii) the rate of change of y with respect to x.
d
( f ( x) g ( x)) = f ( x) g ( x)
dx
d
( f ( x ) g ( x )) = f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x )
dx
d f ( x) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
=
dx g ( x)
[g ( x ) ] 2
Marginal Revenue
MARGINAL REVENUE =
dR
=
= R ' (q)
dq
additional revenue due to producing one more
item.
MARGINAL COST = MC = dC = C ' (q ) =
dq
additional cost due to producing one more item.
MARGINAL PROFIT =
dP dR dC =
MR =
MP =
dq
dq
dq
Elasticity of Demand
p dq
E ( p) =
q dp
E ( p)
If c is a critical point of f (
f ( x) = 0 ) and
(ii)
Asymptotes
HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES:
lim f ( x) = b
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES
if lim f ( x) = .
x a
NEWTONS METHOD
x n +1 = x n
f ( xn )
f ( x n )
dy
= ky y = Ce kt
dt
Taylor Series
E ( p) = 1 , R( p ) = pq
unit elasticity.
If E ( p) > 1 ,
R( p )
p. Demand is elastic.
If E ( p) < 1 , R ( p ) is an increasing function of price
p. Demand is inelastic.
d
(csc x) = csc x cot x
dx
d
1
(ln x) =
dx
x
f (x) =
THE ERROR
E = f (x) [ f (a ) + f ( a ) (x a )] in this
d x
(e ) = e x
dx
f ( n ) ( a)
( x a )n
n!
n=0
= f ( a) + f ( a)( x a) +
f ( a)
f ( a)
( x a)2 +
( x a )3 + L
2!
3!
Maclaurin Series
Linear Approximation
f ( x ) f ( a ) + f ( a) (x a )
1
d
(log a x ) =
x ln a
dx
d x
(a ) = a x ln a
dx
d
1
(sin 1 x) =
dx
1 x2
d
(sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
when
(i)
d
(tan x) = sec 2 x
dx
d
(cot x) = csc 2 x
dx
P = R C
d
( f ( g ( x))) = f ( g ( x)) g ( x)
dx
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x ) = sin x
dx
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f (x) =
n =0
f ( n ) (0) n
x
n!
= f (0) + f (0)x +
M (x a ) 2 where M is
the maximum value of | f ( x) | between x and a.
1
2
Graphing
f (0) 2 f (0) 3
x +
x +L
2!
3!
xn
x2
x3
n! = 1 + x + 2! + 3! + L
d
1
(cos 1 x) =
dx
1 x2
1
d
(tan 1 x) =
dx
1+ x2
Compound Interest
COMPOUNDING ONCE A YEAR:
A = P(1 + r )
t = number of years
COMPOUNDING CONTINUOUSLY:
P = principal
A = Pe rt
1ST DERIVATIVE
If
possible extremum of f ).
ND
2
If
If
DERIVATIVE
f is concave up.
2 n+1
n= 0
3
x
x 5 x7
+
+L
3!
5! 7!
for all x .
x2 x4 x6
(1) n 2 n
+L
x = 1 +
2! 4! 6!
n =0 ( 2 n )!
cos x =
for all
f ( x) = 0 ) and
when
( 1) n
(2n + 1)! x
f is concave down.
sin x =
=x
n =0
for all x .
x .
1
= xn = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + L
1 x n =0
for
1 < x < 1.