Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
hapter 1
SIMPLE STRESSES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In Metric System:
N
= mm2
= MPa
1 Pascal
In English System:
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
lb
ft 2
lb
= psf
= 2 = psi
kips
ft 2
= ksf
kips
2
= ksi
Illustrative Problems:
1. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of
400 Kn. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m 2.
Solution:
P = 400 kN = 400000 N
= 120 MPa
A=
=
Thus,
400 000 = 120 [
D2 =
D = 119.35 mm
Solution:
3. The Homogenous bar shown below is supported by a smooth pin at C and a cable
that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its
diameter is 0.6 in. and the bar 6000 lb.
FBD:
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
30.96
A
3m
B
5m
C
5m
6000lb
Solution:
2,957.3 = (3.14/4)(0.6)2
= 10,458.72 psi
4. A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze
sections as shown. Axial loads are applied at the position indicated. If P= 3000 lb and
the cross-sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in.2, determine the stress in each section.
Solution:
Exercise 1.1
NORMAL STRESSES
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
PROBLEMS:
1.
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as
shown in. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum
value of P that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90
MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.
2. Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown. The
stress in either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi. The cross-sectional areas of wires
AB and AC are 0.4 in2 and 0.5 in2, respectively.
3. A 12-in. square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-in. diameter wooden post
and a concrete footing as shown below. Determine the maximum value of the
axial load P if the stress in wood is limited to 1800 psi and that in concrete to 650
psi.
4. For the truss shown below, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and DF.
The cross-sectional area of each member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension (T) or
compression (C).
5. Find the stresses in members BC, BD, and CF for the truss shown below.
Indicate the tension or compression. The cross-sectional area of each member is
1600 mm2.
6. The homogeneous bar ABCD shown below is supported by a cable that runs
from A to B around the smooth peg at E, a vertical cable at C, and a smooth
inclined surface at D. Determine the mass of the heaviest bar that can be
supported if the stress in each cable is limited to 100 MPa. The area of the cable
AB is 250 mm2 and that of the cable at C is 300 mm2.
Material is subjected to a set of equal opposite forces. There is a tendency for one layer
of the material to slide over another to produce the form of failure, if this failure is
restricted then shear stress
is set up.
Shearing force
Parallel area
EXAMPLES OF SHEAR
a. A rivet that resists shear across its cross- sectional area
Single Shear
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
b. The bolt resist shear across two cross-sectional areas (double shear)
Double Shear
Illustrative Problems
1. What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm
thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.
Solution:
The resisting area is the shaded area along the perimeter and the shear force is equal
to the punching force.
P = 549.8 kN
Solution:
Exercise 1.2
SHEARING STRESSES
PROBLEMS:
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
1. Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown if P= 400
Kn. The shearing strength for the bolt is 300 MPa.
2. A 200-mm-diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative to 60-mmdiameter shaft by a 70-mm-long key, as shown. If a torque T = 2.2 kNm is
applied to the shaft, determine the width b if the allowable shearing stress in
the key is 60 MPa.
3. Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as
shown below. The pin diameter is 20 mm.
4. The members of the structure shown weigh 200lb/ft. Determine the smallest
diameter pin that can be used at A if the shearing stress is limited to 5000 psi.
assume single shear.
5. In the figure shown below, compute the maximum force P that can be applied
by the machine operator if the shearing stress in the pin at B and the axial
stress in the control rod at C are limited to 4000 psi and 5000 psi, respectively.
The diameters are 0.25 inch for the pin, and 0.50 inch for the control rod.
Assume single shear for the pin at B.
Where:
b= Bearing stress
Pb= Applied load
Ab= projected Area
Illustrative Problem
1. Assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide.
The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa
for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b)
the largest average tensile stress in the plates.
Solution:
Part (a):
From shearing of rivet:
P= Arivets
P= 60 [1/4 (202)]
P = 6000 N
Part (b):
Largest average tensile stress in the
plate:
6000 = [7.85(110-20)]
= 26.67 MPa
2. The lap joint shown below is fastened by four in. diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is
limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume
the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.
Given:
n=4
Solution:
For shearing stress: T=F/A
t=7/8 in.
d=3/4 in.
T=14 ksi
=18 ksi
Exercise 1.3
BEARING STRESSES
PROBLEMS:
1. In the clevis shown below, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum
thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a
shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.
2. A 7/8 in. diameter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the threads of 0.731 inch,
is used to fasten two timbers together as shown below. The nut is tightened to
cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in the bolt. Compute the shearing stress in the
head of the bolt and in the threads. Also, determine the outside diameter of the
washers if their inside diameter is 9/8 inch and the bearing stress is limited to 800
psi.
3. A roof truss and the detail of the riveted connections at joint B are shown. Using
allowable stresses of 70 MPa and the bearing stress is 140 MPa, how many 19mm diameter rivets are required to fasten member BC to the gusset plate?
Member BE? What is the largest average tensile or compressive stress in BC
and BE?
The forces acting are the total pressures caused by the internal pressure p and the total
tension in the walls T.
- Tangential stress
The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total longitudinal stress
on the wall PT = LAwall. Since t is so small compared to D, the area of the wall is close to
Dt
- Longitudinal stress
It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
Illustrative Problems
1. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm
is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m 2.
a. Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel.
b. To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is
limited to 120 MN/m2?
c. If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel bursts, sketch the type of
fracture that would occur.
Solution:
a. Tangential stress (longitudinal
section):
b.
o.
p.
q.
c.
r.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
s. From (a),
and
thus,
t.
u.
v.
w.
x. 2. The wall thickness of a 4-ft diameter spherical tank is 5/16 inch. Calculate the
allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.
y. Solution:
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
z.
aa.
ab.
ac.
ad.
ae.
af.
ag.
ah.
Exercise 1.4
ai. PROBLEMS:
1. A water tank, 22 ft diameter, is made from steel plates that are in. thick. Find
the maximum height to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is
limited to 6000 psi. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft 3.
aj.
2. The strength of the longitudinal joint shown below is 33 kips/ft, whereas for the
girth joint it is 16 kips/ft. Calculate the maximum diameter of the cylindrical tank if
the internal pressure is 150 psi.
ak.
al.
am.
an.
ao.
Exercise 1.1
NORMAL STRESSES
as. 1. An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as
shown in. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
value of P that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90
MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.
at.
au.
av.
aw.
ax.
ay.
az.
ba.
bb.
bc.
bd.
be.
bf.
bg.
bh.
bi.
bj.
bk.
bl.
bm.
bn.
bo.
bp.
bq.
br.
bs.
bt.
bu.
bv.
bw.
bx.
SOLUTION:
For bronze:
100(200) = 2P
P = 10 000 N
For aluminum:
90(400) = P
P = 36 000 N
For Steel:
P = 14 000 N
PSAFE = 10.0 kN
by.
bz.
ca. 2. Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown.
The stress in either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi. The cross-sectional areas of
wires AB and AC are 0.4 in2 and 0.5 in2, respectively.
cb.
cc.
cd.
ce.
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
cf.
cg.
ch.
ci.
cj. Solution:
ck.
cl. Free body
diagram of Joint A
cm.
cy.
cz.
cn.
da.
co.
cp.
cq.
cx.
FBD of knot A
df.
dg.
dh.
Wsafe =di.17.1 kips
dj.
dk.
dl.
dm.
dn.
do.
dp.
dq. 3. A 12-in. square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-in. diameter wooden post
and a concrete footing as shown below. Determine the maximum value of the
axial load P if the stress in wood is limited to 1800 psi and that in concrete to 650
psi.
dr.
ds.
dt.
du.
dv.
dw.
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
dx.
dy.
dz.
ea.
eb.
Solution:
ec.
ed.
For
wood:
ee.
ef.
eg.
= 1800 [ (82)]
eh.
= 90 477.0 lb
ei.
ej.
From FBD of Wood:
ek.
P = PW = 90 477.9 lb
el.
em.
For Concrete:
en.
eo.
ep.
= 650(122)
eq.
= 93 600 lb
er.
es.
From FBD of Concrete
et.
eu.
P = PC = 93 600 lb
ev.
PSAFE = 90 478 lb
ew.
ex.
ey.
ez.
fa.
fb. 4. For the truss shown below, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and
DF. The cross-sectional area of each member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension (T) or
compression (C).
fc.
fd.
fe.
ff.
fg.
fh.
fi.
fj.
fk. Solution:
fl.
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
fm.
gc.
gd.
ge.
fn.
gf.
gg. At joint E:
fo.
fp.
At joint F:
fq.
fr.
gh.
gi.
gj.
gk.
gl.
gm.
gn.
fs.
ft.
go.
fu.
fv. At joint D:
fw.
fx.
fy.
fz.
ga. By symmetry
gb.
gp.
gq.
gr.
gs.
gt.
gu.
gv.
gw.
gx.
gy.
gz.
ha.
hb.
hc. 5. Find the stresses in members BC, BD, and CF for the truss shown below.
Indicate the tension or compression. The cross-sectional area of each member is
1600 mm2.
hd.
he.
hf.
hg.
hh.
hi.
hj.
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
hk.
hl. Solution:
hm.
hn.
ho. For member BD: (see FBD 01)
hp. MC = 0
ib.
ic. 275.77(1000) =
hr. BD = 75 kN (Tension)
id.
hs.
ie.
ht.
hu. 75 (1000) =
hv.
(1600)
(1600)
ig. MD = 0
ih. 4BC = 7(60)
hw.
ij.
hy. MD = 0
ik. 105(1000) =
(1600)
il.
65.625
MPa
(Compression)
im. 6. The homogeneous bar ABCD shown below is supported by a cable that runs
from A to B around the smooth peg at E, a vertical cable at C, and a smooth
inclined surface at D. Determine the mass of the heaviest bar that can be
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
supported if the stress in each cable is limited to 100 MPa. The area of the cable
AB is 250 mm2 and that of the cable at C is 300 mm2.
in.
io.
ip.
iq.
ir.
is.
it.
iu.
iv.
iw.
ix.
iy.
iz.
ja.
jb.
jc.
Given:
Maximum allowable stress in cable = 100 MPa
Area of cable AB = 250 mm2
Area of cable C = 300 mm2
Required:
Maximum mass of bar that can be supported
Solution:
jd.
je.
jf.
jg.
jh.
ji. FH = 0]
jt.
TAB
RD = 1.1305 TAB
jk.
TC = W 2.2267
ju.
jl.
jv. MD = 0]
jm.
jn.
jx.
jo.
jy.
jp. Fv = 0]
jz.
0.3827 W
500 = W
jr.
2.5466 TAB = W
TAB =
ka. Therefore:
kb.
TC = W 2.2267 TAB
kc.
TC = W 2.2267 (0.3827
W)
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
kd.
TC = 0.1256 W
km.
kn.
TAB = AB AAB
W = 238 853. 50 N
ko.
kp. Therefore:
W = 63661.83 N
kq.
Wsafe = 63661.83 N
ki.
kr.
W = mg
kj.
ks.
63661.83 N = m (9.81
m/s2)
TC = c AC
kt.
m = 6489.48 kg or 6.48Mg
ku.
SHEARING STRESSES
Solution:
lc.
le.
V = A
2. A 200-mm-diameter
d = 29.13 pulley
mm is prevented from rotating relative to 60-mm-diameter
shaft by a 70-mm-long key, as shown. If a torque T = 2.2 kNm is applied to the
shaft, determine the width b if the allowable shearing stress in the key is 60 MPa.
lf.
lg.
lh.
li.
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
lj.
lk.
Solution:
ll.
lm.
ln.
lo.
lp.
lq.
lr.
FBD of Pin
ls.
lt.
T = 0.03 F
2.2= 0.03 F
lu.
lv.
lw.
F = 73.33 kN
lx.
ly.
Where:
lz.
V= F= 73.33 Kn
ma.
A = 70b
mb.
= 60 MPa
mc.
md.
me.
thus,
73.33 (1000) = 60(70b)
b = 17.46 mm
3. Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown
below. The pin diameter is 20 mm.
mf.
mg.
mh.
mi.
mj.
mk.
ml. Solution:
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
mm.
mn.
mo.
mp.
mq.
mr.
ms.
mt.
mu.
mv.
MC = 0
nf.
= 32.7662+ 49.1562
mw.
+
mx.
my.
mz.
ng.
RBV = 49.156 kN
na. FH = 0
nb. RBH = 40 cos 35
nc.
pin at B
= 32.766 kN
nd.
nl.
4. The members of the structure shown weigh 200lb/ft. Determine the smallest
diameter pin that can be used at A if the shearing stress is limited to 5000 psi.
assume single shear.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. Solution:
10.
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. In the figure shown below, compute the maximum force P that can be applied by
the machine operator if the shearing stress in the pin at B and the axial stress in
the control rod at C are limited to 4000 psi and 5000 psi, respectively. The
diameters are 0.25 inch for the pin, and 0.50 inch for the control rod. Assume
single shear for the pin at B.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29. Solution:
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Exercise 1.3
BEARING STRESSES
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
Solution:
52.
53.
P = a
14 = 12[2(1/4d2)]
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
2. A 7/8 in. diameter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the threads of 0.731 inch,
is used to fasten two timbers together as shown below. The nut is tightened to
cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in the bolt. Compute the shearing stress in the
head of the bolt and in the threads. Also, determine the outside diameter of the
washers if their inside diameter is 9/8 inch and the bearing stress is limited to 800
psi.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Chapter 1: Simple Stresses
66. Solution:
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
3. A roof truss and the detail of the riveted connections at joint B are shown. Using
allowable stresses of 70 MPa and the bearing stress is 140 MPa, how many 19mm diameter rivets are required to fasten member BC to the gusset plate?
Member BE? What is the largest average tensile or compressive stress in BC
and BE?
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90. Solution:
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
Therefore, use 5-19 mm diameter
rivet to connect member BE to
gusset plate
102.
103.
104.
105.
Therefore, use 7-19 mm diameter
106.
rivet to connect member BC to
gusset plate
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
116.
1. A water tank, 22 ft diameter, is made from steel plates that are in. thick. Find
the maximum height to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress
is limited to 6000 psi. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft 3.
117.
Solution:
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
for the girth joint it is 16 kips/ft. Calculate the maximum diameter of the cylindrical
tank if the internal pressure is 150 psi.
137.
138.
139.
140.
Solution:
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.