Q1.

Call drop reasons:

-Signal strength goes below the minimum acceptable single to make call.
-interference due the bad environmental conditions.
-because of improper hard handoff.

2. Explain about Voice Over Internet

- VOIP is also known as broadband telephony.

Protocol.

- VOIP is to route the voice conversations over the internet.

- VOIP services convert telephonic signals into digital signals.
- Voice traffic is transmitted over Internet Protocol based networks.
- VOIP deploys a protocol known as session control protocol for controlling the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio codecs.

3. What

is protocol testing? What types of tool used in telecom testing?

- Testing the functionality of the node to some standard message flow for compliance is known as protocol testing.
- Tester is used to send the standard message to the node that is under test.
- The testing tools used for protocol testing are:
1. Glomosim simulator To test 100 nodes on single CPU.
2. Abacus5000 To test SIP.
3. Etherpeek To test IP.
4. Nethawk for SS7 testing.
5. Wireshasrk for SS7/IP testing.
6. K1297- for testing G20(tektronics).
4.

Differentiate between GSM and CDMA

GSM

CDMA

GSM uses multiple frequencies.

CDMA uses single frequency as carrier.

- Uses TDMA and FDMA for accessing signals.

- The voice rate is 14.4 KBPS.

- The voice rate is 9.6 KBPS.

- CDMA power control to access method is better as Phased Locked Loops are used.

- Uses less bandwidth.

modulation technique 0.3 GMSK
adaptive equilizer is used at receiver to avoid ISI
channel BW (carrier separation) is 200 kHz

- Follows soft handoff, hence call handling is more efficient.

- modulation technique QPSK
Rake receiver is used at receiver to avoid ISI
channel BW (carrier separation) is 1.25MHz

5. What is SS7?

- A global standard for telecommunications for channel signaling.

- The Common Channel Signaling System (SS7 / C7) standard defines various procedures and protocols for Public Switch Switched Telephone Network to exchange information over digital signaling network.
- Providing call control, remote network management is the primary functions of SS7.
- Controlling messages are exchanged between SS7 telephone exchanges through SS7.
- The messages are transformed from Signaling Points and SS7 Signaling Transfer Points
6.

Line of sight is...

Tx and Rx should be visible to each other and is a Straight Line

7.

What is Buffering?

The process of temporarily storing the data to allow for small variation in device speeds

8. What is bridging?
In telecommunication networks, a bridge is a product that connects a local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or token ring).
In bridging networks, computer or node addresses have no specific relationship to location. For this reason, messages are sent out to every address on the network and accepted only by the intended destination node.
Bridges learn which addresses are on which network and develop a learning table so that subsequent messages can be forwarded to the right network.

Bridging networks are generally always interconnected local area networks since broadcasting every message to all possible destinations would flood a larger network with unnecessary traffic. For this
reason, router networks such as the Internet use a scheme that assigns addresses to nodes so that a message or packet can be forwarded only in one general direction rather than forwarded in all directions.

A bridge works at the data-link (physical network) level of a network, copying a data frame from one network to the next network along the communications path.

9. Technology is used to avoid interference in Bluetooth

a) Blue tooth uses frequency hopping technology. In this technology, 79 hop frequencies are transmitted and received from 2402 to 2480 mhz. hopping in a pseudo random sequence at a rate of 1600 times in a
second. Guassian frequency shift keying modulation is utilized with a maximum data transfer rate of 721 kbps. Bluetooth protocol stack is developed and TCP/IP imported layers are used in this technology.

Interference is being avoided by utilizing the frequency-hop(FH) spread spectrum technology. It is adaptable for low-power, low-cost radio implementations and also used in certain wireless LAN products.

The major advantage with this technology transmission is the high rate of 1600 hops / ps. Another advantage is, short packet length is also used by Bluetooth.

b) Bluetooth is a short distance data transfer protocol developed by Ericsson in the mid 1990s. Its name and logo come from the full name of King Harald I of Denmark and Norway.

c) Used for a written exam by a company in India.

1.

Why is Bluetooth called a cable replacement technology? - Bluetooth technology allows the creation of Personal Area Networks without cables or wires that are usual in home networks.

2.

Give a generic description of Bluetooth? - Bluetooth is a low-cost, short-range (RF) links between mobile PCs, mobile phones and other portable devices. Bluetooth can transmit through solid, non-metal objects.

3.

Why can Bluetooth equipment integrate easily in TCP/IP network? - Because Bluetooth uses wireless LAN standards IEEE for data transmission.

4.

Is it possible to connect multiple Bluetooth hubs? - No, only one hub can be used at a time with a computer. USB or Serial devices can be added.

5.

What is FCC and how does it relate to Bluetooth? - FCC is Federal Communication Commission, which issues licenses to the stations for specific frequencies. It also decides who is able to use which frequency for
what purpose. Since Bluetooth is using unlicensed spectrum, FCC has no direct involvement with Bluetooth

6.

Under what frequency range does Bluetooth work? - 2.45 GHz is the frequency range.

7.

Do Bluetooth devices need line of sight to connect to one another? - No.

8.

Which technology is used in Bluetooth for avoiding interference? - Frequency hopping is the technology used in Bluetooth.

9.

Bluetooth signals do not interfere with our PCs or cordless phones or portables. Why? - Bluetooth uses low-power signals, it plays around in 2.45 GHz range, while most of consumer devices would be
using 900 MHz.

10.

What is Airport? - Airport is a wireless communications system, like Bluetooth. It is based on the IEEE 802.11 recommendation. It also uses 2.4 GHz frequency band, but its range is about 45 meters and it boasts a
transmission speed of 11 Mbit/second. It is developed by Lucent Technologies.

11.

What is Piconet? - A collection of devices connected through Bluetooth technology in an ad hoc fashion.

12.

What are the three main types of connection used by Bluetooth? - Single slave, Master slave, Scatternet .

13.

What is FEC in Bluetooth? - Forward Error Correction is a method by which Bluetooth increases its noise immunity. FEC is a method that enables a receiver to not only detect, but also correct errors in a
transmission.

14.

Which method is primarily used for Voice transfer? - Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) is a method primarily used for Voice transfer.

15.

What is the frequency range used for Bluetooth in Europe and United States? - 2402 MHz to 2480 MHz are the frequency ranges used in USA and Europe.

16.

List some Technology characteristic of Bluetooth? - Omni directional, Adaptive output power to minimize interference, Support Synchronous & asynchronous services, Fast Frequency Hopping to avoid
interference, Short data packets to maximize capacity during interface.

17.

Which company originally conceived and developed Bluetooth? - Ericsson.

18.

How does Bluetooth use frequency hopping for security? - Bluetooth picks a random frequency out of 79 and then hops around the range about 1600 times per second.

19.

What is a Bluetooth dongle? - A device that hangs outside of a computer, or phone to provide Bluetooth connection.

20.

What are the other (competing or not) wireless technologies? - Wi-Fi, IrDa, EDGE, UWB (Ultra Wide Band)

21.

Which Bluetooth version uses adaptive frequency hopping? Why? - In Version 1.2 Adaptive frequency hopping method is used, which improves resistance to radio interference, and provides higher
transmission speed.

22.

How many SCO links are there in a piconet? - In a piconet, there can be up to three SCO links of 64,000 bits per second each.

23.

what is the total number of masters and slaves in a piconet? - 1 Master and 7 Slaves.

24.

Which method is used for Data transfer? - Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) is Data transfer method in Bluetooth

25.

What is the frequency range used for Bluetooth in Japan? - 2472 to 2497 MHz is the frequency range used for Bluetooth in Japan.

26.

What is the strength of the signal transmitted by powerful cell phones? - The powerful cell phones can transmit a signal of 3 watts.

. Why telecom power supply has -48V dc power supply?

11

12.

Negative sign indicates The positive grounded

he negative voltage on the line was better than positive to prevent electro-chemical reactions from
destroying the copper cable quickly, if cables get wet
Low enough not to cause serious danger if somebody touches the telephone wires