Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
ROAD AND BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
November 1998
PART TWO
EARTHWORK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 2.01 - CLEARING AND GRUBBING................................................1
2.01.1 Description....................................................................................1
2.01.2 Construction..................................................................................1
2.01.3 Disposal of Removed Material......................................................2
2.01.4 Method of Measurement...............................................................2
2.01.5 Payment........................................................................................2
SECTION 2.02 - REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS........4
2.02.1 Description....................................................................................4
2.02.2 Preservation of Property...............................................................5
2.02.3 Construction..................................................................................5
2.02.3.1 Miscellaneous Structures and Obstructions...............................5
2.02.3.2 Existing Bituminous and Cement Concrete Pavement....7
2.02.3.3 Wells.................................................................................7
2.02.3.4 Bridge Structures..............................................................7
2.02.3.5 Guardrails and Concrete Barriers....................................8
2.02.3.6 Impact Attenuators...........................................................8
2.02.3.7 Traffic Marking..................................................................8
2.02.3.8 Pavement Markers...........................................................9
2.02.3.9 Rumble Strips or Speed Bumps.......................................9
2.02.3.10 Sign Post Bases.............................................................9
2.02.3.11 Signs...............................................................................9
2.02.3.12 Breakaway Sign Posts and Kilometer Posts................11
2.02.3.13 Overhead Sign Supports..............................................11
2.02.3.14 Delineators...................................................................11
2.02.4 Disposal of Removed Material.....................................................11
2.02.5 Method of Measurement..............................................................11
2.02.6 Payment......................................................................................14
SECTION 2.03 - EXCAVATION.......................................................................16
2.03.1 Description..................................................................................16
2.03.2 Classification of Excavation........................................................16
2.03.2.1 Roadway Excavation......................................................16
2.03.2.2 Roadway Excavation - Unsuitable Material....................17
2.03.2.3 Roadway Excavation - Channel and Ditch.....................17
2.03.2.4 Tunnel Excavation..........................................................17
2.03.3 Construction................................................................................18
2.03.3.1 ...............Utilization of Excavated Materials in Rural Areas
2.03.3.2 Utilization of Excavated Materials in Municipalities (Urban
Areas).............................................................................18
2.03.3.3 Roadway Excavation......................................................18
2.03.3.4 Roadway Excavation - Unsuitable Material....................19
2.03.3.5 Roadway Excavation - Channel and Ditch.....................19
2.03.3.6 ..............Designated Materials Selected from Roadway Excavation
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2.10.2 Construction..............................................................................101
2.10.2.1 General........................................................................101
2.10.2.2 Scheduling...................................................................102
2.10.2.3 Trench Excavation.......................................................103
2.10.2.4 Unsuitable Foundation Material..................................103
2.10.2.5 Precast Concrete Pipe Culverts..................................104
2.10.2.6 Metal Pipe Culverts.....................................................104
2.10.2.7 Cast in Place Concrete Pipe.......................................105
2.10.3 Bedding Materials......................................................................105
2.10.3.1 Sand Bedding...............................................................105
2.10.3.2 Soil Cement Bedding...................................................105
2.10.4 Trench Backfill Materials...........................................................106
2.10.5 Quality Assurance Procedures..................................................106
2.10.6 Method of Measurement...........................................................107
2.10.7 Payment....................................................................................107
Within the limits specified, the area above the natural ground surface shall be
cleared of vegetation growth, such as trees, stumps, plants, brush, and all other
objectionable material, except items marked by the Engineer to remain. Within the
limits of clearing, the areas below the natural ground shall be grubbed to a minimum
depth of twenty (20) centimeters, or as may be necessary, to remove tree stumps,
roots and other objectionable material.
2.01.3 Disposal of Removed Material. Cleared and grubbed material shall not be
left in or under embankments or other constructed facility. All removed materials
shall be disposed of at locations outside the right-of-way and not visible from the
roadway.
Burning shall be done in accordance with applicable laws and safety
practices, under the constant care of competent watchmen and at such times and in
a manner that anything designated to remain and adjacent property will not be
jeopardized. Residue and the effects from burning shall also be removed outside the
right-of-way and view from the roadway.
Disposal of removed materials at public and private sites away from the right
of way shall be done at the Contractors sole expense, in accordance with all laws
and regulations, after an agreement with the property owner or public agency has
been fully executed. The Engineer shall be given fifteen (I5) days prior notice and a
written release from the property owner or public agency on whose property the
materials are to be placed.
All sellable timber in the clearing area which has not been removed from the
right of way prior to the beginning of construction, shall become the property of the
Ministry, unless otherwise provided.
2.01.4 Method of Measurement. Clearing and Grubbing will be measured for
payment on a unit price basis by the square meter for the work within the limits
specified or approved by the Engineer. Measurement shall be to the nearest tenth of
a square meter along a horizontal plane and include all clearing and grubbing of
vegetation up to a tree diameter of one hundred fifty (1 50) millimeters.
Individual tree removal will be measured by the unit based upon the number
of individual trees removed. Trees less than one hundred fifty (150) millimeters in
average diameter at the cutoff will not be measured.
No measurement will be made when there is no item for Clearing and
Grubbing or Individual Tree Removal listed in the Bill of Quantities.
2.01.5 Payment. When the Bill of Quantities includes items for Clearing and
Grubbing and/or Individual Tree Removal with payment on a contract unit price
basis, payment will be made at the contract unit price per square meter and unit for
work actually completed as specified. Such payment shall be full compensation for
furnishing labor, equipment, tools and incidentals and performing all work as
specified for clearing and grubbing, disposing of removed materials and
recompacting the disturbed areas and all other elements necessary for the proper
PAY UNIT
Square Meter
2.02.3.12 Breakaway Sign Posts and Kilometer Posts. This Work shall consist
of removal of breakaway single sign posts of any size or type or of kilometer posts of
any size or type, including posts, sheet metal and reflectorized sheeting. Posts shall
be removed by dismantling the bolts at the breakaway connection to the concrete
base with minimum damage and salvaged or disposed of as directed.
2.02.3.13 Overhead Sign Supports. This Work shall consist of removal of
overhead sign supports in whole or in part, and of any size or type. Sign supports
shall be removed by dismantling the various members without unnecessary damage.
Members shall be match marked, unless such match marking is waived by the
Engineer. Materials so removed shall be salvaged or disposed of as directed.
2.02.3.14 Delineators. This Work shall consist of removal of delineator; salvaging
or disposal, as directed; and backfilling of the resulting holes. Removal of concrete
base shall be excluded and when required shall be carried out and paid for
separately under Pay Item No. 20237 - Removal of Sign Post Base.
2.02.4 Disposal of Removed Material. All materials removed shall be disposed of
at locations not visible from the roadway. Removed materials shall not be left in or
under embankments or other constructed facility. Burning shall be done in
accordance with applicable laws and safe practices, under the constant care of
competent watchmen and at such times and in a manner that anything designated to
remain or adjacent property is not jeopardized. Residue and other effects from
burning shall be removed and disposed of outside the view from the roadway.
Burying removed materials within the right of way shall be done in such a
manner that the removed materials are covered by at least one (1) meter of cover.
The cover material shall not erode by wind or water. The contours of the finished
area shall blend with the adjacent terrain.
Disposal of material at public and private sites away from the right of way
shall be done at the Contractor's expense in accordance with all laws and
regulations, after an agreement with the property owner has been fully executed.
The Engineer shall be given fifteen (15) days prior notice and a written release from
the property owner on whose property the materials are to be placed.
2.02.5 Method of Measurement. The quantities of the various removal items, as
accepted, shall be measured for payment according to the plans and specifications
for the several pay items appearing in the Bill of Quantities, and in terms of the
prescribed units provided for the several pay items. Only accepted Work shall be
included and the dimensions shall be those shown on the plans, measured on site or
ordered in writing by the Engineer.
Removal of existing buildings shall be measured by the square meter, based
on external ground floor dimensions, multiplied by the number of storeys, regardless
of type of the building.
Removal of boundary walls or gates shall be measured by the linear meter,
based on centerline plan dimensions, irrespective of type, height or thickness.
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PAY ITEM
Removal of Existing Building
Removal of Boundary Wall, including Gate
Removal of Bridge Structure
Removal of Bridge Component
Removal of Box Culvert & Pipe Culvert End Section
Removal of Metal Bearing Device
Removal of Elastomeric Bearing Device
Removal of Expansion Joint
Removal of Aluminum Bridge Railing
Removal of Steel Bridge Railing
Removal of Concrete Bridge Parapet
Removal of Structural Steel or Precast Concrete
Member
Removal of Underground Utility Lines
Removal of Underground Utility Lines, Water
Removal of Underground Utility Lines, Electrical
Removal of Underground Utility Lines, Storm Drain
Removal of Underground Utility Lines, Sanitary Sewer
Removal of Underground Utility Lines, Telephone
Removal of Aerial Utility Lines and Poles
Removal of Aerial Utility Lines and Poles, Electrical
Removal of Aerial Utility Lines and Poles, Telephone
Removal of Curb
Removal of Combined Curb & Gutter
Removal of Gutter
Removal of Septic Tank
Removal of Catch Basin, Manhole and Inlet
Removal of Well
Removal of Riprap, Wire-Enclosed Riprap & Gabion
Slope Protection
Removal of Concrete, Paving Tile & Shotcrete Slope
Protection
Removal of Pipe Culvert
Removal of Fence, including Gate
Removal of Dumped Rubbish
Removal of Sidewalk & Median Paving
Removal of Guardrail, Complete
Removal of Guardrail Terminal
Removal of New Jersey Concrete Barrier
Removal of Impact Attenuator
Removal of Steel Safety Railing
Removal of Bituminous and Cement Concrete
Pavement
Removal of Traffic Paint Line & Control Marking
Removal of Ceramic & Retroreflective Raised Pavement
Marker
Removal of Traffic Signal & Controller
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PAY UNIT
Square Meter
Linear Meter
Square Meter
Cubic Meter
Cubic Meter
Unit
Unit
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Ton
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Unit
Unit
Unit
Cubic Meter
Square Meter
Linear Meter
Linear Meter
Cubic Meter
Square Meter
Linear Meter
Unit
Linear Meter
Unit
Linear Meter
Square Meter
Square Meter
Unit
Unit
20236
20237
20238
20239
20240
20241
20242
20243
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Square Meter
Cubic Meter
Square Meter
Unit
Ton
Linear Meter
Unit
Unit
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2.
3.
Material too wet to be compacted and circumstances prevent suitable inplace drying prior to incorporation into the Work. Such materials may
include muck from tide flats and coastal marshes.
4.
Materials which are otherwise unsuitable for use in or under the planned
embankment. Such materials may best be characterized as having CBR
values less than three (3) as described in Paragraph 2.05.3.2, "Foundation
Preparation," in these General Specifications.
5.
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2.03.3 Construction.
2.03.3.1 Utilization of Excavated Materials In Rural Areas. All suitable
materials removed from the excavation shall be used in the formation of the
embankment, subgrade, shoulders, slopes, bedding and backfill for structures and
for other purposes shown on the Plans or disposed of in a manner complying with
these General Specifications. However, the Contractor is not required to use all of
the suitable excavated materials in the construction of embankments provided the
materials which are not used in the construction of embankments are disposed of as
specified and the Contractor replaces the wasted excavation materials with borrow
material of equal or better quality at his own expense. Excavated materials which
the Contractor elects to waste shall be disposed of in accordance with the
requirements specified in Subsection 2.03.4, "Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable
Materials," in these General Specifications. It is the Contractors responsibility to
determine if sufficient material is available for the completion of the embankments
before wasting any of the excavated materials.
2.03.3.2 Utilization of Excavated Materials in Municipalities (Urban Areas).
All suitable materials removed from the excavation shall be used in the formation of
the embankments, subgrade, shoulders, slopes, bedding and backfill for structures
and for other purposes shown on the Plans. If it is found there is excess quantities
of excavated materials, the Contractor shall dispose of the excess materials at
suitable locations subject to the approval of the Engineer and competent
governmental authorizes such as the Municipality. The disposal of such materials
shall not cause damage to any of the public or private properties, valleys and
tributaries and in accordance with the requirements specified in Subsection 2.03.4
"Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable Materials" in these General Specifications. The
cost of transporting to and disposal of the excess excavated materials at approved
waste locations shall be considered subsidiary to the Roadway Excavation pay item
and no separate payment and measurement will be made for this Work.
2.03.3.3 Roadway Excavation. This work shall consist of excavating materials
identified and defined by the Engineer as Roadway Excavation - or the lines and
grades shown on the plans or staked by the Engineer. It shall also include
excavating below grade, removing slide material, trimming slopes, slope rounding,
stockpiling designated materials for future use and removing and disposing of
surplus and unsuitable materials.
Material outside the planned excavation limits, which is determined by the
Engineer, to be a potential slide and material which has come into the planned
excavation limits shall be excavated to lines and slopes directed by the Engineer.
Such excavated materials which are not declared by the Engineer to be unsuitable
may be used in embankment construction.
All areas of roadway excavation, during the entire period of construction
operations, shall be thoroughly drained. The excavated surfaces shall be kept
smooth and sloped to side ditches until the subgrade is finished. Side ditches
emptying from excavation to embankment shall be kept clean at all times and
constructed to protect excavation and embankment from erosion. Damage to the
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considered corrective and backfilling overbreak areas with shotcrete and/or cast-in
place concrete shall be at the Contractors expense.
Permits and Licenses. The Contractor shall be responsible for obtaining all
applicable blasting permits and licenses required by the Ministry of Interior/Public
Security officials.
The Contractor is responsible for control of water in the tunnel during
construction and shall take any means necessary for such control. Control of water
shall include, but not limited to, furnishing, installing, operating, and maintaining
pumps and other equipment; constructing temporary drains and keeping ditches free
to carry all water quickly to sediment basins or other disposal areas; and disposal of
all water draining or pumped from the tunnel.
Tunnel drainage water shall be treated in conformance with the Kingdom and
local jurisdiction's water quality criteria before discharging water into the natural
drainage channel or stream. Petroleum residues shall be removed by oil soaks to
the satisfaction of the Engineer.
All products and materials used for rock excavation, either explosive or
nonexplosive, are subject to approval by the Engineer. Only explosives, explosive
components, and detonators commercially manufactured within the previous two (2)
years or the shelf life of the product, whichever is less, shall be used.
At all times, the Contractor shall keep sufficient materials (rock bolts, shotcrete,
etc.) near the tunnel excavation heading to provide a secure tunnel face.
The Contractor shall install and maintain twenty (20) meter station intervals in
each tunnel with a sign with numerals at least fifty (50) millimeters tall.
Work shall be performed in a manner to minimize hazards to construction
personnel. Safety in excavating shall be the responsibility of the Contractor.
2.03.4 Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable Materials. Excavated materials which
are designated by the Engineer to be surplus or unsuitable for use in the
embankment and excavated materials wasted by the Contractor for his own
convenience shall be disposed of in borrow pits, trenches, natural depressions or at
other locations outside any town approved by the Engineer. Materials disposed of at
locations outside the right of way may be compacted to the degree desired by the
Contractor or as required by the public agency or private individual who owns the
property and shall not cause any damage to abutting property. Excess rock and
other excavated materials may be placed in waste banks or spread and leveled to
present a neat appearance only with the approval of the property owner and the
Engineer and outside the view of the highway traveler. All disposal areas shall be
finished with a neat appearance with lines, grades and contours that conform to and
blend with adjacent terrain and all edges shall be trimmed to a slope no steeper than
one vertical to four horizontal (1 V to 4 H).
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2.
Remeasurement Basis.
When the remeasurement basis of
measurement is used, quantities actually excavated and accepted will be determined
in accordance with the following:
Original ground cross sections supplemented by field measurements shall be
taken of the ground surface after clearing and grubbing. Final cross sections or
comparable measurements will be taken of the completed and accepted work. No
payment will be made for unauthorized excavation or overbreakage outside the
slope lines as staked.
3.
Alternative Methods of Measurement. Where it is impractical to
measure material by the cross section method due to the erratic location of isolated
deposits, acceptable methods involving three (3) dimensional measurements,
including hauling vehicle measurements, may be used.
Any materials excavated before the original cross sections are taken and
approved by the Engineer shall not be measured for payment.
The total volume of unclassified roadway excavation shall be computed from
the bottom of the staked roadway cut and ditch invert elevations as follows:
(1) The excavation of rut sections containing rock within the subgrade
zone shall be staked and measured to the bottom of the subgrade zone.
(2)
The excavation of cut sections containing unsuitable materials
(i.e. Dune Sand, A-7 and A-6 material) within the subgrade zone shall be staked and
measured to a minimum of thirty (30) centimeters below the bottom of the subgrade
zone. It may be increased in additional increments of thirty (30) centimeters at the
direction of the Engineer.
(3) The excavation of cut sections containing material that is not rock
or not unsuitable shall be staked and measured to the top of the subgrade zone.
4.
(2)
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(4)
(5)
(6)
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2.03.7 Payment. When Roadway Excavation is listed in the Bill of Quantities, the
pay quantity shall be measured as specified in Paragraph 2.03.6.1, "Roadway
Embankment" in these General Specifications and payment made at the contract
unit price for accepted quantities of Roadway Excavation on a cubic meter basis.
When Tunnel Excavation is listed in the Bill of Quantities, the pay quantity shall
be measured as specified above in Paragraph 2.03.6.2, "Tunnel Excavation" in these
General Specifications, and payment made at the contract unit price for accepted
quantities of Tunnel Excavation on a cubic meter basis.
Payment shall be full compensation for furnishing all labor, materials,
equipment, tools and incidentals used to perform all work involved in completing
roadway and tunnel excavation as shown on the plans, specified in these General
Specifications and the Special Specifications and as directed by the Engineer.
Payment shall also include compensation for all materials, labor, equipment and
incidentals used in the disposal of surplus and unsuitable materials and the
stockpiling of specified materials for future use, cleaning up the site and performing
all surveys and computations and all other items necessary for the proper completion
of the work as specified in Subsection 1.07.2, "Scope of Payment," in these General
Specifications.
PAYMENT WILL BE MADE UNDER THE FOLLOWING:
ITEM NO.
PAY ITEM
20301 Roadway Excavation
20302 Tunnel Excavation
2030201
Tunnel Excavation - Main Line
2030302
Tunnel Excavation, Cross Passage
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PAY UNIT
Cubic Meter
Cubic Meter
Cubic Meter
Cubic Meter
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2.04.6.1 Type of Explosive Materials. Explosive materials include, but are not
necessarily limited to, dynamite and other high explosives, slurries, water gels,
emulsions, blasting agents, initiating explosives, detonators and detonating cord.
The Contractor shall comply with all Kingdom Ministry of Interior regulations that
pertain to the purchase, transportation, storage and use of explosive materials.
2.04.6.2 Blaster-in-Charge. A person with the necessary experience and
qualifications shall be designated in writing by the Contractor as Blaster-in-Charge.
The Blaster-in-Charge shall have the authority and responsibility for the
transportation, security, safety, and use of all explosive materials - including the
obtaining, storing, distributing, loading, finding, disposing, and any other related
activity. The Blaster-in-Charge shall prepare and/or approve all the safety provisions
within the Contractors Blasting Plan and ensure they are strictly followed for any
blasting crew used to assist with explosive activities, including transportation and
security.
2.04.6.3 Initial Safety Procedures Submittal. At least thirty (30) days prior to
delivery or use of any explosive materials, the Contractor shall submit the following:
2.04.6.3.1 Blaster-in-Charge Qualifications:
1.
2. Resume with current references showing not less than three (3)
years of active involvement as Blaster-in-Charge on projects with
blasting work similar in scope to this contract.
3. Blasting Crew Qualifications. Knowledge and reliability in the safe
use of explosive materials acceptable to the Blaster-in-Charge and
Ministry of Interior/Public Security officials.
4. Permits and Licenses.
permits and licenses.
(2)
(3)
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The Engineer shall, at all times, have the authority to prohibit or halt the
Contractors blasting operations if it is apparent that, through the methods being
employed, the required slopes are not being obtained in a stable condition or the
safety and convenience of the traveling public is being jeopardized.
2.04.6.5 Misfire Handling Procedures. Should a visual inspection indicate that
complete detonation of all charges did not take place, the following procedures will
be followed:
1. If the system was energized and no charges fired for electrical systems,
the lead wire will be tested for continuity prior to inspection of the
remainder of the blast. For nonelectric systems, the lead in or tube will be
checked to make sure that detonation has entered the blast area.
2. Should an inspection of the electrical leadline or lead in tubing-line indicate
that there is a break in the line or if the tubing did not fire, then the system
will be repaired and the blast refired. If the inspection indicates that the
leadline has fired and misfired charges remain, the blaster will do the
following:
(1) The blaster will exclude all employees except those necessary
to rectify the problem.
(2) Traffic will be closed if a premature explosion could be a hazard
to traffic on nearby roads.
(3) The blaster will correct the misfire in a safe manner. If the
misfire poses problems that cannot be safely corrected by the
blaster, a consultant or an explosive company representative
skilled in the art of correcting misfires, will be called to rectify the
problem.
2.04.6.6 Lightning Protection. The Contractor shall furnish, maintain and
operate lightning detection equipment during the entire period of blasting operations
and/or during the periods that explosives are at the site. Equipment shall be similar
or equal to the Thomas Instruments S250 Storm Alert as manufactured by D.L.
Thomas Equipment, Keene, New Hampshire, U.S.A or the VS1 12 Lightning
Forecast System manufactured by NITRO NOBEL of Sweden. When the lightning
detection device indicates a blasting hazard potential, personnel shall be evacuated
from all areas where explosives are present. When a lightning detector indicates a
blasting hazard, the following shall be performed:
1 . Clear the blasting area of all personnel.
2.
3.
Terminate the loading of holes and return the unused explosives to the
day storage area.
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4.
5.
When the hazard dissipates, inform the Project Engineer that production
blasting will continue.
2.04.7 Execution.
2.04.7.1 Time Restrictions. Blasting shall be restricted to the times permitted
by local authorities or the Engineer.
2.04.7.2 Pre-Blast Report. In addition to the Blasting Plan, a pre-blast report
shall be prepared for each specific blast. This pre-blast report shall be presented to
the Engineer prior to the commencement of drilling of holes for that blast and will
describe the location and geometry of the blast, and all specific loading and firing
details required in items one (1) through four (4) of the Blasting Plan. This pre-blast
report shall also include the surveyed location and elevation of the collar of each
presplit or cushion blast hole. Any modifications made during the actual drilling,
loading, and filing of the blast shall be reported to the Engineer prior to firing the
shot. As soon as sufficient material has been removed from the cut face, a visual
inspection and an assessment of the success of the blast shall be carried out prior to
the loading of the next blast and prior to the drilling of any other future blasts. If, in
the judgement of the Engineer, changes appear necessary, drilling and blasting
operations shall be suspended and revised blasting procedures shall be developed.
All necessary changes shall be incorporated in the next pre-blast report. If the
changes are significant, a revised Blasting Plan shall be submitted.
Submittal of the Blasting Plan and pre-blast reports are for quality assurance
and recordkeeping purposes. The Contractor shall adopt rational blast design and
observation and documentation methods which will refine and optimize
fragmentation and controlled blasting procedures. The Contractor shall also adapt
these procedures to the changing rock conditions. Review of the Blasting Plan and
the blast reports by the Engineer shall not relieve the Contractor of his responsibility
for the accuracy and adequacy of the plan when implemented in the field, nor for the
safety and damage to personnel and property caused by toxic substances, flyrock,
noise, or vibration associated with the blasts.
The Engineer shall, at all times, have the authority to prohibit or halt the
Contractors blasting operations, if smooth and stable slopes Within the required
dimensional tolerances and a minimum of backslope damage are not achieved, or
the safety and convenience of the public is being jeopardized or property or natural
features are being endangered.
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Blastholes will be covered to keep overburden from falling into the holes after
drilling.
The row of production blastholes immediately adjacent to the controlled blast
line shall be drilled on a plane approximately parallel to the controlled blast line.
Production blastholes shall not be drilled closer than two (2) meters to the controlled
blast line, unless approved by the Engineer. The bottom of the production holes
shall not be lower than the bottom of the controlled blastholes. By approval of the
Engineer, the bottom of the production hole may be lower than the controlled
blastholes by the amount of subdrilling used on the production holes. Detonation of
production holes shall be on a delay sequence toward a free face. Stemming
material used in production holes shall be sand or other dry angular granular
material, all of which passes a 9.5 mm (3/8 inch) sieve.
It is the Contractors responsibility to take all necessary precautions in the
production blasting so as to minimize blast damage to the rock backslope.
Payment for the production blasting shall be incidental to the contract unit
price for roadway excavation.
Production blasting shall break up the rock to dimensions of approximately
two thirds (2/3) the lift thickness specified for rock lifts in the embankment. Any
material outside the authorized cross sections which becomes shattered or loosened
by the production blasting shall be removed during excavation at the Contractors
expense. If controlled blasting is not used, slopes shall be drilled and blasted to
create a neat and uniform surface, free from hollows or protrusions or loose or
overhanging rocks. Undercut slopes are not to be created by the drilling and
blasting.
2.04.7.5 Presplitting. The Contractor shall completely remove all overburden
soil and weathered rock longitudinally along the slope lines for a distance of at least
ten (1 0) meters beyond the drilling limits, or to the end of the excavation, whichever
is less, before drilling the presplitting holes. Particular care and attention shall be
directed to the beginning and the end of excavations to ensure complete removal of
all overburden soil and weathered rock and to expose rock to an elevation equal to
the bottom of the adjacent lift of the presplitting holes being drilled. This will allow
observation of the rock profile and permit proper design of the drilling and charging
configuration for holes located at the extremity of the blast.
Presplitting holes not less than twenty-five (25) millimeters nor greater than
seventy-five (75) millimeters in diameter shall be drilled along the proposed
excavation line at the spacing shown in the Blasting Plan. For the initial test blast,
this spacing shall not exceed one (1) meter. The spacing of presplit holes shall be
maximum that will ensure a general continuity of stress relief fractures between
adjacent holes, so as to expose the half-barrels. The Contractor shall stake the
location of presplitting holes for review by the Engineer prior to drilling.
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The Contractor shall control his drilling operations by use of proper equipment
and experienced personnel so that no presplit hole shall deviate from the plane of
the staked slope by more than three hundred (300) millimeters either parallel or
normal to the slope. If more than ten percent (10%) of the presplit holes are outside
this tolerance, drilling length and lift height shall be reduced on subsequent blasts to
the point where the drilling meets this tolerance.
Maximum lift heights greater than ten (1 0) meters or less than four (4) meters
will not be allowed unless the Contractor can demonstrate he can stay within the
above tolerances and still produce a uniform and stable slope. The presplitting holes
on subsequent lifts shall be drilled as close to the final face as possible, but in no
case more than six hundred (600) millimeters from the face of the previous lift.
Drilling direction on subsequent lifts shall be adjusted to compensate for the actual
number of lifts and offset distances so that the toe of the final slope occurs within
three hundred (300) millimeters of the planned location.
Presplit faces shall be drilled and blasted prior to production blasting designed
to expose these faces. Presplitting shall not extend more than ten (1 0) meters
ahead of the zone of production blasting at any time. If a presplit line ahead of a
production blast is shot with that production blast, all production holes shall be
delayed at least one hundred (100) milliseconds more than the last presplit
detonation.
Only standard cartridge explosives prepared and packaged by explosive
manufacturing firms will be permitted for use in presplit holes. These may consist of
fractional portions of standard cartridges to be attached to detonating cord in the field
or continuous column explosives joined and attached to detonating cord or as
recommended by the manufacturer.
The maximum diameter of standard explosives used in presplit holes shall be
approximately one-half (1/2) the diameter of the presplit hole.
If fractional portions of standard explosive cartridges are used, the cartridges
shall be firmly attached to a length of detonating cord equal to the depth of the drill
hole so that the cartridges will not slip down the detonating cord nor cock across the
hole and bridge the flow of stemming material. Spacing of cartridges shall not
exceed two-hundred fifty (250) millimeters and shall be adjusted to give the desired
result.
If a continuous column type of explosive is used, the column shall be
assembled and affixed to the detonating cord in accordance with the explosive
manufacturer's instructions, a copy of which shall be included with the submitted
Blasting Plan.
The bottom charge of a presplit hole may be larger than the line charges but
shall not be large enough to cause overt>reak. The top charge of the presplitting
hole shall be placed far enough below the collar to avoid overbreaking the surface,
flyrock, or premature venting.
34
35
36
Specifics of vibration monitoring plan for the blast monitoring zones specified
below shall be submitted prior to the start of any blasting and shall include the
proposed device(s) and manufacturers' literature for each device to be used.
Blast Monitoring. Mandatory blast monitoring of every test blast will be required
within the distances of all structures shown in Table 2.04-2 for the type of
foundation materials involved to establish the decay of air overpressure and
ground vibrations with distance from the blast, for various explosive weights per
delay. The decay function will be established as the scaled range. If the test
blast vibrations produce peak particles greater than seventy-five percent (75%) of
those contained in Table 2.04-1, then all blasts shall be monitored.
37
The Contractor shall propose specific monitoring points for each structure for
the Engineer's review.
MAXIMUM PPF
(MILLIMETERS PER SECOND)
50
100
100
50
50
25
38
TABLE 2.04-2
Table 2.04-2. Permitted peak particle velocity (vertical component) as a function
of distance for structures and buildings founded on different materials. (The
structural coefficient is based on residential homes.)
Distance
Soft moraine
Moraine
Granite
Meters (m)
Sand Clay
Slate
Gneiss
Soft limestone
Quartz
Soft sandstone
Hard sandstone
Hard limestone
Wave velocities c.
1000-1 500 m/s 2000-3000 m/s
4500-6000 m/s
PERMITTED PEAK PARTICLE VELOCITY V1 (mm/s)
1
18
35
140
5
18
35
85
10
18
35
70
20
15
28
55
30
14
25
45
50
12
21
38
100
10
17
28
200
9
14
22
500
7
11
15
1000
6
9
12
2000
5
7
9
2.04.8.4 Flyrock Control. Before the firing of any blast in areas where flying
rock may result in personal injury or unacceptable damage to property or the work,
the rock to be blasted shall be covered with approved blasting mats, soil, or other
equally serviceable material, to prevent flyrock.
If flyrock leaves the construction site and lands on private property all blasting
operations will cease until a qualified blasting consultant, hired by the Contractor,
reviews the site and determines the cause and solution to the flyrock problem.
Before blasting proceeds, a written report will be submitted to the Engineer for his
approval.
2.04.8.5 Public Meetings. The Contractor shall make his qualified vibration
specialist and blasting consultant available for one (1) day if requested by the
Engineer to prepare for and participate in a public meeting conducted by the
Engineer to better inform the public about anticipated drilling and blasting operations.
The specialists shall be prepared to answer any questions dealing with the
magnitude of seismic motion, and flyrock expected to impact on the public.
2.04.9 Recordkeeping.
2.04.9.1 Daily Explosive Material Consumption. The Contractor shall keep a
daily record of transactions to be maintained at each storage magazine. Inventory
39
records shall be updated at the close of every business day. The records shall show
the class and quantities received and issued and total remaining on hand at the end
of each day. Remaining explosive inventory shall be checked each day and any
discrepancies that would indicate a theft or loss of explosive material would be
immediately reported.
2.04.9.2 Report of Loss. Should a loss or theft of explosives occur, all
circumstances and details of the loss or theft will be immediately reported to the
nearest Department of the Interior office as well as to the local law enforcement
authorities and Contractors offices representative.
2.04.9.3 Daily Blasting Logs. The Contractor shall provide the contracting
officer, on a weekly basis, a daily log of blasting operations. The log shall be
updated at the close of each business day. The log shall include the number of
blasts, times and dates of blasts. The blasting locations and patterns and all
information shown below:
1. Station limits of the shot.
2. Plan and section views of drill pattern including free face, burden,
blasthole spacing, blasthole diameters, blasthole angles, lift height, and
subdrill depth.
3. Loading diagram showing type and amount of explosive, primers,
initiators and location and depth of stemming.
4. Initiators sequence of blastholes including delay times and delay system
in each blasthole.
5. Trade names and sizes of all explosives, primers and initiators to be
employed.
6. Signature of the blaster-in-charge.
The blasting logs are for quality control and recordkeeping purposes. Review
of the blast log by the Engineer shall not relieve the Contractor of his responsibility
for the accuracy and adequacy of the blasting log.
2.04.9.4 Video Recording of Blasts. If blasting problems develop and Public
Security officials' permission is obtained, video tape recordings will be taken of
several blasts. The tapes or sections of tapes will be indexed in a manner to
properly identify each blast. Copies of the video tapes of blast shall be furnished to
the Engineer.
2.04.10 Method of Measurement. When controlled blastholes is specified as a pay
item in the bid schedule, measurement shall be per linear meter of controlled
blasthole. The lineal meters of controlled blastholes to be paid for shall be the plan
length computed from hole collar elevations to a depth of six hundred (600)
millimeters below finished ditch grade. Holes whose alignment is in excess of three
hundred (300) millimeters shall not be measured for payment.
2.04.11 Payment. The contract unit price per linear meter for controlled blasting
shall be full pay for all materials, explosives, labor, tools, equipment, and all other
items necessary for proper completion of the Work as specified in Subsection 1.07.2,
"Scope of Payment," in these General Specifications. Quantities shown in the plans
40
are based on eight hundred (800) millimeter hole spacing. Actual accepted
quantities will depend on field conditions, the results from test sections and the
Contractors drill control. All production blasting costs are subsidiary to the Roadway
Excavation Pay Item.
PAYMENT WILL BE MADE UNDER ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING:
ITEM NO.
20401
PAY ITEM
Controlled Blastholes
PAY UNIT
Linear Meter
41
42
43
44
2.
3.
The Contractor shall furnish all test data to the Engineer at least two (2) weeks
prior to taking material from the site and request preliminary approval from the
Engineer to use the borrow, site. The Engineer shall review the test information and
accept or reject the Contractors request in writing. Final approval of the material
shall be based on acceptance samples taken from each layer of embankment.
Before abandoning any borrow site located on public or private property, the
Contractor shall, at his sole expense, clean and trim the borrow site, haul roads and
all areas occupied during the work, in accordance with the approved Site Excavation,
Regrading and Restoration Plan, all to the satisfaction of the Engineer and property
owner.
2.05.3.4 Placement of Materials. Logs, trees, stumps, seeds, heavy grass,
frozen soil, or other undesirable materials, shall not be placed in the layers of
embankment.
When an embankment surface is to be constructed over an area previously
occupied by a building basement, cellar, irrigation canal, well, any previous
excavation, or other such construction that will not permit the use of normal
compaction equipment, the embankment construction shall conform to the backfilling
requirements specified in Subsection 2.09.4.5, "Backfilling Structures," in these
General Specifications, until the normal compaction equipment can be used. The
material shall be compacted to the density specified for the adjacent embankments.
45
46
Boulders and rock fragments larger than twenty (20) centimeters in maximum
dimension shall not be placed in the embankment any closer than sixty (60)
centimeters from the staked top of the embankment.
Rocks, broken concrete and other solid material having a diameter greater
than ten (1 0) centimeters shall not be placed in embankment where piling is to be
installed by driving or drilling.
When an embankment settlement period is specified in the special
specifications, the embankment shall remain in place for the required settlement
period before placing the 30 cm thick subgrade layer, excavating for abutments, wing
walls or retaining wall foundations or installing foundation piles at each location.
When embankment surcharge is to be placed as specified in the special
specifications, it shall be placed in layers of uniform thickness, using tractor
equipment compaction and shall remain in place for the full settlement period
specified. The surcharge shall be removed and disposed of at the toe of slope along
both sides of the embankment, used to construct embankment elsewhere or at
locations approved by the Engineer. When surcharge material is placed at the toe of
slope it shall be placed alternately along both sides of the embankment, to equal
elevations and compacted as specified in Subsection 2.05.4, "Compaction
Requirements," in these General Specifications.
Settlement platforms and heave stakes shall be furnished, installed and
monitored as provided in the special specifications.
2.05.3.5 Embankment Drainage and Slope Stability. When constructed next
to a hillside, the embankment surface shall slope away from or parallel to the hillside
in one (1) or more directions until such time as the subgrade is finished. At the end
of each day's operations, the Contractor shall shape and compact the embankment
surface to a uniform enough cross section that will allow water to drain and eliminate
all ruts and spots that could hold water. Dikes and slope drains shall be constructed
and maintained along the embankment edges to prevent water from spilling over the
edge and eroding the side slopes.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability of all embankments and
surcharges and shall replace all sections of same which, in the opinion of the
Engineer, have been damaged or displaced (slumped or slid) due to carelessness or
neglect on the part of the Contractor, or due to normally occurring natural causes,
such as erosion caused by wind or water, and not due to the unavoidable movement
of the natural ground upon which the embankment is made. When unacceptable
material has been placed in the embankment, its removal shall be at the expense of
the Contractor.
47
48
49
50
grade
of the installation end-to-end as ordered installed and accepted.
(3) Square meter quantities will be measured on the ground
surface of the installation as ordered installed and accepted.
(4) Area quantities based on acres and fractions thereof will be
determined with horizontal measurements.
(5) Quantities to be measured on a weight basis will be measured
by the kilogram or ton, as applicable.
Commercially furnished products may be accepted based on the
weight as packaged by the manufacturer.
(6) Station or kilometer quantities will be measured horizontally
along the centerline of the roadbed.
(7) Quantities measured on a cubic meter basis will be measured in
the hauling vehicle at point of delivery.
2.05.3.7.10 Basis of Payment. The accepted quantities, determined as
provided above, will be paid for at the contract price per unit of measurement,
respectively, for each of the particular pay items that are shown in the Bill of
Quantities, which prices and payments will be full contract compensation for the work
prescribed in this Section.
No additional payments will be made for any adjustments, cleanout and
disposal of accumulated sediments or other such maintenance work on previously
installed erosion and pollution control facilities.
No direct payment will be made for furnishing, installing, and
subsequently removing and disposing of temporary drainage structures, such as
culvert pipe or polyethylene sheeting, used for diverting of live streams around or
through work areas, but such work will be considered as a subsidiary obligation of
the Contractor.
When the Special Specifications and Bill of Quantities do not contain
estimated quantities for soil erosion and pollution control work, the work will not be
paid for directly but will be considered as a subsidiary obligation of the Contractor
under other contract items.
51
52
(1)
Relative Density. The Relative Density as determined by the
Relative Density Test shall be the standard to which the Field Density is referred for
comparison for each type of cohesionless soil used in the Work.
(2)
Field Density. The Field Density shall be the density of the
compacted embankment determined by the Field Density test.
(3)
Moisture Content. The Moisture Content shall be the actual
content of the soil in the compacted embankment at the time of compaction.
3.
Borderline Materials.
In cases where borderline materials are
encountered, both methods will be utilized and the method which results in the
higher laboratory maximum density shall be used as the standard to which the field
density is compacted.
4.
Plate Load Test. In addition to the Moisture-Density Test and the
Relative Density Test, the compaction of earthwork may also be checked by a Plate
Load Test (German Method for Roads). This method is described in MRDTM 237A.
The Test shall be applicable for all soils but not rockfill. Use of the Plate Load Test
for the Dune Sand, A-3(0), shall be encouraged.
2.05.4.3 Earth Embankment Lift Thickness and Compaction Requirement.
The top sixty (60) centimeters of all embankments and all embankment layers not
meeting the Paragraph 2.05.4.4, "Rock Embankment Lift Thickness and Compaction
Requirements," for rock fill shall be constructed, controlled and compacted as earth
embankment. Earth embankment layers shall be placed in horizontal lifts not
exceeding twenty (20) centimeters (loose measurement) and shall be compacted as
specified and accepted by the Engineer before the next layer is placed. Horizontal
layers in excess of twenty (20) centimeters (loose measurement) and up to the
depths shown below may be approved by the Engineer if compaction trial sections
verify that the required density can be uniformly attained. Effective spreading
equipment shall be used on each layer to obtain uniform thickness prior to
compacting. As the compaction of each layer progresses, continuous leveling and
manipulating will be required to assure uniform density. Proper moisture content
shall be established in order to obtain and maintain the required density.
Construction equipment shall be routed uniformly over the entire surface of each
layer. A motor grader shall be used on the embankment at all times during the
placing and compacting of the earth material.
The compaction requirements as controlled by the methods of testing specified
in Paragraph 2.05.4.2, 'Testing Methods," in these General Specifications are as
follows:
1.
Type 98. Compacted density of the soil shall be equal or greater than
ninety eight percent (98%) of Maximum Density or seventy-six percent (76%) of
Relative Density.
2.
Type 95. Compacted density of the soil shall be equal or greater than
ninety-five percent (95%) of Maximum Density or seventy-four percent (74%) of
Relative Density.
53
3.
Type 90. Compacted density of the soil shall be equal or greater than
ninety percent (90%) of Maximum Density or seventy percent (70%) of Relative
Density.
4.
Special Compaction. Where specified on the plans or in the Special
Specifications, the embankment shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of a
specified type of compaction, be formed of a material and compacted to meet a
specified CBR (California Bearing Ratio) requirement. The material and methods of
compaction shall be as determined from tests in accordance with AASHTO T 193.
5.
Subgrade-Expressways and
Subgrade-Agricultural Roads and Links
Top 60 cm of Embankment
Bottom Portion of Embankment
Agricultural Roads and Links Embankment
Natural Ground
Natural Ground-Touch Grade
6.
Special Loose Lift Thickness Maximums subject to Verified Uniform
Density during test sections and special quality requirements:
For the top sixty (60) cm of the Embankment thirty (30) cm Lifts may be
attempted subject to verified uniform density throughout the full depth of the lift.
However, A-3, A-6, and A-7 material are not permitted.
For the remaining portion of the Embankment:
MATERIAL
TYPE PERMITTED .
A-1 -a, A-1 -b, and A-2-4
A-4 and A-5
A-3 (0)
LIFT
THICKNESS
30 cm.
20 cm.
50 cm.
54
Material.
(1)
The material used for rockfill embankments shall consist
predominantly of rock fragments of such size that the material can be placed in
layers of the thickness prescribed, conforming to the following requirements:
Table 2,05-1
Maximum particle size..2/3 loose layer thickness
Passing 0.6 mm (No. 30 Sieve).25% maximum
Uniformity coefficient, Cu 5 minimum, where
Cu = D60/D10
D60 = the particle size at which 60% passes
D10 = the particle size at which 1 0% passes
(2)
Rockfill material shall be obtained from roadway, underground
structures excavation or quarry and shall be sound, dense, hard and durable rock
capable of being placed and compacted as specified. Individual pieces are to be
clean and angular. It shall be the Contractors responsibility to excavate material
from rock cuts whether by blasting or other manner, so that all excavated materials
are of suitable size; large size materials will not be paid for as waste, but shall be
disposed of in an approved manner without additional compensation.
(3)
The maximum permitted layer thickness shall be related to the
unit weight of the vibratory roller used for compaction as given in Table 2.05-2 below,
and shall not exceed one hundred (1 00) centimeters loose measurement.
Table 2,05-2
Maximum Thickness of Layer
(Loose Measurement)
Centimeters
------------------------------------------40
60
80
100
** For multiple roller, this shall be assessed on the high axle load.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(4)
Rockfill materials shall be placed in such a manner that the
larger rocks are well distributed and the voids are filled to the maximum practical
extent by smaller particles, each layer shall be bladed into a neat and homogenous
mass prior to compaction. Any rocks found protruding from the leveled surface shall
be removed and replaced in by smaller particles. Initial breakdown compaction shall
55
be performed with heavy bulldozers. After compaction each layer must be approved
by the Engineer before the next layer is placed.
(5)
Depending on the type of rockfill material, water may be added
as required and approved by the Engineer to achieve a maximum compaction.
(6)
Rockfill shall not be used in the top sixty (60) centimeters of the
embankment (below the bottom of the subgrade), nor shall it be used to within five
(5) meters of a structural element (next to bridge abutments, footings, etc.). The side
slopes of rockfill embankments shall be thoroughly blanketed with A-2-4 or better
material placed perpendicular to the slope in twenty (20) centimeters thickness and
compacted to "Type 95" to seal the surface.
(7)
Rockfill shall not be used for sixty (60) centimeters on top and
bottom of Box and Pipe Culverts. Subgrade or trench backfill material compacted to
"Type 95" requirements shall be used in these areas up to the width excavated for
structures.
2.
Compaction
(1)
To ensure proper compaction of rockfill embankments, the
Contractor shall be required to conduct compaction tests using equipment and
materials available in the presence of the Engineer to develop compaction control
criteria. To conduct compaction control test the following steps shall be followed:
1)
A rockfill test section shall be placed on a firm surface
approved by the Engineer, the material and layer thickness conforming @o the
requirements of Tables 2.05-1 and 2.05-2.
2)
The test section shall be of sufficient dimensions to
permit the establishment of at least twenty (20) leveling points on a five (5) meters
square (5 sq.m.) grid, and no fewer than three (3) points on any line and no point
less than three (3) meters from the edge of the layer.
3)
Compaction shall then commence with a minimum of
three passes of a vibratory roller conforming to the requirements of Table 2.05-2,
leveling points are then established. Short lengths of painted steel bars hammered
flush with the surface of the rockfill have been found suitable for this purpose. A
level reading is taken at each leveling point on top of a moveable thirty (30)
centimeters square flat steel plate. A hole drilled in the center of the plate will enable
a visual check to be made that the plate is located centrally over the bar each time.
4)
Further readings are then taken at the leveling points.
After two (2) additional passes with the roller, if the average settlement is less than
one percent (1 %) of the average compacted layer thickness, or as determined by
the Engineer, the rockfill compaction test is completed.
5)
If the average settlement is more than one percent (1 %),
two (2) additional passes of the roller are required and the leveling procedure is
56
repeated. If the average settlement is now less than one percent (1 %), the test is
completed. If not, this step is then repeated.
6)
The total number of passes of the rolling equipment
necessary to obtain the required result will establish the minimum number of passes
to be used on the rock embankments. The Contractor shall then use this verified
procedure, that is, the equipment, rolling pattern, and number of passes, during the
construction of rock embankments. However, in no case shall the number of passes
be less than five (5).
(2)
This verification procedure shall be conducted for each change
of material and at least once each week during the initial stages of construction until
reliable rolling pattern is established. The frequency then can be reduced as
approved by the Engineer.
(3)
Documentation of the rockfill compaction test shall be
maintained in the project records.
3.
Preparation of Natural Ground. All surfaces to receive rockfill are to be
prepared as specified in Paragraph 2.05.3.2, "Foundation Preparation" in these
General Specifications. Soil surfaces are to be scarified and recompacted to at least
ninety percent (90%) of maximum dry density as determined by AASHTO T180
(Method D.) Compaction is to be to a depth of at least twenty (20) centimeters below
ground surface. Hard or smooth surfaces are to be roughened before filling is
placed. Existing road surfaces and the like are to be broken up and removed.
4.
Approval of Material for Rockfill. Individual pieces are to be neither
elongated nor flat, the longest dimension not exceeding twice the shortest
dimension. At least seventy-five percent (75%) of the material shall be greater than
twenty (20) centimeters.
5.
Monitoring Settlement.
On completion of the embankment, the
Contractor shall carry out precise leveling of the crest of the embankment. This shall
consist of leveling transverse sections (a minimum of five (5) points) at a maximum
spacing of thirty (30) meters along the embankment. These shall be referenced to a
stable approved datum. Leveling shall be carried out at suitable time intervals until
the average rate of settlement over a period of one (1) month does not exceed 0.05
mm per day. No permanent pavement construction will be permitted until the
specific criteria is achieved.
6.
Tamping. Whenever embankments are placed adjacent to structures
or at locations where it is not practicable to use a roller, the embankment materials
shall be tamped by the use of mechanical rammers or tampers. Each layer shall be
compacted to a density to or greater than obtained under the above rolling procedure
for the type of compaction designated. Each successive layer shall contain only that
amount of material which will insure proper compaction but in no instance shall any
layer be greater than twenty (20) centimeters (loose measurement) in depth. Each
layer must be approved by the Engineer before the next layer is placed. When the
quantity of Work is small, a hand tamper may be used with the permission of the
Engineer.
57
7.
Special Provisions for Other Rollers. When special heavy rollers are
used, the loose thickness of the layer may be increased when approved by the
Engineer as long as ninety percent (90%) Maximum Density or seventy percent
(70%) of Relative Density is achieved. Satisfactory compaction is defined as
compaction which results in a uniform density throughout the entire depth of the
layer equal to or in excess of the specified density. The maximum compacted
thickness of the layer shall be established by the Engineer for each type of heavy
roller used and for the various types of soil encountered. The Engineer reserves the
right to vary the compacted thickness of the layer as the Work progresses to insure
adequate compaction or to rescind approval of the heavy rollers.
2.05.5 Moisture Content Control Requirements. The moisture content of the soil
at the time of compaction shall be such that the soil can be compacted to the
requirements of the type of compaction designated on the plans or ordered by the
Engineer. The Moisture Content Range shall be determined by the Engineer during
the Compaction Trials.
The Moisture Content Requirements required when the compaction is under
the methods of testing specified in Paragraph 2.06.2.2, "Relative Density Test," in
these General Specifications shall be the Moisture Content Range directed by the
Engineer as determined during the Compaction Trials.
When the moisture content of the soil does not fall within the required
moisture range, water shall be added and thoroughly mixed into the soil, by
approved methods or the material shall be aerated, whichever is needed to adjust
the soil to the proper moisture content.
The amount of water to be added shall be only that amount that will, as
determined by the Engineer by field tests, provide a moisture content in the soil
within the required range plus a reasonable amount to compensate for evaporation
and other unavoidable losses. Water added in excess of this amount shall be
considered as excess water and must be removed by aeration or other suitable
means as directed by the Engineer. Satisfactory methods and sufficient equipment
shall be used for the furnishing and handling of the water so that there will be no
undue loss due to evaporating or waste. If water is added to cut areas or borrow
pits, the surfaces of the areas or pits shall be maintained in such a manner that will
prevent undue loss of moisture.
From other than the results of the Moisture Content test, the moisture content
of the soil being compacted shall be considered as being too high to insure
compaction when, after repeated rollings with the sheepsfoot roller, the roller
continues to pick up excessive amounts of soil and refuses to "build up" so that the
tamping foot eventually ride the compacted surface.
When other types of rollers are used, the moisture content of the soil shall be
considered as excessive when "bridging" or "building up" of the soil occurs in front
of, or behind the rear wheels of such rollers, and/or when earth hauling equipment
produces excessive ruts in the rolled surfaces.
58
Lift thickness
Compaction
Classification
Embankment Finishing Tolerances and Requirement
Acceptance
59
60
61
62
There will be no adjustment in contract unit prices nor will claims for additional
payment be considered based on erroneous assumptions or representations to the
contraction of excavated or imported materials, or the suitability of those materials
for use in the embankment, regardless whether the assumptions or representations
were made by the Ministry, its representatives, or any other responsible persons.
There will be no separate payment for foundation treatment or compaction of
materials in their original position or for Work specifically included for payment under
other items of Work.
2.05.9 Payment. The amount of authorized, completed and accepted Work,
measured as provided above, will be paid for at the contract unit price per cubic
meter for Embankment, as shown in the Bill of Quantities, which price(s) shall be full
compensation for all materials, labor, equipment, tools, and all other items necessary
for the proper completion of the Work including all surveying and quantity
computations as specified in Subsection 1.07.2, "Scope of Payment," in these
General Specifications. A ten percent (10%) retent will be held by the Engineer on
each section of Embankment until the roadbed and slopes have been finished,
trimmed and compacted.
PAYMENT
ITEM NO.
20501
PAY UNIT
Cubic Meter
63
64
2.06.3 Construction.
2.06.3.1 Equipment. The Contractor shall provide all types, sizes and numbers of
equipment which are necessary for handling, mixing, loading, hauling, spreading,
watering, compacting and finishing material to form the subgrade layer in
accordance with the plans, the special specifications, this specification and as
directed by the Engineer.
2.06.3.2 Imported Borrow Material. The Contractor may use imported borrow
material to complete the subgrade layer to the lines, grades and cross sections
shown on the plans, specified in the Special Specifications and as staked by the
Engineer.
Imported borrow material includes material taken from borrow sites, whether or not
shown on the plans or described in the Special Specifications and from the widening
of cuts when said widening is approved by the Engineer in writing.
Borrow sites shall not be located so that any edge is closer than three
hundred (300) meters from embankment toe of slope unless otherwise shown on the
plans, specified in the Special Specifications or approved by the Engineer.
Borrow material shall not be taken from any site within five hundred (500)
meters downstream of a drainage structure unless approved by the Engineer in
writing. Such borrow sites shall be backfilled and compacted, as directed by the
Engineer, at the Contractors expense.
The Contractor may only import borrow materials from sites outside the right
of way. All such imported borrow shall be arranged by the Contractor at his sole and
exclusive cost. When the Contractor proposes to import borrow material from public
or private property he shall obtain the consent of the public agency or private owners
and present said consent agreement to the Engineer prior to beginning removal.
The Contractor shall perform preliminary testing of all proposed sources of
imported material for subgrade. The preliminary testing shall consist of test pits
and/or borings and testing of samples. This testing shall include, at the minimum,
the following tests for each soil or rock strata in each proposed source:
1.
2.
3.
The Contractor shall furnish all test data to the Engineer at least two (2)
weeks prior to taking material from the site and request preliminary approval from the
Engineer to use the borrow site. The Engineer shall review the test information and
accept or reject the Contractors request in writing. Final approval of the material
shall be based on acceptance samples taken from each layer of
subgrade.
65
Before abandoning any borrow site located on public or private property, the
Contractor shall, at his sole expense, clean and trim the borrow site, haul roads and
all areas occupied during the work, all to the satisfaction of the Engineer and
property owner. Borrow sites shall present a neat and workmanlike natural
appearance and all edges shall be trimmed to slope no steeper than one vertical to
four horizontal (1 V to 4 H).
2.06.3.3 Placement of Materials. The Contractor shall have in operation a
sufficient number of motor graders or tractors to properly smooth and maintain the
surface of each layer of freshly placed subgrade prior to and during rolling and
compacting operations.
When it is feasible, trucks, scrapers, tractors or other heavy hauling
equipment shall be routed over the subgrade in such a manner to take advantage of
the compaction afforded thereby. The Engineer shall have full authority to require at
any time, the suspension of delivery of subgrade material until previously delivered
materials are properly placed and preceding layers are satisfactorily smooth,
uniformly compacted, and tested.
2.06.3.4 Subgrade Drainage and Slope Stability. At the end of each day's
operation, the Contractor will shape and compact to a uniform enough cross section
that will allow the surface of the subgrade allow water to drain. Dikes and slope
drains shall be constructed and maintained along the subgrade edges to prevent
water from spilling over the edge and eroding the side slopes.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability of all subgrade lifts and
shall replace all sections of same which, in the opinion of the Engineer, have been
damaged or displaced (slumped or slid) due to carelessness or neglect on the part of
the Contractor, or due to normally occurring natural causes, such as erosion caused
by wind or water, and not due to the unavoidable movement of the embankment
upon which the subgrade is placed. When unacceptable material has been placed in
the subgrade, its removal shall be at the expense of the Contractor.
2.06.3.5 Subgrade on Existing Road Surfaces. When an existing road surface
is shown on the plans, or directed by the Engineer, to be used as subgrade, the
adjustment of the elevation on which the subbase or base is to be placed shall be
made by a bituminous concrete leveling course constructed in accordance with the
details shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer and complying with
Section 4.05, "Bituminous Concrete Pavement," in these General Specifications.
When the width of the subgrade of that road under construction is greater
than the surface width of the existing roadway, that part of the subgrade which falls
on the surface of the existing road surface shall be constructed according to this
subparagraph, and that part of the subgrade which falls outside the limits of the
existing road surface shall be constructed as new construction and shall meet all
the requirements thereof.
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2.06.3.6 Subgrade In Earth Cuts. The depth of subgrade in earth cuts shall be
thirty (30) centimeters. The material shall be Class A-1 -a(O), A-1 -b(O), or A-2-a(O)
as determined by MRDTM 21 0, and shall meet a minimum soaked CBR of twentyfive (25) as determined by MRDTM 213 when compacted to the specified density. If
the natural material in the cut meets these requirements, then the top fifteen (1 5)
centimeters shall be removed. The bottom fifteen (15) centimeters shall be scarified,
brought to a uniform moisture content within the specified range, and compacted to
ninety-eight percent (98%) of maximum dry density. The top fifteen (1 5) centimeters
shall be replaced with the same or equivalent material, brought to a uniform moisture
content within the specified range, and compacted to the specified density.
If the natural material in the cut does not meet the above requirements for
subgrade, then the subgrade shall be subexcavated to a depth of thirty (30)
centimeters unless additional excavation is ordered by the Engineer. The twenty
(20) centimeters below the excavated area shall be scarified, brought to a uniform
moisture content within the specified range, and compacted to Type 95 density. The
excavated material shall be replaced with material meeting the requirements of
Class A-1 -1 (0), A-1 -b(O), or A-2-4(0), with a minimum soaked CBR of twenty-five
(25) at the maximum specified density. The replacement material shall be brought to
uniform moisture content within the specified range and compacted in two (2)
approximately equal layers to ninety-eight percent (98%) of maximum dry density.
2.06.3.7 Subgrade in Rock Cuts. When a cut area is identified by the Engineer
as rock for purposes of subgrade preparation, the area shall be undercut to a depth
of thirty (30) centimeters below top of subgrade. The material excavated shall be
placed in embankments or disposed of as approved by the Engineer if there is a
surplus of embankment material. Care shall be taken that undrained pockets shall
not be left in the surface of the rock. Coarse aggregate material complying with the
requirements of AASHTO M43 - Sizes of Aggregates for Road and Bridge
Construction - Size numbers one (1) through four hundred sixty-seven (467) shall be
placed in the pockets or in the undercut rock surface and consolidated. After
consolidation, the undercut subgrade surface shall be in substantial compliance with
the grade and typical section shown on the plans. Placement and consolidation of
the coarse aggregate is required to fill the voids and irregularities left in the subgrade
from the Contractors excavation operation. This operation will be considered
subsidiary to the Excavation Item and the Contractor shall not receive additional
compensation for this Work.
The excavated material shall be replaced with material meeting the requirements
of Class A-1 -1 (0), A-1 -b(O), or A-2-4(0), with a minimum soaked CBR of twentyfive (25) at the maximum specified density. The material shall be brought to uniform
moisture content within the specified range and compacted in two (2) approximately
equal layers to ninety-eight percent (98%) of maximum dry density.
67
Thickness
Compaction
Classification Maximum Particle Size and CBR
Subgrade Finishing Tolerances and Requirements
Acceptance
2.06.4.1 Thickness. The thickness of each lot of subgrade complete as placed and
compacted, shall be measured from test holes obtained at a minimum of five (5)
random locations within the lot. The thickness of each hole shall be determined after
it is determined that the compacted density is acceptable. The average of the test
hole thickness shall be reported as the thickness of the lot.
A lot shall be accepted when the average total thickness is not less than the
Plan thickness.
Any lot of subgrade with an average thickness less than the Plan thickness
but resulting in a reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher determined in accordance with
Subsection 1.08.5, "Statistical Evaluation of Work for Acceptance and Determination
of Pay Factor (Value of Work)," in these General Specifications may be accepted on
the basis of reduced payment if requested in writing by the Contractor. Otherwise,
the said lot thickness shall be increased as specified in the following paragraph.
68
When the average thickness of a lot of subgrade is less than the plan
thickness by an amount resulting in a reduced pay factor below 0.75 the Contractor,
at his own expense, shall place and remix additional subgrade material with the
original subgrade material and recompact before new test holes are dug.
2.06.4.2 Compaction. Subgrade materials shall be compacted to the percent of
maximum density detailed in Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift Thickness and Compaction
Requirements," in these General Specifications.
The compacted density for each layer of subgrade shall be determined by the
sand cone method, MRDTM 215, or by nuclear method, MRDTM 218, using full
depth penetration, at the option of the Engineer.
When the sand cone method is used, unless otherwise stated in the Special
Specifications, the tests shall be made at a minimum of five (5) randomly selected
locations in each lot.
When the nuclear method is used, unless otherwise stated in the Special
Specifications, the test shall be made at a minimum of eight (8) randomly selected
locations in each lot. Three (3) nuclear gauge readings shall be made at each test
location within a radius of two (2) meters. The three (3) readings shall be averaged
and the average considered to be the density for that test location.
Percent relative compaction shall be computed by comparing the average
actual in-place compacted density from the nuclear gauge or sand cone test results
with the maximum density determined by MRDTM 212. For example, MRDTM 212
maximum density shall be determined from samples of embankment at a sampling
frequency of one (1) test per three (3) lots. The maximum density used for
determining percent compaction shall be the running average for three (3)
consecutive tests.
Any lot of subgrade that has a percent relative compaction below the
minimum percent compaction specified in Subsection 2.05.4 "Lift Thickness and
Compaction Requirements" in these General Specifications, resulting in a reduced
pay factor of 0.75 or higher may be accepted on the basis of a reduced payment if
requested in writing by the Contractor. Otherwise the said lot shall be removed and
replaced by the Contractor at his expense. Lots that have percent relative
compaction resulting in a reduced pay factor less than 0.75 shall be removed and
replaced by the Contractor at his expense.
2.06.4.3 Classification, Maximum Particle Size and CBR. Classification and
CBR including gradation, plastic limit and liquid limit will be sampled, tested, and
evaluated on the results of a minimum of one (1) test result per lot for the first three
(3) lots and then one (1) test result for every fifth lot when changes in the material
properties are suspected by the Contractor or the Engineer. Maximum particle size
shall be determined by screening the entire sample as received over a ten (1 0)
centimeter square screen. The weight retained on the ten (1 0) centimeter screen
shall be recorded.
69
A lot will be accepted when all the classifications and maximum particle size
tests representing that lot are as specified in Subsection 2.06.2, "Materials," in these
General Specifications.
2.06.4.4 Finishing Tolerances and Requirements. Quality Assurance measuring
or testing shall involve verification that the subgrade is constructed, timely finished
and trimmed in a neat, workmanlike manner to the lines, grades and typical cross
sections shown on the Plans or staked by the Engineer within the following
tolerances and deadlines:
1. Subgrade slopes shall be constructed in conformance with the lines and
grades established by the Engineer. The completed slopes shall not vary more than
one (1) centimeter from the designated slope measured at right angles to the slope.
2. Finished Grade of Subgrade. The elevation of the top of subgrade surface
shall be checked under the supervision of the Engineer. Each cross section shall be
checked at each change in cross slope and intermediate points as directed. Cross
sections shall be established at maximum intervals of twenty-five (25) meters with
additional sections as directed by the Engineer. The allowable tolerances for the
finished grade of the top of subgrade are as follows:
(1)
When bituminous concrete or bituminous concrete base is to directly
be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall not vary
more than one (1) centimeter above or below the grade established by the Engineer.
(2)
When subbase or base material (other than bituminous concrete base)
is to be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall not
vary more than two (2) centimeters above or below the grade established by the
Engineer.
2.06.4.5 Acceptance. Subgrade construction including classification, maximum
particle size, California Bearing Ratio and finishing tolerances and requirements shall
be accepted under Subsection 1.08.4, "Measured or Tested Conformance," in these
General Specifications.
Compaction and thickness will be accepted under Subsection 1.08.5,
"Statistical Evaluation of Work for Acceptance and Determination of Pay Factor
(Value of Work)," in two (2) stages as follows: The first stage shall be the selection of
the pay factor for the quality of the subgrade relating to compaction. The second
stage involves the selection of a quantity pay factor based on the thickness of the
subgrade. The reduced thickness pay factor for the lower courses of multiple layer
courses will be applied provisionally based on the results of the depths of the holes
dug in the lower layers. Additional holes will be dug in the total depth of all subgrade
layers within the lot represented by lower layer reduced thickness pay factors. If the
total thickness depths show that the increased upper level layer thickness has
resulted in total thickness acceptability, the lower level layer reduced thickness pay
factor will be adjusted accordingly. The second stage thickness quantity pay factor
will be applied to all the individual course lots in addition to the first stage quality pay
factor.
70
71
There will be no adjustment in contract unit price(s) nor will claims for
additional payment be considered based on erroneous assumptions or
representations to the contraction of excavated or imported materials, or the
suitability of those materials for use in the subgrade, regardless whether the
assumptions or representations were made by the Ministry, its representatives, or
any other responsible persons.
2.06.7 Payment. The amount of authorized, completed, and accepted subgrade
Work, measured as provided above, will be paid for at the contract unit price(s) per
cubic meter for Subgrade as shown in the Bill of Quantities, which price(s) shall be
full compensation for all loading, hauling and the proper formation of subgrade,
trimming of slopes, cleanup, preparation, compaction and completion of subgrade
including shoulder areas, except as otherwise provided, and all other items
necessary for the proper completion of the Work as specified in Subsection 1.07.2,
"Scope of Payment," in these General Specifications, including all surveying and
quantity computations.
The amount of completed and accepted Work for Subgrade Preparation,
measured as provided above, will be paid for at the unit price bid per square meter
for such item, appearing in the Bill of Quantities, which price shall be full
compensation for all that is necessary for proper completion as specified in
subsection 1.07.2 'Scope of Payment' in these General Specifications.
PAYMENT WILL BE MADE UNDER:
ITEM NO.
20601
20602
PAY ITEM
Subgrade
Subgrade Preparation
72
PAY UNIT
Cubic Meter
Square Meter
NOTE: The requirements listed above shall not be interpreted to prohibit use of a
single item of equipment that will scarify, pulverize, add water and mix to the depths
specified.
6. Compacting Equipment as specified in Paragraph 2.07.4.4, "Compaction and
Finishing" in these General Specifications.
7. Bituminous Material Distributor as
"Equipment" in these General Specifications.
specified
in
Subsection
4.02.4,
The Engineer shall consider the equipment proposed, approve that which will
produce the results specified and require the Contractor to provide such other
equipment as may be needed. At any time during construction activities, if the work
performed by the Con-tractor fails to conform to specified requirements, the Engineer
shall order changes in equipment, construction methods or both.
73
2.07.3 Materials.
2.07.3.1 Lime. Lime shall be a commercial dry hydrated lime or granular or
palletized quicklime conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 51. When sampled
on delivery to the project, the lime shall conform to the following gradation and
quality requirements:
GRADATION
Sieve Size
19 mm (% inch)
No. 30
No. 100
No. 200
Test Method
Percent Passing
Hydrated Lime
100
95-100
75-100
ASTM C 110
(Dry sieving only)
Quicklime
100
30-100
ASTM C 136
Hydrated lime shall contain not less than eighty-five percent (85%) calcium
hydroxide Ca(OH)2, as determined by ASTM C 25.
Quicklime shall contain not less than ninety-four percent (94%) total available
calcium oxide and magnesium oxide (CaO + MgO) and not less than ninety percent
(90%) total available calcium oxide (CaO) as determined by ASTM C 25.
Lime from more than one (1) source or more than one (1) type of lime may be
used on the same project, but the different limes shall not be mixed. The lime shall
be protected from exposure to moisture until used and shall be sufficiently dry to flow
freely when handled.
The supplier of lime shall provide a written Certificate of Guarantee stating
that the lime conforms to the requirements of this section. A certified copy of
shipping weight shall be submitted to the Engineer with each delivery of lime.
2.07.3.2 Water. Water used for mixing shall be capable of producing the specified
lime treated material as confirmed by laboratory testing and shall be approved by the
Engineer.
2.07.3.3 Bituminous Curing Seal. Bituminous material for curing seal shall be
SS-1 h or CSS-1h conforming to the requirements specified in Section 4. 01,
"Bituminous Materials" in these General Specifications.
2.07.4 Construction Requirements.
2.07.4.1 Preparation of Roadbed. In-place material to be lime treated shall be
scarified and thoroughly broken up for the full roadway width. The material to be
treated shall contain no rocks or clods larger than six (6) centimeters in greatest
dimension. The depth to be scarified shall be as specified in the Plans or Special
Specifications. The lime, water and in-place material shall be mixed and compacted
74
to the full scarified depth. The thickness of lime treated subgrade layer shall not be
more than two (2) centimeters less than the planned and staked thickness.
If the mixing machine to be used requires that the material be windrowed, the
windrows shall be of uniform cross section and limited to such size that all the
material will pass through the mixer at each operation. Otherwise, the material shall
be shaped to the required line, grade and cross section before application of lime
and mixing.
2.07.4.2 Application of Lime. Lime shall be added to the material to be treated at
a rate not varying more than ten percent (1 0%) from the rate specified in the Special
Specifications. The equipment used to distribute the lime shall be capable of
uniformly distributing the required amount of lime for the full width of the pass within
this tolerance.
Lime or lime treated material shall not be spread or mixed when the
temperature is less than five degrees Celsius (5' C) in the shade, or when conditions
are such at the temperature will fall below five degrees Celsius (50 C) within twentyfour (24) hours.
The area on which the lime may be spread ahead of the mixing operation
shall be limited to that which the Contractor demonstrates he is capable of
thoroughly mixing by the end of the working day.
No traffic other than water trucks and mixing equipment shall be allowed on
the lime treated material until after completion of all mixing.
2.07.4.3 Mixing. The soil and lime shall be uniformly mixed with approved
equipment. Water shall be applied and mixed to produce a moisture content which is
uniform throughout the depth being mixed within two (2) percentage points of the
optimum moisture content required for compaction. The optimum moisture content
shall be established by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.
Mixing and remixing operations shall continue until the material is uniformly
mixed and free of streaks or pockets of lime. The final mixture shall not contain
more than five percent (5%), by dry weight, untreated soil clods larger than three (3)
centimeters in diameter.
The lime treated material, after the initial mixing operations and before
compaction, shall be allowed to cure for a period between twenty-four (24) to forty
eight (48) hours as determined by the Engineer.
If quicklime is used for subgrade treatment, sufficient water shall be added
prior to or during the initial mixing operation to slake all of the quicklime.
When lime treated subgrade is required to be reworked more than seven (7)
days after original compaction is completed, an additional two percent (2%) lime
shall be uniformly incorporated into the mixture.
75
2.07.4.4 Compaction and Finishing. The treated mixture, after curing, shall be
spread to the lines, grades and thickness shown on the plans or specified in the
special specifications.
The thickness of a compacted layer shall not exceed thirty (30) centimeters.
When the required thickness is more than thirty (30) centimeters, the mixture shall
be spread and compacted in two (2) or more layers of approximately equal
thickness. Optimum moisture content shall be maintained by watering during the
spreading and compacting process. Unless otherwise stated in the special
specifications, the lime treated subgrade shall be compacted to a dry density not less
than ninety-five percent (95%) of the maximum density determined by MRDTM 212.
Initial compaction shall be by grid, segmented or peg rollers.
Final
compaction shall be accomplished by a minimum of two (2) coverages with a steel
drum or pneumatic roller. Areas inaccessible to rollers shall be compacted as
specified by tamping using equipment selected by the Contractor and acceptable to
the Engineer.
The lime treated subgrade shall be completed to the grades shown on the
plans within a tolerance of +/- two (2) centimeters.
2.07.4.5 Curing. The surface of the lime treated subgrade shall be kept moist until
covered by another layer of lime treated subgrade or until a bituminous curing seal is
placed. The bituminous curing seal shall be applied at a rate between one half (0.5)
and one (1.0) liters per square meter. The curing seal shall be applied within one (1)
hour after completion of final compaction along any portion of the roadbed having a
length of two hundred and fifty (250) meters. Curing seal shall be applied when air
temperatures are above five degrees Celsius (5' C).
Additional applications of curing seal shall be applied as necessary to
maintain a uniform, complete film of bituminous material on the lime treated
subgrade for at least seventy-two (72) hours).
No equipment or traffic will be allowed on the bituminous curing seal for at
least seventy-two (72) hours after application of the curing seal. Subsequent layers
of subbase, base or bituminous surfacing shall be placed within ten (10) days after
application of the curing seal.
2.07.4.6 Safety Requirements. The Contractor shall prepare a program for safety
of construction personnel and the public and present it to the Engineer prior to the
beginning of lime treatment operations. The program shall include training of
construction personnel, provision of safety equipment for protection of body, eyes
and nasal passages. A suitable first aid kit shall be available at the work site at all
times when lime spreading and mixing is in progress. No work shall begin until the
Engineer has received the safety program and approved it. During construction
operations the Contractor shall enforce all safety regulations and require the use of
safety equipment. When the Contractor fails to enforce all safety requirements,
construction activities shall cease.
76
Thickness
Compaction
Classification Maximum Particle Size and CBR
Finishing Tolerances and Requirements
Lime
Acceptance
2.07.5.1 Thickness. The thickness of each lot of lime treated subgrade complete
as placed and compacted, shall be measured from test holes obtained at a minimum
of five (5) random locations within the lot. The thickness of each hole shall be
determined after it is determined that the compacted density is acceptable. The
average of the test hole thickness shall be reported as the thickness of the lot.
A lot shall be accepted when the average total thickness is not less than the
Plan thickness.
Any lot of lime treated subgrade with an average thickness less than the Plan
thickness but resulting in a reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher determined in
accordance with Subsection 1.08.5, "Statistical Evaluation of Work for Acceptance
and Determination of Pay Factor (Value of Work)," in these General Specifications
may be accepted on the basis of reduced payment if requested in writing by the
Contractor. Otherwise the said lot thickness shall be increased as specified in the
following paragraph.
When the average thickness of a lot of subgrade is less than the plan
thickness by an amount resulting in a reduced pay factor below 0.75 the Contractor,
at his own expense, shall place and remix additional lime treated subgrade material
with the original subgrade material and recompact before new test holes are dug.
77
78
A lot will be accepted when all the classifications and maximum particle size
tests representing that lot are as specified in Subsection 2.07.2, "Materials," in these
General Specifications.
2.07.5.4 Finishing Tolerances and Requirements. Quality Assurance measuring
or testing shall involve verification that the lime treated subgrade is constructed,
timely finished and trimmed in a neat, workmanlike manner to the lines, grades and
typical cross sections shown on the Plans or staked by the Engineer within the
following tolerances and deadlines:
1.
Lime treated subgrade slopes shall be constructed in conformance with the
lines and grades established by the Engineer. The completed slopes shall not vary
more than one (1) centimeter from the designated slope measured at right angles to
the slope.
2.
Finished Grade of Lime Treated Subgrade. The elevation of the top of lime
treated subgrade surface shall be checked under the supervision of the Engineer.
Each cross section shall be checked at each change in cross slope and intermediate
points as directed. Cross sections shall be established at maximum intervals of
twenty-five (25) meters with additional sections as directed by the Engineer. The
allowable tolerances for the finished grade of the top of subgrade are as follows:
(1)
When bituminous concrete or bituminous concrete base is to directly
be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall not vary
more than one (1) centimeter above or below the grade established by the Engineer.
(2)
When subbase or base material (other than bituminous concrete base)
is to be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall not
vary more than two (2) centimeters above or below the grade established by the
Engineer.
2.07.5.5 Lime. The lime shall conform to the gradation and quality requirements in
Paragraph 2.07.3.1, "Lime," in these General Specifications based upon Certificates
of Compliance delivered with each load of lime.
2.07.5.6 Acceptance. Lime treated subgrade construction including classification,
maximum particle size, California Bearing Ratio, lime, and finishing tolerances and
requirements shall be accepted under Section 1.08.4, "Measured or Tested
Conformance," in these General Specifications.
Lime shall be accepted under Subsection
Compliance," in these General Specifications.
1.08.3,
"Certification
of
79
results of the depths of the holes dug in the lower layers. Additional holes will be dug
in the total depth of all lime treated subgrade layers within the lot represented by
lower layer reduced thickness pay factors. If the total thickness depths show that the
increased upper level layer thickness has resulted in total thickness acceptability, the
lower level layer reduced thickness pay factor will be adjusted accordingly. The
second stage thickness quantity pay factor will be applied to all the individual course
lots in addition to the first stage quality pay factor.
2.07.6 Method of Measurement. The accepted lime treated subgrade shall be
measured in cubic meters based on dimensions shown on the plans or as ordered
by the Engineer. The amount of Lime incorporated into the measured and accepted
quantity of lime treated subgrade shall be measured in tons. No measurement shall
be made for materials placed outside authorized limits.
2.07.7
Payment. Lime treated subgrade shall be paid for at the contract unit
price(s) per cubic meter for Lime Treated Subgrade and per ton for Lime as listed
in the Bill of Quantities.
Such payment shall be full compensation for furnishing materials, labor,
equipment, tools and all incidentals necessary for the proper completion of the work
as specified in Subsection 1.07.2, "Scope of Payment," in these General
Specifications.
PAYMENT WILL BE MADE UNDER ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING:
ITEM NO.
20701
PAY ITEM
Lime Treated Subgrade
80
PAY UNIT
Cubic Meter
2.
3.
Density of the mixture at the recommended cement and water content based
on MRDTM 212.
81
4.
Retarder or other additive used in the design mix and proportions of each
based on the dry weight of aggregate.
In addition, thirty (30) days prior to the production of mixture, the Contractor shall
furnish the Engineer the following quantities of materials proposed for use in the
mixture:
1. Aggregate
2. Cement
through the mixer in each operation. Otherwise the material shall be shaped to the
required line, grade, and cross-section before applying the cement and mixing.
2.08.7.2 Application of the Cement. Cement shall be added to the material to be
treated at the rate specified or as determined from the approved design mix. The
actual application rate shall not vary by more than ten percent (10%) of the specified
rate. The equipment used to distribute the cement shall be as approved by the
Engineer and it shall be capable of uniformly distributing the required amount of
cement for the full width of the pass.
The area upon which cement is spread shall be limited to that which the
contractor can thoroughly mix and compact by the end of each one-half (1/2) work
shift.
2.08.7.3 Mixing. Mixing shall be accomplished with a traveling pugmill or a single
or multiple transverse shaft mixer as approved by the Engineer. Mixers shall be
equipped with a system capable of introducing water at a controlled rate during
mixing and be capable of producing a completed mixture with a uniform moisture
content. The moisture content of the completed mixture shall be within two
percentage points of the optimum moisture content of the material being treated as
determined by MRDTM 212.
The in-place material and cement shall be mixed such that cement balls are
prevented from forming when water is added. Mixing shall be continued until the
mixture is uniform and at the required moisture content.
2.08.7.4 Compacting and Finishing. The thickness of a compacted layer shall
not exceed twenty (20) centimeters. The moisture content shall be maintained as
necessary to achieve specified compaction. Unless specified otherwise, the cement
treated material shall be compacted to a density of not less ninety-five percent (95%)
percent of the maximum density as determined by MRDTM 212.
Initial compaction shall be accomplished with a sheepsfoot or grid rollers.
Final compaction shall be accomplished with steel wheel or pneumatic tired rollers.
Areas inaccessible to rollers shall be compacted to the required density as approved
by the Engineer.
The cement treated subgrade shall be finished to a reasonably smooth and ,
uniform surface and in reasonably close conformity to the lines, grades, dimensions,
and cross-sections shown on the project plans or established by the Engineer. The
surface of the treated subgrade shall not vary by more than two (2) centimeters
above or below the specified grade.
Damage to cement treated subgrade which occurs as a result of the
Contractors activities shall be promptly repaired by the Contractor at his expense.
83
2.08.7.5 Operation Time Requirement. The Contractor shall furnish and operate
sufficient equipment or limit the area of work in progress so that not more than one
(1) hour shall elapse between the time water is added to the in-place materials and
cement and the time to Completion of the final compaction after trimming, unless
otherwise approved by the Engineer.
2.08.8 Curing. The surface of cement treated subgrade shall be kept moist until a
curing seal is applied. Bituminous curing seal shall be applied uniformly at a rate
between one-half (0.50) and one (1.0) liter per square meter of surface. The curing
seal shall be applied on the same day that final compaction is performed and as
soon after the final compaction as is practicable.
After the curing seal has been applied, the cement treated subgrade shall be
kept free from traffic for a period of at least three (3) days.
Any damage to the curing seal or the cement treated subgrade shall be
promptly repaired by the contractor, at his expense and as directed by the Engineer,
until a subsequent subbase, base, or pavement course is placed over the cement
treated subgrade.
2.08.9 Quality Assurance Procedures. Cement treated subgrade shall be
accepted by lot. Unless otherwise stated in the Special Specifications. The lot shall
consist of five thousand (5,000) square meters constructed in accordance with the lift
thickness requirements specified in Subsection 2.05.4, "Lift Thickness and
Compaction Requirements," in these General Specifications. The cement treated
subgrade shall be sampled, tested and evaluated in accordance with Section 1.08,
"Acceptance," in these General Specifications. The Engineer may, during the
beginning of placement of cement treated subgrade, at times when test results
indicate erratic characteristics and at any other time, reduce the lot size to sections
of embankment with similar quality characteristics. This should facilitate the isolation
and modification or replacement of low-quality materials with materials of acceptable
quality to maintain the overall strength of the subgrade.
The Engineer shall perform or supervise the performance of all quality
assurance sampling and testing. The location of all samples and tests shall be
recorded by roadway, at embankment height, centerline station (kilometer) and
offset. Quality assurance testing for each lot shall include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Thickness
Compaction
Classification Maximum Particle Size and CBR
Subgrade Finishing Tolerances and Requirements
Cement
Acceptance
84
85
in a reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher may be accepted on the basis of a reduced
payment if requested in writing by the Contractor. Otherwise the said lot shall be
removed and replaced by the Contractor at his expense. Lots that have percent
relative compaction resulting in a reduced pay factor less than 0.75 shall be removed
and replaced by the Contractor at his expense.
When requested, the cement treated subgrade lift may be accepted on the
basis of reduced pay factor of 0.75 or higher in accordance with Subsection 1.08.5,
"Statistical Evaluation of Work for Acceptance and Determination of Pay Factor
(Value of Work)," in these General Specifications.
2.08.9.3 Classification, Maximum Particle Size and CBR. Classification and
CBR including gradation, plastic limit and liquid limit will be sampled, tested, and
evaluated on the results of a minimum of one (1) test result per lot for the first three
(3) lots and then one (1) test result for every fifth lot when changes in the material
properties are suspected by the Contractor or the Engineer. Maximum particle size
shall be determined by screening the entire sample as received over a ten (1 0)
centimeter square screen. The weight retained on the ten (1 0) centimeter screen
shall be recorded.
A lot will be accepted when all the classifications and maximum particle size
tests representing that lot are as specified in Subsection 2.08.2 "Materials" in these
General Specifications.
2.08.9.4 Finishing Tolerances and Requirements. Quality Assurance measuring
or testing shall involve verification that the cement treated subgrade is constructed,
timely finished and trimmed in a neat, workmanlike manner to the lines, grades and
typical cross sections shown on the Plans or staked by the Engineer within the
following tolerances and deadlines:
1.
Cement treated subgrade slopes shall be constructed in conformance
with the lines and grades established by the Engineer. The completed slopes shall
not vary more than one (1) centimeter from the designated slope measured at right
angles to the slope.
2.
Finished Grade of Cement Treated Subgrade. The elevation of the top
of cement treated subgrade surface shall be checked under the supervision of the
Engineer. Each cross section shall be checked at each change in cross slope and
intermediate points as directed. Cross sections shall be established at maximum
intervals of twenty-five (25) meters with additional sections as directed by the
Engineer. The allowable tolerances for the finished grade of the top of subgrade are
as follows:
(1)
When bituminous concrete or bituminous concrete base is to
directly be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall
not vary more than one (1) centimeter above or below the grade established by the
Engineer.
(2)
When subbase or base material (other than bituminous concrete
base) is to be placed on the subgrade, the finished top of subgrade at any point shall
86
not vary more than two (2) centimeters above or below the grade established by the
Engineer.
2.08.9.5 Cement. The cement and other miscellaneous materials shall conform to
the requirements in Subsection 2.08.2, "Materials," in these General Specifications
based upon Certificates of Compliance delivered with each shipment.
2.08.9.6 Acceptance.
Cement treated subgrade construction including
classification, maximum particle size, California Bearing Ratio and finishing
tolerances and requirements shall be accepted under Subsection 1.08.4, "Measured
or Tested Conformance," in these General Specifications.
Cement shall be accepted under Subsection 1.08.3, "Certification of
Compliance," in these General Specifications.
Compaction and thickness will be accepted under Subsection 1.08.5,
"Statistical Evaluation of Work for Acceptance and Determination of Pay Factor
(Value of Work)," in two (2) stages as follows: The first stage shall be the selection of
the pay factor for the quality of the cement treated subgrade relating to compaction.
The second stage involves the selection of a quantity pay factor based on the
thickness of the cement treated subgrade. The reduced thickness pay factor for the
lower courses of multiple layer courses will be applied provisionally based on the
results of the depths of the holes dug in the lower layers. Additional holes will be dug
in the total depth of all cement treated subgrade layers within the lot represented by
lower layer reduced thickness pay factors. If the total thickness depths show that the
increased upper level layer thickness has resulted in total thickness acceptability, the
lower level layer reduced thickness pay factor will be adjusted accordingly. The
second stage thickness quantity pay factor will be applied to all the individual course
lots in addition to the first stage quality pay factor.
2.08.10 Method of Measurement. Cement treated subgrade will be measured by
the cubic meter, as placed and compacted to the specified thickness and within the
lines and grades shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer. The amount of
cement incorporated into the measured and accepted quantities of cement treated
subgrade shall be measured in tons. No measurement shall be made for material
placed outside authorized limits.
87
PAY ITEM
Cement Treated Subgrade
Cement
88
PAY UNIT
Cubic Meter
Ton
89
90
91
2.09.2.4 Foundation Pits. When no piles are used and structures are to rest on an
excavated surface other than rock, the following shall apply:
The Contractor may excavate in open pits when:
1.
2.
3.
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93
After the concrete seal course has set, the cofferdam shall be cleared of water
and construction of the structure completed in the dry.
All materials used in the construction and bracing of shoring, cribbing and
cofferdams shall be removed to the natural bed of the waterway or one (1) meter
below finished ground line.
2.09.2.7 Scheduling Excavation for Structures. The Contractor shall so
schedule the work that no excavation will be left in an exposed condition for a period
greater than thirty (30) days unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. If the
Contractor fails to meet this requirements, the Engineer will order the Contractor to
suspend further structural excavation until the Contractors progress enables him to
meet the requirement.
In areas where the excavation is adjacent to public roads and walkways, no
excavation shall be scheduled to be left in an exposed condition more than fourteen
(14) days unless otherwise approved by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall schedule roadway excavation and embankment work
and drainage work so that they complement each other. If the Contractors earth
work progress exceeds the progress of the drainage work to the point where the
roadway becomes a dam to cross drainage, the Engineer will order the Contractor to
open adequate waterways through the roadway at the locations where drainage
structures are to be installed. Any damage to the roadway caused by water passing
through these openings shall be repaired at the Contractors expense.
2.09.3 Materials.
2.09.3.1 General. When the foundation material under Structures other than
Bridges is of an unstable nature, the Engineer may direct in writing that the
foundation be improved by excavating below the required elevation, and backfilling
with gravel or crushed stone, slurry cement, combinations of stone and slurry cement
or other suitable material approved by the Engineer.
Completed structures shall be backfilled with material free from spongy or
vegetable substances and rock or broken concrete over eight (8) centimeters in the
greatest dimension. When pervious backfill is shown on the plans or specified,
backfill material shall conform to the requirements in this section. Slurry cement
backfill may be placed to backfill structures when requested by the Contractor and
approved by the Engineer. No additional compensation shall be allowed when slurry
cement backfill is requested by the Contractor and placed in lieu of other acceptable
backfill material.
2.09.3.2 Foundation Material. Material excavated from the roadway, borrow pits,
structure foundation or produced by processing shall be used in preparing the
foundation for structures when it conforms to the following requirements:
1. Material classified by AASHTO M-145 as A-1-a(O), A-1-b(O) or A-2-4(0) and
no rock fragment larger than eight (8) centimeters.
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Aggregate.
Percentage
Passing
100
80-100
60-100
50-100
35-70
5-20
Sieve Size
62.5 mm (1 inch)
50 mm (1 inch)
19 mm (% inch)
9.5 mm (3/a inch)
4.75 mm (No. 4)
0. 1 50 mm (No. 100)
(2)
(3)
(4)
95
Percentage
Passing
100
0-100
0-8
0-4
96
Backfill at the inside of bridge wingwalls and abutments shall be placed before
curbs or sidewalks are constructed over the backfill and before railings on the
wingwalls are constructed.
Pervious backfill material shall be placed in layers along with and by the same
methods specified for structure backfill. Pervious material at one (1) location shall be
approximately the same grading.
Slurry cement backfill shall be placed in uniform horizontal layers not
exceeding one (1) meter in depth. Unless otherwise approved by the Engineer, the
slurry shall be compacted with internal vibrators. Backfilling over or placing any
material over slurry cement shall not commence until four (4) hours after the slurry
cement backfill has been placed.
The cells formed by crib members of crib walls and the space between the
crib wall and the limits designated for foundation excavation, as shown on the plans
or specified in the special specifications, including any material being removed
outside said limits, shall be backfilled with material conforming to the following
gradations, quality and placement requirements:
1. Backfill placed for crib walls shall be of such character that it will not sift or
flow through openings in the wall.
2. Material classified by AASHTO M-145 as A-1-a(O), A-1-b(O) and A-2-4(0) and
no rock fragment larger than eight (8) centimeters.
3. Class A Aggregate Subbase or Base materials conforming to the requirements
in Sections 3.02, "Aggregate Subbases,' and 3.03, "Aggregate Bases" in these
General Specifications.
4. Backfilling shall progress simultaneously with the erection of the crib wall.
Backfill shall be so placed as to not disturb or damage the crib members, shall be
placed in uniform layers before compaction not exceeding thirty (30) centimeters
thickness and shall be compacted by hand tamping, mechanical compaction or other
means approved by the Engineer.
2.09.5 Compaction of Structural Backfill. Compaction of structural backfill by
ponding and jetting will be permitted when, as determined by the Engineer, the
backfill material is of such character that it will be self-draining when compacted and
that foundation materials will not soften or be otherwise damaged by the applied
water and no damage from hydrostatic pressure will result to the structure. Ponding
and jetting of the upper one and one-half (1 %) meters below finished grade will not
be permitted. The work shall be performed without damage to the structure and
embankment, and in such manner that water will not be impounded. Ponding and
jetting methods shall be supplemented by the use of vibratory or other compaction
equipment when necessary to obtain the required compaction.
Structural backfill shall be compacted to a dry density not less than ninety-five
percent (95%) of the maximum density determined from MRDTM 212 when
compactible material is used. When materials such as concrete coarse aggregate is
97
used, it shall be consolidated with two (2) passes of mechanical vibratory or plate
compaction equipment.
At locations where at least one and one-half (1 '1/2) meters of material
resistant to erosion caused by wind or water is placed to cover pervious material, the
cover material shall be compacted to a dry density not less than ninety-five percent
(95%) of the maximum density determined by MRDTM 212.
2.09.6 Quality Assurance Procedures. The Contractor shall sample and test
foundation treatment material, structure backfill materials, pervious backfill, concrete
seal course and all other materials covered by the specifications as necessary to
confirm the quality of materials entering the work. Density tests, when specified, will
be performed at the rate of one (1) per compacted lift. The Contractor shall furnish
the test results to the Engineer within twenty-four (24) hours after completion of the
test.
The Engineer reserves the right to request, at any time, duplicate samples be
obtained by the Contractor for check testing performed by the Engineer. The
Engineer reserves the right to enter the work at any time and sample materials
entering the work and perform density tests.
When a discrepancy occurs between test results provided by the Contractor
and those completed by the Engineer, work on the structure backfill shall cease until
the discrepancy has been clarified.
2.09.7 Disposal of Unsuitable and Surplus Excavation. Excavated materials
which are designated by the Engineer to be surplus or unsuitable for use in
backfilling structures or construction of embankment shall be disposed of as
specified in Subsection 2.03.4 "Disposal of Unsuitable and Surplus Materials" in
these General Specifications. No surplus or unsuitable materials shall be disposed
of in or along any stream, water way, lake or other area subject to periodic water flow
or storage.
2.09.8
Method of Measurement. Measurement of Structural Excavation Bridges
- will be limited to excavation for foundations of bridge piers and bridge abutments.
Measurement of Structural Excavation - Other Structures - will be limited to
footings or foundations for retaining walls, pipe culverts, box culverts including
inlet/outlet structures and toe walls associated with box culverts and floor slabs of
underpass structures. No measurement will be made of structural excavation for
pipe culvert wingwalls, headwalls and aprons, or for ducts and storm sewers,
catchbasins, pump houses, manholes and inlets regardless of the type of pipe or
duct used or the type of material through which the excavation is made.
Excavation shown on the plans or specified in the special specifications or
measured as Roadway Excavation - Channel and Ditch will not be measured as
Foundation Excavation.
No measurement will be made nor compensation allowed for removal and use
or disposal of material which may come into an excavation from outside designated
98
limits or for furnishing and placing backfill material in an excavation that is below or
outside designated limits.
The quantities for payment shall be determined from limits shown on the plans
or specified in these specifications or the special specifications.
Structural excavation shall be measured by the cubic meter of material
removed, computed by the average end area. Measurements shall be made by the
Contractor, in the presence of the Engineer, in a manner approved by the Engineer.
No measurement will be made for structural excavation outside the following limits.
The pay volume of structural excavation shall be that measured with a prism
with limiting planes of (1) the bottom of the foundation as shown on the plans or
otherwise specified by the Engineer, (2) the vertical planes shown on the plans or
otherwise specified by the Engineer and (3) the upper limits as follows:
1. Fill Areas. In fill areas, the original ground surface as recorded on approved
cross sections.
2. Cut Areas. In cut areas, such as roadway cut-sections, channel changes, and
stream channel cleanouts, the top of cut grade such as top of subgrade or flow line
of channel as shown in the plans or otherwise directed by the Engineer. The volume
of excavation in the roadway cuts, channel changes, and stream cleanouts shall be
measured and will be paid for as provided in Section 2.03, "Excavation," in these
General Specifications.
When no excavation dimension detail appears in the plans, the limits of
excavation shall be as follows:
3. Bridge Footings. Excavation from upper limit plane to the formation level- of
foundation shall be limited by vertical planes three hundred (300) millimeters outside
the actual footing dimensions in the plan. The formation level of foundation is
defined as the underside of the blinding concrete. The upper limit plane shall be the
lowest of the following:
The mean existing ground level over the plan area of the footing at the time
the Contractor is given full possession of Site or the mean level of the final ground
over the plan area of the footing where general excavation such as regrading or
landscaping of the area is required, or from the bottom of subgrade elevation above
that footing, only if the Contractor has not carried out the general excavation of the
area by the time he carried out the general excavation for the footing.
In cases of high water table due to any reasons, the Contractor shall carry out
the necessary technical and practical actions to construct the foundations properly.
This includes getting rid of water by pumping or constructing sheet piles to dry the pit
to enable concreting as per Engineer instruction. All these works are subsidiary to
contract items.
4. Box Culverts. Excavation from upper limit plane to the formation level of
foundation shall be limited by vertical planes three hundred (300) millimeters outside
99
the culvert dimensions in plan. The definitions of formation level and upper limit
planes shall be as defined in Sub-clause 3 of this clause. Excavations for toe walls
shall be limited to the actual depth of toe walls plus the blinding concrete and vertical
planes walls three hundred (300) millimeters outside the outer faces of the toe walls.
5. Pipe Culverts. Excavation from the bottom of the pipe bedding plane to the
bottom of the unsuitable foundation material excavation shall be limited by the pipe
trench width limits contained in Subsection 2.09.2, "General," in these General
Specifications.
6. Special Conditions. When the Contractor encounters special or unusual
conditions he shall notify the Engineer who may direct special structural excavation
limits where he deems them necessary. Any additional excavation because of
special conditions, performed by the Contractor without prior approval of the
Engineer, shall be at the Contractors expense and no subsequent measurement or
payment will be made.
When included in the Bill of Quantities, "Temporary Shoring and Cribbing
Structure" shall include all Work required by the plans and specifications for a
specific structure, completed and accepted by the Engineer, and maintained by the
Contractor for the duration of its need.
2.09.9 Payment. The amount of authorized, completed and accepted Work
measured as provided in the previous Subsection will be paid at the contract unit
price(s) per cubic meter for Structural Excavation - Bridges and Structural
Excavation - Other Structures as they may appear on the Bill of Quantities, which
price(s) shall be full compensation for all excavation, trimming, cleaning, foundation
adjustment, furnishing of backfill material, backfilling, compaction, water, and the
disposal of surplus materials and the furnishing of all equipment, tools, labor, and all
other items necessary for the proper completion of the Work as specified in
Subsection 1.07.2, "Scope of Payment," in these General Specifications.
When included in the Bill of Quantities, "Temporary Shoring and Cribbing.
Structure," constructed, accepted, and maintained, based on the Plans and Special
Specifications, will be paid on a lump sum basis. If significant changes to the design
are ordered by the Engineer which changes the magnitude of the Temporary Shoring
and Cribbing, required for a specific structure, an equitable adjustment to the
contract unit price for that unit will be made. If no "Temporary Shoring and Cribbing
Structure" item is included in the Bill of Quantities, then this Work, if required, will be
considered subsidiary to other items of Work.
PAY ITEM
Structural Excavation
Structural Excavation-Bridges
Structural Excavation-Other Structures
Temporary Shoring and Cribbing, Structure
100
PAY UNIT
Cubic Meter
Cubic Meter
Cubic Meter
Lump Sum
101
The trench within which the pipe is to be placed shall be excavated to the
widths shown on the plans. When widths are not shown on the plans the trench
shall be excavated such that the clearance from each side of the pipe will be as
follows:
1. Pipe up to eighteen (1 8) centimeters outside diameter - fifteen (15) centimeters.
2. Pipe and pipe arches from eighteen (1 8) centimeters to not more than one and
one-half (1.5) meters in outside diameter - thirty (30) centimeters.
3. Pipe and pipe arches greater than one and one-half (1.5) meters outside
diameter - sixty (60) centimeters.
Trenches greater than one and one-half (1 %) meters in depth shall be
excavated with sloping sides or shored and braced at the option of the Contractor.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, not less than seven (7) days prior to
beginning trench excavation greater than one and one-half (1 1/2) meters in depth,
detailed plans showing the design of side slopes, shoring or bracing proposed for
use. The Contractor shall not begin trench excavation which is greater than one and
one-half (1 1/2) meters in depth until the Engineer has approved the plans. The
Contractor shall remain responsible for satisfactory results.
Safe and suitable ladders which project at least sixty (60) centimeters above
the top of the trench shall be provided for all trenches greater than one and one-half
(1.5) meters in depth. One (1) ladder shall be installed in the trench for each thirty
(30) meters of open trench, or fraction thereof, and so located in the trench that
workmen need not move more than fifteen (1 5) meters to a ladder.
The bottom of the trench shall be graded according to the lines, slopes and
elevations shown on the plans or directed by the Engineer, and bedding material
placed and compacted. If the Engineer determines that the material in the bottom of
the trench is satisfactory for pipe bedding, placement of pipe bedding material will
not be required providing the existing material is loosened, regraded and compacted
to form a dense unyielding foundation.
2.10.2.2 Scheduling. The Contractor shall schedule roadway excavation,
embankment construction and installation of pipe for drainage so that they
complement each other. Embankment construction which interferes with, reduces or
prevents the flow of normal or necessary drainage shall not be allowed.
Trench excavation for culvert construction shall not be left in an exposed
condition for more than thirty (30) days unless approved by-the Engineer.
Trench excavation for construction of water and sewer services, subdrainage
systems other than culverts, electrical conduits and other ducts shall not be more
than two hundred ( 200) meters ahead of the pipe laying operations and shall be
backfilled or covered at the end of each day. Where cast-in-place pipe construction
is specified or elected by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer, the allowable
maximum length of open trench at any one (1) location shall be that which is
necessary to permit uninterrupted progress, but in no event, greater than five
hundred (500) meters.
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2.10.2.3 Trench Excavation. The Contractor shall establish line and grade as
shown on the plans and profile the original ground or embankment as directed by the
Engineer.
The Contractor shall perform all excavation of every description and of
whatever materials encountered to the depth indicated on the plans or specified or
ordered by the Engineer. Material excavated from trenches shall be piled on one (1)
side of and adjacent to the trench and maintained so that the toe of slope of the piled
material is at least sixty (60) centimeters from the edge of the trench. When material
excavated from a trench is piled in or adjacent to a traveled way, it shall be located to
cause a minimum of inconvenience to vehicle travel. The Contractor shall minimize
the length of time that trenches are open.
The Contractor shall exercise sound engineering and construction practices in
excavating the trench and maintaining it so that no damage will occur to any
foundation, structure, pole line, pipe line, traffic sign or signal structure, electric cable
or conduit, or other facility. No act, representation or instruction from the Engineer or
his representatives shall relieve the Contractor from liability for damages or costs
that result from trench excavation.
Care shall be taken not to excavate below the depth specified or ordered by
the Engineer, and excavation below that depth shall be backfilled with sand bedding
material at the Contractors expense.
When water is encountered during trench excavations, the Contractor shall
remove the water by bailing, pumping or other means necessary to permit
installation of the pipe facility in a trench without ponding or flowing water. The cost
of dewatering shall be considered as subsidiary to the pipe being installed.
2.10.2.4 Unsuitable Foundation Material. If in the opinion of the Engineer, it is
necessary to adjust, correct, relocate, or in any way change the trench line and
grade shown on the plans, such changes shall be made by the Contractor under the
terms of these specifications.
Where trench excavation exposes unsuitable foundation material below the
bottom of bedding excavation, as determined by the Engineer, said unsuitable
material shall be excavated to the depth directed by the Engineer and backfilled with
suitable and stable backfill materials meeting the requirements of Paragraph
2.08.3.3, "Foundation Materials," and compacted in accordance with Subsection
2.08.5, "Backfilling Structures," both in these General Specifications.
All unsuitable material shall be loaded directly into trucks and hauled to
disposal sites and disposed of as specified in Subsection 2.03.4, "Disposal of
Unsuitable and Surplus Materials" in these General Specifications.
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Bedding Materials.
2.10.3.1 Sand Bedding. Sand shall be free from clay or organic material, suitable
for the purpose intended, and shall be of such size that ninety (90) to one hundred
percent (1 00%) passes a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and not more than five percent
(5%) passes a 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve.
2.10.3.2 Soil Cement Bedding. When shown on the plans or specified in the
special specifications, soil cement bedding to be placed under pipe shall conform to
the following requirements:
1. Aggregate.
Percentage
Sieve Size
37. 5 mm (1 '1/2 inch)
25 mm (1 inch)
19 mm ("A inch)
9.5 mm (% inch)
4.75 mm (No. 4)
0.075 mm (No. 200)
Passing
100
80-100
60-100
50-100
35-70
5-20
105
2.
3.
Water. Water shall be free of oils, salts or other impurities which would have
an adverse effect on the quality of the soil cement bedding material.
4. Proportions. Proportioning may be done by weight or volume. The cement
content shall not be less than one hundred sixty (160) kilograms per cubic meter.
The water content shall be sufficient to produce a fluid, workable mix that will flow
and can be pumped without segregation of the aggregate while being placed.
Materials for soil. cement bedding shall be thoroughly machine mixed until cement
and water are dispersed throughout the material. Soil cement bedding shall be
placed within forty-five (45) minutes after mixing.
Backfilling with earth on culverts set in soil cement bedding shall not
commence until eight (8) hours after the soil cement bedding has been placed.
2.10.4 Trench Backfill Materials. Materials excavated from the roadway, borrow
pits, foundations, trenches or produced by processing shall be used for pipe bedding
and trench backfilling when it conforms to the following requirements:
1.
Material classified by AASHTO M-1 45 as A-1 -a(O), A-1 -b(O) and A-2-4(0)
and no rock fragment larger than six (6) centimeters.
2.
Base material conforming to the requirements in Section 3.03, "Aggregate
Bases," in these General Specifications.
3.
Slurry cement conforming to the requirements in Paragraph 2.09.3.2,
"Foundation Material," in these General Specifications.
4.
Pervious Backfill conforming to the requirements in Paragraph 2.09.3.3,
"Structural Backfill Material," in these General Specifications.
5.
Other materials used in embankments construction or structure backfill as
approved by the Engineer with no rock fragment larger than six (6) centimeters.
2.10.5 Quality Assurance Procedures. The Contractor shall sample trench
bedding and backfill materials and other items entering the work as specified or
required to assure that the items conform to special requirements. Density tests,
where specified, shall be performed at the rate of one (1) per compacted lift. The
results of sampling and testing shall be furnished to the Engineer within twenty four
(24) hours after completion of the testing.
The Engineer reserves the right to request, at any time, that the Contractor
obtain duplicate samples of materials for check testing performed by the Engineer.
The Engineer reserves the right to enter the work at any time and obtain
samples and perform density tests.
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