IEEE 802.

22 and White space

A little bit of research

White spaces refer to the frequencies allocated to a broadcasting service but not
used locally.
The change of infrared to digital television has freed the ranges of 50MHz to 700
MHz in most areas.
Full power analog television broadcasts, which operated between the 54 MHz and
806 MHz (5472, 7688, 174216, 470608, and 614806){ "FCC Rules and
Regulations Pt2" (PDF).} television frequencies (Channels 2-69), ceased operating
on June 12, 2009 per a United States digital switchover mandate.
Google sponsored a campaign named Free the Airwaves with the purpose of
switching over the white spaces that were cleared up in 2009 by the DTV conversion
process by the FCC and converted to an un-licensed spectrum that can be used by
Wi-Fi-like devices. { http://www.freetheairwaves.com/} The National Association of
Broadcasters disapproved of the project because they claimed it would reduce the
broadcast quality of their TV signals.{ Marguerite Reardon (August 18,
2008). "Debate rages over free wireless spectrum". Wireless CNET
News(News.cnet.com). Retrieved May 23, 2013.}
Ofcom, the licencing body of spectrum in the UK has made white-space free to use.
{ http://consumers.ofcom.org.uk/2011/09/ofcom-progresses-with-new-wirelesstechnology/}
In August 2011, Industry Canada, the Canadian ministry for industry, launched a
consultation on "Consultation on a Policy and Technical Framework for the Use of
Non-Broadcasting Applications in the Television Broadcasting Bands Below
698 MHz"{ (pdf)} The consultation closed on November 4, 2011. Submissions
were received from a wide range of organizations from the telecoms and broadcast
industries.

IEEE 802.22 is the standard for wireless regional area network (WRAN) for using
white spaces in the television frequency spectrum.
IEEE 802.22 WRAN standard is aimed at using cognitive radio techniques to allow
sharing of geographically unused spectrums allocated to the television broadcasting
service.
IEEE P802.22.1 is a related standard being developed to enhance harmful
interference protection for low power licensed devices operating in TV Broadcast
Bands. IEEE P802.22.2 is a recommended practice for the installation and
deployment of IEEE 802.22 Systems.{ "IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee

802.22 WG on WRANs (Wireless Regional Area Networks)". IEEE. Retrieved January

18, 2009.}
The initial drafts of the 802.22 standard specify that the network should operate in a
point to multipoint basis (P2MP). The system will be formed by base stations (BS)[ In
radio communications, a base station is a wireless communications station installed
at a fixed location and used to communicate] and customer-premises equipment
(CPE). [CPE generally refers to devices such as telephones, routers, switches,
residential gateways (RG), set-top boxes, fixed mobile convergence products, home
networking adapters and Internet access gateways that enable consumers to access
communications service providers' services and distribute them around their house
via a local area network (LAN).]The CPEs will be attached to a BS via a wireless link.
The BSs will control the medium access for all the CPEs attached to it.
point-to-multipoint communication is one-to-many connection, providing multiple
paths from a single location to multiple locations.{ M. Cover, Thomas; Joy A. Thomas
(1991). Elements of Information Theory. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-06259-6.}

Search Wikipedia for Mac layer to find the below information

the MAC layer
This layer will be based on cognitive radio technology. It also needs to be able to
adapt dynamically to changes in the environment by sensing the spectrum. The
MAC layer will consist of two structures: Frame and Superframe. A superframe will
be formed by many frames. The superframe will have a superframe control header
(SCH) and a preamble. These will be sent by the BS in every channel that it's
possible to transmit and not cause interference. When a CPE is turned on, it will
sense the spectrum, find out which channels are available and will receive all the
needed information to attach to the BS.
Two different types of spectrum measurement will be done by the CPE: in-band and
out-of-band. The in-band measurement consists in sensing the actual channel that is
being used by the BS and CPE. The out-of-band measurement will consist in sensing
the rest of the channels. The MAC layer will perform two different types of sensing in
either in-band or out-of-band measurements: fast sensing and fine sensing. Fast
sensing will consist in sensing at speeds of under 1ms per channel. This sensing is
performed by the CPE and the BS and the BS's will gather all the information and
will decide if there is something new to be done. The fine sensing takes more time
(approximately 25 ms per channel or more) and it is used based on the outcome of
the previous fast sensing mechanism.