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Footings
Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement,or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.
Types of Footings
Wall footings are used to
support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.
Types of Footings
Isolated or single footings
are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.
Types of Footings
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or three
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when two columns are so close
that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is
located at or near a property
line.
Types of Footings
Cantilever or strap footings
consist of two single footings
connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single
columns. This type replaces a
combined footing and is more
economical.
Types of Footings
Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.
Types of Footings
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must
be reduced.
Types of Footings
Pile caps are thick slabs
used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable
bearing soil capacity
2. Two-way shear or punch out shear.
3. One-way bearing
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement
required
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. Bearing capacity of columns at their base
2. Dowel requirements
3. Development length of bars
4. Differential settlement
Size of Footings
The area of footing can be determined from the actual
external loads such that the allowable soil pressure is
not exceeded.
Area of footing =
qu =
Pu
area of footing
Vc = 2 +
f bd
c 0
where, c =
b0 =
ACI 11-35
b0 = 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
for rectangular
columns of sides c1
and c2.
f c b0 d
Let Vu=Vc
d=
Vu
4 f c b0
Vc = 2 f c b0 d
L c
Vu = qu b d
2 2
If no shear reinforcement is to be
used, then d can be checked
10
d=
Vu
2 f c b
As =
Mu
f y d
2
11
a=
f y As
0.85 f c b
12
where
+1
13
N1 = (0.85 f c A1 )
where = 0.65 and
A1 =bearing area of column
N 2 (0.85 f c A1 ) A2 / A1
N 2 2 (0.85 f c A1 )
14
Dowels in Footings
A minimum steel ratio = 0.005 of the column section
as compared to = 0.01 as minimum reinforcement for
the column itself. The number of dowel bars needed is
four these may be placed at the four corners of the
column. The dowel bars are usually extended into the
footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel diameter shall not exceed
the diameter of the longitudinal bars in the column by
more than 0.15 in.
ld = 0.02 f y d b /
fc
0.003 f y d b 8 in.
Dowel bars must be checked for proper development
length.
15
12 in
320 k - ft
M0
1
ft
16
1 ft.
= 300 lb/ft 2
12 in.
1 ft.
Ws = s d s = 100 lb/ft 3 * 5 ft 24 in. *
= 300 lb/ft 2
12 in.
qeff = qs Wc Ws
= 5000 lb/ft 2 300 lb/ft 2 300 lb/ft 2
= 4400 lb/ft 2 4.4 k/ft 2
17
385 k
= 87.5 ft 2
4.4 k/ft 2
Compute the sizes of the footing if width is 9 ft.
Side of footing =
87.5 ft 2
= 9.72 ft Use 10 ft
9 ft
18
= 1.2(220 k ) + 1.6(165 k )
= 528.0 k
528.0 k
Net upward pressure qn =
(9 ft )(10 ft )
= 5.87 k / ft 2
d = h cover 1.5d b
d = 24 in. 3 in 1.5(1.0 in )
= 19.5 in.
19
1 ft
24 in
10 ft
L c
1 ft
1 ft
12
in
d+e =
+ 10 in
19.5 in
2
2 2
2
12 in
12 in
= 3.208 ft
Vu =139.4 k in
L c
short direction
Vu = qn (l2 ) d + e
2 2
1000 lb
169.4 k
Vu
1k
= 16.53 in.
d=
=
2 fc b
12 in
0.75 2 4000 9 ft
1
ft
20
bo = 2(c1 + d ) + 2(c2 + d )
= 2(12 in. + 19.5 in.) + 2(24 in. + 19.5 in.) = 150 in.
1 ft
= 2.625 ft
c1 + d = (12 in. + 19.5 in.)
12 in
1 ft
= 3.625 ft
c2 + d = (24 in. + 19.5 in.)
12 in
Vu = Pu qn (c + d )
10 ft
= 1.11
9 ft
21
Vc = 2 +
f bd
c 0
s
Vc =
+ 2 f c b0 d
bo
Vc = 4 f c b0 d
Vu
1k
d=
=
4
4
2 + f c b0 0.75 2 +
4000 (150 in )
1.11
= 11.84 in.
22
d=
40d
+ 2 f c b0
bo
1000 lb
472.2 k
1k
= 9.22 in.
=
40(19.5 in )
0.75
+ 2 4000 (150 in )
150 in
1000 lb
472.2 k
Vu
1k
d=
=
4 f c b0 0.75 4 4000 (150 in )
= 16.59 in.
23
1 ft
24 in
10 ft
L c
12 in + 10 in 1 ft = 4.83 ft
+e =
2
2 2
12 in
L c
+ e
2 2
L c
M u = qn + e
b
2
2 2
(4.83 ft ) (9 ft ) = 616.2 k - ft
= 5.87 k/ft (4.83 ft )
2
12 in.
616.2 k - ft *
Mu
1 ft
= 0.1801 ksi
Ru = 2 =
bd
12 in
2
9 ft
* (19.5 in )
1 ft
24
=
fy
fc
1.7 Ru
=0
f c
= 0.05158 =
= 0.05158
0.05158(4 ksi )
= 0.00344
60 ksi
fy
60000
25
L 2 * cover
(n 1)
108 in - 2(3 in )
= 10.2 in
10
1 ft
12 in
L c 9 ft
12 in = 4 ft
=
2
2 2 2
L c
(4 ft ) (10 ft )
L c 2 2
M u = qn
b = 5.87 k/ft (4 ft )
2
2
2 2
= 469.6 k - ft
26
Mu
1 ft
Ru = 2 =
bd
12 in
2
10 ft
* (19.5 in )
1 ft
= 0.1235 ksi
1.7 Ru
=0
f c
4 ksi
= 0.03503
2
fy
0.03503(4 ksi )
= 0.03503 =
= 0.00234
60 ksi
fc
27
12 in.
2
As = bd = 0.0023410 ft
(19.5 in.) = 5.46 in
1 ft
200
fy
200
(120 in.)(19.5 in.) = 7.80 in 2
bd =
60000
As
7.80 in 2
Ab 0.44 in
Calculate the reinforcement bandwidth
Reinforcement in bandwidth
= 2 = 2 = 0.947
Total reinforcement
+ 1 1.11 + 1
28
outside # bar =
(n 1)
108 in
= 6.75 in
16
L cover
n
6 in - 3in
= 3 in
29
A2
2 N1
A1
1 ft
24 in 1 ft = 2 ft 2
A1 = 12 in
12 in.
12 in.
30
0.02d b f y
fc
= 18.97 in Use 19 in
4000 psi
31
fy
fydb
ld =
20 f c
20 f c
L
2
cover
c
2
144 in
2
3 in
18 in
= 60 in
32
fy
db
f ydb
ld =
25 f c
25 f c
L
2
cover
c
2
102 in
2
3 in
18 in
= 39 in
33
x F
F
i
1 ft.
= 450 lb/ft 2
12 in.
1 ft.
Ws = s d s = 100 lb/ft 3 * 5 ft 36 in. *
= 200 lb/ft 2
12 in.
34
qeff = qs Wc Ws
= 5000 lb/ft 2 450 lb/ft 2 200 lb/ft 2
= 4350 lb/ft 2 4.35 k/ft 2
690 k
= 158.6 ft 2
4.35 k/ft 2
Side of footing =
158.6 ft 2
22 ft
35
1044 k
(22 ft )(7.5 ft )
= 6.33 k / ft 2
d = h cover 1.5d b
d = 36 in. 3 in 1.5(1.0 in )
= 31.5 in.
36
V ( x ) = qb ( x ) w
= 6.32 k/ft 2 ( 7.5 ft ) x w
400
358.7 k
300
= 47.454 k/ft ( x ) w
Force (kips)
200
63.3 k
100
0
-100
10
12
14
18
-150.3 k
-200
-300
16
-329.5 k
-400
location (ft)
20
22
10 in 1 ft = 14.5 ft
16 ft 8 in
12 in
12 in
x=
329.5 k
329.5 k + 358.7 k
(14.5 ft ) = 6.9 ft
37
Bending Moment
400
200
249.9 k-ft
42.2 k-ft
0
-200 0
x2
wi ( x xi )
2
10
12
14
16
18
-400
-600
-800
-1000
-1200
-1400
Location (ft)
20
22
= 47.454 k/ft
x2
wi ( x xi )
2
x2
wi ( x xi )
2
1 ft
12 in
= 234.1 k
38
1000 lb
234.1 k
Vu
1
k
d=
=
= 24.2 in.
12 in
2 fc b
1 ft
bo = 4(c + d )
= 4(20 in. + 31.5 in.) = 206 in.
1 ft
= 4.292 ft
c + d = (20 in. + 31.5 in.)
12 in
39
Vu = Pu qn (c + d )
d=
Vu
4 f c b0
1000 lb
464.6 k
1k
= 10.5 in.
40
12 in.
1278.9 k - ft *
Mu
1
ft
= 0.1719 ksi
Ru =
=
(90 in )* (31.5 in )2
bd 2
1.7
1.7 Ru
f c
=0
0.9(4 ksi )
= 0.04917
fy
fc
= 0.04917 =
0.04917(4 ksi )
= 0.00328
60 ksi
41
12 in.
(31.5 in.) = 9.29 in 2
As = bd = 0.00277 7.5 ft
1 ft
fy
60000
Use
L 2 * cover
(n 1)
90 in - 2(3 in )
= 9.33 in
42
43
1 ft
16 in 1 ft
= 5.3 ft Use 5.5 ft
Band = 16 in + 2 ft
+ 31.5 in
2 12 in.
12 in.
456 k
= 60.8 k/ft
L=
7.5 ft
7.5 ft
2
1 ft
= 3.08 ft
8 in
12 in
l2
2
= (60.8 k/ft )
(3.08 ft )2
= 289.0 k - ft
Compute the Ru
12 in.
289 k - ft *
Mu
1
ft
Ru =
= 0.053 ksi
=
2
bd
5.5 ft 12 in * (31.5 in )2
1 ft
44
1.7 Ru
f c
0.053 ksi
=0
= 0.01484
fy
fc
= 0.01484 =
0.04917(4 ksi )
= 0.001
60 ksi
12 in.
1 ft
fy
60000
Use
45
L cover
(n 1)
66 in - (3 in )
= 10.5 in
588 k
7.5 ft
= 78.4 k/ft
L=
7.5 ft
2
1 ft
= 2.92 ft
10 in
12 in
46
l2
2
(
2.92 ft )
= (78.4 k/ft )
= 334.3 k - ft
Compute the Ru
12 in.
334.3 k - ft *
M
1 ft
Ru = u =
= 0.045 ksi
2
bd
7.5 ft 12 in * (31.5 in )2
1 ft
1.7
1.7 Ru
f c
=0
0.9(4 ksi )
= 0.01257
fy
fc
= 0.01257 =
0.01257(4 ksi )
= 0.00084
60 ksi
47
12 in.
(31.5 in.) = 2.38 in 2
As = bd = 0.00084 7.5 ft
1 ft
fy
60000
Use
A2
2 N1
A1
48
1 ft
= 1.78 ft 2
A1 = 16 in
12 in.
30.25 ft 2
1.78 ft
(Pu N1 )
fy
49
0.02d b f y
fc
= 16.6 in Use 17 in
4000 psi
50
L cover
(n 1)
90 in - (3 in )
= 9.67 in
A2
2 N1
A1
51
1 ft
= 2.78 ft 2
A1 = 20 in
12 in.
56.25 ft 2
2.78 ft
52
0.02d b f y
fc
= 18.7 in Use 19 in
4000 psi
53