AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY

International Labour Law, Project on-

Forced Labour and Human Trafficking

Submitted by-Ms. Meenakshi Prasad

8th Semester, B.B.A Ll.B. (H)
A3221512053
Amity Law School, Amity University

Submitted to- Dr. Bhupinder Singh

International Labour Law faculty

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I owe my greatest gratitude to my International Labour Law faculty, Dr. Bhupinder Singh for
allotting me this interesting topic on forced labor and Human Trafficking, he entertained all
queries and has continuously guided us regarding this project.
I would also want to acknowledge the legal library and IT lab for aiding me without which it
would have been difficult for us to complete this project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Serial number

Topic

Page Number

1.

Introduction

2.

ILO Instruments

5-6

3.

Types of forced labor

7-8

4.

Human Trafficking

8-11

-Criminalization

11

-Bonded,forced and child labor

12

-Types of trafficking

13-16

-Consequences

16-`19

5.

Conclusion

20

6.

References

21

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INTRODUCTION

Although forced labor is universally condemned, ILO estimates show that 20.9 million people
around the world are still subjected to it. Out of the total number of victims of forced labor, 18.7
million1are exploited in the private economy, by individuals or enterprises, and the remaining 2.2
million2are in state-imposed forms of forced. Forced labor in the private economy generates US$
150 billion in illegal profits per year: two thirds of the estimated total (or US$ 99 billion) comes
from commercial sexual exploitation, while another US$ 51 billion results from forced economic
exploitation, including domestic work, agriculture and other economic activities
Unfree labor is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or
early modern history, in which people are employed against their will by the threat of destitution,
detention, violence (including death), lawful compulsion, or other extreme hardship to themselves
or to members of their families.
Unfree labor includes all forms of slavery, and related institutions (e.g. debt slavery, serfdom,
corve and labor camps). Many of these forms of work may be covered by the term forced labor,
which is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as all involuntary work or
service exacted under the menace of a penalty.

1 90 per cent
2 10 per cent
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Selected relevant ILO instruments1) Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) Convention concerning forced or compulsory labor came into force on 01 May 1932, it was
adopted in Geneva, 14th ILC session3
This fundamental convention prohibits all forms of forced or compulsory labor, which is defined
as "all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for
which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily." Exceptions are provided for work
required by compulsory military service, normal civic obligations, as a consequence of a
conviction in a court of law (provided that the work or service in question is carried out under the
supervision and control of a public authority and that the person carrying it out is not hired to or
placed at the disposal of private individuals, companies or associations), in cases of emergency,
and for minor communal services performed by the members of a community in the direct interest
of the community. The convention also requires that the illegal extraction of forced or compulsory
labor be punishable as a penal offence, and that ratifying states ensure that the relevant penalties
imposed by law are adequate and strictly.
Nevertheless, for the purposes of this Convention, the term forced or compulsory labor shall not
include-(a) Any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a purely
military character;
(b) any work or service which forms part of the normal civic obligations of the citizens of a fully
self-governing country;
(c) any work or service exacted from any person as a consequence of a conviction in a court of
law, provided that the said work or service is carried out under the supervision and control of a
3 On 28 Jun 1930
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public authority and that the said person is not hired to or placed at the disposal of private
individuals, companies or associations;
(d) any work or service exacted in cases of emergency, that is to say, in the event of war or of a
calamity or threatened calamity, such as fire, flood, famine, earthquake, violent epidemic or
epizootic diseases, invasion by animal, insect or vegetable pests, and in general any circumstance
that would endanger the existence or the well-being of the whole or part of the population;
(e) minor communal services of a kind which, being performed by the members of the community
in the direct interest of the said community, can therefore be considered as normal civic
obligations incumbent upon the members of the community, provided that the members of the
community or their direct representatives shall have the right to be consulted in regard to the need
for such services.
2) Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)
This fundamental convention prohibits forced or compulsory labor as a means of political
coercion or as a punishment for holding or expressing political views or views ideologically
opposed to the established political, social or economic system; as a method of mobilizing and
using labor for purposes of economic development; as a means of labor discipline; as a
punishment for having participated in strikes; and as a means of racial, social, national or
religious discrimination.
3) Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 and Forced Labour
(Supplementary Measures) Recommendation, 2014 (No. 203)A new legally binding Protocol on Forced Labour, supported by a Recommendation (No. 203),
aiming to advance prevention, protection and compensation measures, as well as to intensify
efforts to eliminate contemporary forms of slavery.

Types of forced labor

1) Slavery
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The archetypal and best-known form of unfree labor is chattel slavery, in which individual
workers are legally owned throughout their lives, and may be bought, sold or otherwise
exchanged by owners, while never or rarely receiving any personal benefit from their labor.
Slavery was common in many ancient societies, including ancient Greece, ancient Rome, ancient
Israel, ancient China, classical Arab states, as well as many societies in Africa and the Americas.
Being sold into slavery was a common fate of populations conquered in wars. Perhaps the most
prominent example of chattel slavery was the enslavement of many millions of black people in
Africa. The term slavery is closely related forms of unfree labor, such as debt slavery or debtbondage4 Examples are the Repartimiento system in the Spanish Empire, or the work of
Indigenous Australians in northern Australia on sheep or cattle stations (ranches), from the mid19th to the mid-20th century. In the latter case, workers were rarely or never paid, and were
restricted by regulations and/or police intervention to regions around their places of work.
2) Indentured and bonded labor
A more common form in modern society is indenture, or bonded labor, under which workers sign
contracts to work for a specific period of time, for which they are paid only with accommodation
and sustenance, or these essentials in addition to limited benefits such as cancellation of a debt, or
transportation to a desired country.
3) Prison labor
Convict or prison labor is another classic form of unfree labor. The forced labor of convicts has
often been regarded with lack of sympathy, because of the social stigma attached to people
regarded as "common criminals". Three British colonies in Australia New South Wales, Van
Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and Western Australia provide probably the best examples of the
state use of convict labor.
4) Labour camps
Another historically significant example of forced labor was that of political prisoners, people
from conquered or occupied countries, members of persecuted minorities, and prisoners of war,
especially during the 20th century. The best-known example of this are the concentration camp
4 Although not all repayment of debts through labor constitutes unfree labor
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system run by Nazi Germany in Europe during World War II, the Gulag camps run by the Soviet
Union and the forced labor used by the military of the Empire of Japan, especially during the
Pacific War (such as the Burma Railway)

HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Human trafficking is the trade of humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual slavery,
forced labor, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. This may encompass
providing a spouse in the context of forced marriage or the extraction of organs or tissues
including for surrogacy and ovary removal.
Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally. Human trafficking is a crime
against the person because of the violation of the victim's rights of movement through coercion
and because of their commercial exploitation. Human trafficking is the trade in people, and does
not necessarily involve the movement of the person from one place to another.
Human trafficking is thought to be one of the fastest-growing activities of trans-national criminal
organizations, It is condemned as a violation of human rights by international conventions. In
addition, human trafficking is subject to a directive in the European Union
Although human trafficking can occur at local levels, it has transnational implications, as
recognized by the United Nations in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons, especially Women and Children (also referred to as the Trafficking Protocol or the
Palermo Protocol), an international agreement under the UN Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime (CTOC) which entered into force on 25 December 2003. The protocol is one of
three which supplement the CTOC.
The Trafficking Protocol is the first global, legally binding instrument on trafficking in over half
a century, and the only one with an agreed-upon definition of trafficking in persons. One of its
purposes is to facilitate international cooperation in investigating and prosecuting such trafficking.
Another is to protect and assist human trafficking's victims with full respect for their rights as
established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Trafficking Protocol, which now
has 169 parties, defines human trafficking as:
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(a) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or
use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power
or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve
the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other
forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery,
servitude or the removal, manipulation or implantation of organs;
(b) The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in
subparagraph(a)have been used:
(c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child for the purpose of
exploitation shall be considered "trafficking in persons" even if this does not involve any of the
means set forth in sub-paragraph (a) of this article;

(d) "Child" shall mean any person under eighteen years of age.
Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons
defines Trafficking in Persons as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of
persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of
fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or
receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another
person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the
exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or
services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs

Elements of human trafficking

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On the basis of the definition given in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, it is evident that
trafficking in persons has three constituent elements;
The Act (What is done)
Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons
The Means (How it is done)
Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or
giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim
The Purpose (Why it is done)
For the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs.
To ascertain whether a particular circumstance constitutes trafficking in persons, consider the
definition of trafficking in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the constituent elements of the
offense, as defined by relevant domestic legislation.

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Criminalization of human trafficking

The definition contained in article 3 of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol is meant to provide
consistency and consensus around the world on the phenomenon of trafficking in persons.
Article 5 therefore requires that the conduct set out in article 3 be criminalized in domestic
legislation. Domestic legislation does not need to follow the language of the Trafficking in
Persons Protocol precisely, but should be adapted in accordance with domestic legal systems to
give effect to the concepts contained in the Protocol.
In addition to the criminalization of trafficking, the Trafficking in Persons Protocol requires
criminalization also of:
Attempts to commit a trafficking offence
Participation as an accomplice in such an offence
Organizing or directing others to commit trafficking.
National legislation should adopt the broad definition of trafficking prescribed in the Protocol.
The legislative definition should be dynamic and flexible so as to empower the legislative
framework to respond effectively to trafficking which:
Occurs both across borders and within a country (not just cross-border)
Is for a range of exploitative purposes (not just sexual exploitation)
Victimizes children, women and men (Not just women, or adults, but also men and children)
Takes place with or without the involvement of organized crime groups.
Bonded labor, or debt bondage, is probably the least known form of labor trafficking today, and
yet it is the most widely used method of enslaving people. Victims become "bonded" when their
labor, the labor they themselves hired and the tangible goods they bought are demanded as a
means of repayment for a loan or service in which its terms and conditions have not been defined
or in which the value of the victims' services is not applied toward the liquidation of the debt.
Generally, the value of their work is greater than the original sum of money "borrowed."
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Forced labor is a situation in which victims are forced to work against their own will under the
threat of violence or some other form of punishment; their freedom is restricted and a degree of
ownership is exerted. Men are at risk of being trafficked for unskilled work, which globally
generates 31 billion USD according to the International Labor Organization. Forms of forced
labor can include domestic servitude, agricultural labor, sweatshop factory labor, janitorial, food
service and other service industry labor, and begging. Some of the products produced by forced
labor are: clothing, cocoa, bricks, coffee, cotton, and gold, among others.
According to The International Organization for Migration (IOM), the single largest global
provider of services to victims of trafficking, reports receiving an increasing number of cases in
which victims were subjected to forced labor. A 2012 study observes that "2010 was
particularly notable as the first year in which IOM assisted more victims of labor trafficking than
those who had been trafficked for purposes of sexual exploitation.
Child labor is a form of work that is likely to be hazardous to the physical, mental, spiritual,
moral, or social development of children and can interfere with their education. According to the
International Labor Organization, the global number of children involved in child labor has fallen
down during the past decade it has declined by one third, from 246 million in 2000 to 168
million children in 2012, Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest incidence of child
labor, while the largest numbers of child-workers are found in Asia and the Pacific.

Types of trafficking
1) Trafficking of children
Trafficking of children involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of
children for the purpose of exploitation. The commercial sexual exploitation of children can take
many forms, including forcing a child into prostitution or other forms of sexual activity or child
pornography. Child exploitation may also involve forced labor or services, slavery or practices
similar to slavery, servitude, the removal of organs, illicit international adoption, trafficking for
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early marriage, recruitment as child soldiers, for use in begging or as athletes (such as child camel
jockeys or football players)
IOM statistics indicate that a significant minority (35%) of trafficked persons it assisted in 2011
were less than 18 years of age, which is roughly consistent with estimates from previous years. It
was reported in 2010 that Thailand and Brazil were considered to have the worst child sex
trafficking records.
Traffickers in children may take advantage of the parents' extreme poverty. Parents may sell
children to traffickers in order to pay off debts or gain income, or they may be deceived
concerning the prospects of training and a better life for their children. They may sell their
children into labor, sex trafficking, or illegal adoptions.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child at Article 34, states, "States Parties
undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse".
In the European Union, commercial sexual exploitation of children is subject to a directive
Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on
combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography.
The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry
Adoption (or Hague Adoption Convention) is an international convention dealing with
international adoption, that aims at preventing child laundering, child trafficking, and other abuses
related to international adoption.
The Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict seeks to prevent
forceful recruitment (e.g. by guerrilla forces) of children for use in armed conflicts.[69]
2) Sex trafficking
Sex trafficking affects 4.5 million people worldwide. Most victims find themselves in coercive or
abusive situations from which escape is both difficult and dangerous.

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Trafficking for sexual exploitation was formerly thought of as the organized movement of people,
usually women, between countries and within countries for sex work with the use of physical
coercion, deception and bondage through forced debt. However, the Trafficking Victims
Protection Act of 2000 (US), does not require movement for the offence. The issue becomes
contentious when the element of coercion is removed from the definition to incorporate
facilitation of consensual involvement in prostitution.
For example, in the United Kingdom, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 incorporated trafficking for
sexual exploitation but did not require those committing the offence to use coercion, deception or
force, so that it also includes any person who enters the UK to carry out sex work with consent as
having been "trafficked." In addition, any minor involved in a commercial sex act in the US while
under the age of 18 qualifies as a trafficking victim, even if no force, fraud or coercion is
involved, under the definition of "Severe Forms of Trafficking in Persons" in the US Trafficking
Victims Protection Act of 2000.
Sexual trafficking includes coercing a migrant into a sexual act as a condition of allowing or
arranging the migration. Sexual trafficking uses physical or sexual coercion, deception, abuse of
power and bondage incurred through forced debt. Trafficked women and children, for instance,
are often promised work in the domestic or service industry, but instead are sometimes taken to
brothels where they are required to undertake sex work, while their passports and other
identification papers confiscated. They may be beaten or locked up and promised their freedom
only after earning through prostitution their purchase price, as well as their travel and visa
costs.
3) Forced marriage
A forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married without their freely
given consent. Servile marriage is defined as a marriage involving a person being sold,
transferred or inherited into that marriage. According to ECPAT, "Child trafficking for forced
marriage is simply another manifestation of trafficking and is not restricted to particular
nationalities or countries".

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A forced marriage qualifies as a form of human trafficking in certain situations. If a woman is sent
abroad, forced into the marriage and then repeatedly compelled to engage in sexual conduct with
her new husband, then her experience is that of sex trafficking. If the bride is treated as a domestic
servant by her new husband and/or his family, then this is a form of labor trafficking.
4) Labor trafficking
Labor trafficking is the movement of persons for the purpose of forced labor and services. It may
involve bonded labor, involuntary servitude, domestic servitude, and child labor. Labor
trafficking happens most often within the domain of domestic work, agriculture, construction,
manufacturing and entertainment; and migrant workers and indigenous people are especially at
risk of becoming victims.
5) Trafficking for organ trade
Trafficking in organs is a form of human trafficking. It can take different forms. In some cases,
the victim is compelled into giving up an organ. In other cases, the victim agrees to sell an organ
in exchange of money/goods, but is not paid (or paid less). Finally, the victim may have the organ
removed without the victim's knowledge (usually when the victim is treated for another medical
problem/illness real or orchestrated problem/illness). Migrant workers, homeless persons, and
illiterate persons are particularly vulnerable to this form of exploitation. Trafficking of organs is
an organized crime, involving several offenders:

the recruiter

the transporter

the medical staff

the middlemen/contractors

the buyers

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Trafficking for organ trade often seeks kidneys. Trafficking in organs is a lucrative trade because
in many countries the waiting lists for patients who need transplants are very long.

Consequences of Human traffickingConsequences for victims

Sex trafficking victims face threats of violence from many sources, including customers, pimps,
brothel owners, madams, traffickers, and corrupt local law enforcement officials. Victims may
also experience physical violence from law enforcement during raids.
Trafficking victims are also exposed to different psychological stressors. They suffer social
alienation in the host and home countries. Stigmatization, social exclusion, and intolerance make
reintegration into local communities difficult. The governments offer little assistance and social
services to trafficked victims upon their return. As the victims are also pushed into drug
trafficking, many of them face criminal sanctions also.
1) Psychological consequences
The use of coercion by perpetrators and traffickers involves the use of extreme control.
Perpetrators expose the victim to high amounts of psychological stress induced by threats, fear,
and physical and emotional violence. Tactics of coercion are reportedly used in three phases of
trafficking: recruitment, initiation, and indoctrination.
During the initiation phase, traffickers use foot-in-the-door techniques of persuasion to lead their
victims into various trafficking industries. This manipulation creates an environment where the
victim becomes completely dependent upon the authority of the traffickers. Traffickers take
advantage of family dysfunction, homelessness, and history of childhood abuse to psychologically
manipulate women and children into the trafficking industry.
One form of psychological coercion particularly common in cases of sex trafficking and forced
prostitution is Stockholm syndrome. Many women entering into the sex trafficking industry are
minors whom have already experienced prior sexual abuse. Traffickers take advantage of young
girls by luring them into the business through force and coercion, but more often through false
promises of love, security, and protection. This form of coercion works to recruit and initiate,
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while also reinforcing a "trauma bond", also known as Stockholm syndrome. Stockholm
syndrome is a psychological response where the victim becomes attached to her perpetrator.
The goal of a trafficker is to turn a human being into a slave. To do this, perpetrators employ
tactics that can lead to the psychological consequence of learned helplessness for the victims,
where they sense that they no longer have any autonomy or control over their lives. Traffickers
may hold their victims captive, expose them to large amounts of alcohol or use drugs, keep them
in isolation, or withhold food or sleep. During this time the victim often begins to feel the onset of
depression, guilt and self-blame, anger and rage, and sleep disturbances, PTSD, numbing, and
extreme stress. Under these pressures, the victim can fall into the hopeless mental state of learned
helplessness.
2) Long-term psychological impact
Human trafficking victims may experience complex trauma as a result of repeated cases of
intimate relationship trauma over long periods of time including, but not limited to, sexual abuse,
domestic violence, forced prostitution, or gang rape. Complex trauma involves multifaceted
conditions of depression, anxiety, self-hatred, dissociation, substance abuse, self-destructive
behaviors, medical and somatic concerns, despair, and re-victimization. Psychology researchers
report that, although similar to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Complex trauma is more
expansive in diagnosis because of the effects of prolonged trauma.
Psychological reviews have shown that the chronic stress experienced by many victims of human
trafficking can compromise the immune system. Several studies found that chronic stressors (like
trauma or loss) suppressed cellular and humoral immunity. Victims may develop STDs and
HIV/AIDS Perpetrators frequently use substance abuse as a means to control their victims, which
leads to compromised health, self-destructive behavior, and long-term physical harm.
Furthermore, victims have reported treatment similar to torture, where their bodies are broken and
beaten into submission.
Children are especially vulnerable to these developmental and psychological consequences of
trafficking because they are so young. In order to gain complete control of the child, traffickers
often destroy physical and mental health of the children through persistent physical and emotional
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abuse. Victims experience severe trauma on a daily basis that devastates the healthy development
of self-concept, self-worth, biological integrity, and cognitive functioning. Children who grow up
in constant environments of exploitation frequently exhibit antisocial behavior, over-sexualized
behavior, self-harm, aggression, distrust of adults, dissociative disorders, substance abuse,
complex trauma, and attention deficit disorders. Stockholm syndrome is also a common problem
for girls while they are trafficked, which can hinder them from both trying to escape, and moving
forward in psychological recovery programs.
Although 98% of the sex trade is composed of women and girls , there is an effort to gather
empirical evidence about the psychological impact of abuse common in sex trafficking upon
young boys. Boys often will experience forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, but also
additional stressors of social stigma of homosexuality associated with sexual abuse for boys, and
externalization of blame, increased anger, and desire for revenge.
3) HIV/AIDS
Estimated prevalence in % of HIV among young adults (1549) per country as of 2011.
Sex trafficking increases the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. The HIV/AIDS pandemic can be both
a cause and a consequence of sex trafficking. On one hand, child-prostitutes are sought by
customers because they are perceived as being less likely to be HIV positive, and this demand
leads to child sex trafficking. On the other hand, trafficking leads to the proliferation of HIV,
because victims, being vulnerable and often young/inexperienced, cannot protect themselves
properly, and get infected.
4) Economic consequences
According to estimates from the International Labour Organization (ILO), every year the human
trafficking industry generates 32 billion USD, half of which ($15.5 billion) is made in
industrialized countries, and a third of which ($9.7 billion) is made in Asia. A 2011 paper
published in Human Rights Review, "Sex Trafficking: Trends, Challenges and Limitations of
International Law", notes that, since 2000, the number of sex-trafficking victims has risen while
costs associated with trafficking have declined: "Coupled with the fact that trafficked sex slaves
are the single most profitable type of slave, costing on average $1,895 each but generating
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$29,210 annually, [there are] stark predictions about the likely growth in commercial sex slavery
in the future." Sex trafficking victims rarely get a share of the money that they make through
coerced sex work, which further keeps them oppressed.

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CONCLUSION

Human trafficking and forced labor involves men, women and children being brought into a
situation of exploitation through the use of violence, deception or coercion and forced to work
against their will.
People can be trafficked for many different forms of exploitation such as forced
prostitution, forced labor, forced begging, forced criminality, domestic servitude, forced marriage,
forced organ removal with no or minimal pay.

When children are trafficked, no violence, deception or coercion needs to be involved: simply
bringing them into exploitative conditions constitutes trafficking.
Since, many of these persons are never identified, it is difficult to get accurate statistics on the
numbers affected, but the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that world wide, at
any one time there are some 2.5 million people who have been trafficked and are being subjected
to sexual or labor exploitation.

Many individuals are seeking to escape poverty and discrimination, improve their lives and send
money back to their families. Often they get an offer of a well-paying job abroad or in another
region through family, friends or recruitment agencies. But when they arrive in the place of
destination, they find that the work they were promised does not exist and they are forced instead
to work in jobs or conditions to which they did not agree.

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REFERENCES

Journals/ Articles1) http://www.onesingapore.org/stop-human-trafficking/

2) http://www.antislavery.org/english/slavery_today/trafficking/
3) https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/germancos.html
4) http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm
5) http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labourstandards/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm
6) http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/policy-areas/statistics/lang--en/index.htm
7) http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/news/WCMS_182109/lang--en/index.htm
8) http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_243201/lang-en/index.htm

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