MODIFIED GUIDELINES

FOR
SUB-MISSION ON BASIC SERVICES TO
THE URBAN POOR (BSUP)

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

(JNNURM)

February 2009

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN POVERTY
ALLEVIATION
NEW DELHI

BSUP-Modified guidelines

MODIFIED GUIDELINES FOR PROJECTS OF

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL
MISSION (JNNURM) ON BASIC SERVICES TO THE
URBAN POOR (BSUP)
1.

Need for Sub-Mission on Basic Services to the Urban Poor

(BSUP) under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM)
As per 2001 population census, 285.35 million people reside in urban

areas. It constitutes 27.8% of the total population of the country. In postindependence era while population of India has grown three times, the urban
population has grown five times. The rising urban population has also given
rise to increase in the number of urban poor. As per 2001 estimates, the slum
population is estimated to be 61.8 million. The ever increasing number of
slum dwellers causes tremendous pressure on urban basic services and
infrastructure. In order to cope with massive problems that have emerged as a
result of rapid urban growth, it has become imperative to draw up a coherent
urbanization policy/strategy to implement projects in select cities on mission
mode.
2.

Mission Statement
Reforms driven, fast track, planned development of identified cities with

focus on efficiency in urban infrastructure/services delivery mechanism,

community participation and accountability of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
towards citizens.
3.

Mission Strategy

3.1.

Planned urban perspective frameworks for a period of 20-25 years (with

5 yearly updates) indicating policies, programmes and strategies of meeting

fund requirements would be prepared by every identified city. This perspective
plan would be followed by preparation of Development Plans integrating land
BSUP-Modified guidelines

use with services, urban transport and environment management for every five
year plan period. In this context, a City Development Plan (CDP) would be
required before the city can access Mission funds.
3.2.

Cities will be required to prepare Detailed Project Reports for

undertaking projects under identified areas.

3.3.

Private Sector Participation in development, management and financing

of Urban Infrastructure would be clearly delineated.

3.4.

Funds for identified cities would be released to the designated State

Nodal Agency, which in turn would leverage additional resources from the
State Government their own funds, funds of implementing agencies and funds
from the financial institutions/private sector/capital market and External Aid.
A revolving fund would be created to take care of operation and maintenance
of various assets created under the Mission.
4. Mission Objectives
4.1.

Focused attention to integrated development of Basic Services to the

Urban Poor in the cities covered under the Mission.

4.2.

Provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor including security of tenure

at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring

delivery through convergence of other already existing universal services of the
Government for education, health and social security.

Care will be taken to

see that the urban poor are provided housing near their place of occupation.
4.3.

Secure effective linkages between asset creation and asset management

so that the Basic Services to the Urban Poor created in the cities are not only
maintained efficiently but also become self-sustaining over time.
4.4.

Ensure adequate investment of funds to fulfill deficiencies in the Basic

Services to the Urban Poor.

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4.5.

Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with

emphasis on universal access to urban poor.

5.

Duration of the Mission

The duration of the Mission would be seven years beginning from the

year 2005-2006. During this period, the Mission will seek to ensure sustainable
development of select cities.
implementation

of

the

An evaluation of the experience of

Mission

would

be

undertaken

before

the

commencement of Eleventh Five Year Plan and if, necessary, the programme
calibrated suitably.
6.

Scope of Mission Programme

The main thrust of the sub-Mission on Basic Services to the Urban Poor

will be on integrated development of slums through projects for providing

shelter, basic services and other related civic amenities with a view to provide
utilities to the urban poor.
7.

Mission Components
The sub-Mission on Basic Services to the Urban Poor will cover the

following:(a)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.

Admissible components:Integrated development of slums, i.e., housing and development

of infrastructure projects in the slums in the identified cities.
Projects involving development/improvement/maintenance of
basic services to the urban poor.
Slum improvement and rehabilitation projects.
Projects on water supply/sewerage/drainage, community
toilets/baths, etc.
Houses at affordable costs for slum dwellers/ urban
poor/EWS/LIG categories.
Construction and improvements of drains/storm water drains.
Environmental improvement of slums and solid waste
management.
Street lighting.
Civic amenities, like community halls, child care centers, etc.
Operation and maintenance of assets created under this
component.

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xi.
NOTE:

Convergence of health, education and social security schemes for

the urban poor
Land cost will not be financed except for acquisition of
private land for schemes/ projects in the North Eastern
States & hilly States, viz., Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
and
Jammu & Kashmir.

(b)

Inadmissible Components

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Projects pertaining to the following will not be considered :

Power
Telecom
Wage employment programme & staff component
Creation of fresh employment opportunities

NOTE:

DPRs will have to be prepared by the implementing agencies for

funding under the Mission including specific project components,
viz, health, education and social security. However, the schemes
of health, education and social security will be funded through
convergence of schemes and dovetailing of budgetary provisions
available under the programmes of respective sectors (Health,
Human Resource Development, Social Justice and
Empowerment and Labour, etc.), but will also be monitored by
the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation in so far
as urban poor are concerned.

8.

Sub-Mission Coverage

8.1.

Keeping in view the paucity of resources and administrative constraints

in taking up all cities and towns under this Sub-Mission, only selected cities will
be taken up, as per norms/criteria mentioned below.
Category

Number

A Cities with 4 million plus population as per 2001 census

07
population
B Cities with 1 million plus but less than 4 million population 28
C Selected Cities (of religious/historic and tourist
importance)
8.2.

List of these cities is at Annexure-A.

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28

8.3.

National Steering Group may consider addition or deletion of

cities/towns under Category-C (other than State capitals). Total number of

cities under the Mission shall, however, remain about the same i.e. 63.
9.

Agenda of Reforms

9.1.

The main thrust of the revised strategy of urban renewal is to ensure

improvement in urban governance so that Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and

para-statal agencies become financially sound with enhanced credit rating and
ability to access market capital for undertaking new programmes and
expansion of services. In this improved environment, public-private
participation models for provisioning of various services would also become
feasible. To achieve this objective, State Governments, Urban Local Bodies
and para-statal agencies will be required to accept implementation of an agenda
of reforms. The proposed reforms shall broadly fall into two categories:i)
ii)

Mandatory reforms
Optional reforms

9.2.

List of Mandatory and Optional reforms is at Annexure-B.

9.3.

National Steering Group may add additional reforms to the identified

reforms.
10.

Memorandum of Agreement (MoA)

The State Governments and the ULBs/Parastatals will be required to

execute a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) with Government of India

indicating their commitment to implement the identified reforms. MoA would
also spell out specific milestones to be achieved for each item of reform.
Signing of this tripartite MoA will be a necessary condition to access Central
assistance.

This tripartite MoA would be submitted along with Detailed

Project Reports (DPRs). The Central assistance will be predicated upon the
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State Governments and the ULBs/Parastatals agreeing to the reforms

platform.
11.

National Steering Group under JNNURM

11.1. To steer the Mission objectives, a National Steering Group will be

constituted.

The composition of the National Steering Group will be as

follows:
National Steering Group

Minister for Urban Development

Minister for Housing and

Urban Poverty Alleviation
Secretary (HUPA)
Secretary, Planning Commission
Secretary (Expenditure)
National Technical Adviser
Secretary (Urban Development)

Chairman

__

Co-Chairperson
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member-Convener

11.2. National Steering Group may consider addition or deletion of

cities/towns under Category C (other than State capitals). The total number of
cities under the Mission shall, however, remain around the same.
11.3. Under Sub-Mission on BSUP, a high level Committee will be set up
under the chairmanship of Minister (HUPA).

12.

Mission Directorate
There shall be a Mission Directorate under the charge of Joint Secretary

under Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation for ensuring

effective co-ordination with State Governments and other agencies for
expeditious processing of the project proposals. The Joint Secretary in-charge
of the Mission Directorate would be designated as Mission Director. The
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National Technical Adviser would also be kept associated with the Mission
Directorate.
13.

Appraisal of Projects
Detailed Project Reports would be scrutinized by the Technical Wing(s)

of the Ministry or specialized/technical agencies to be outsourced for the

purpose before placing such proposals for sanction by Central Sanctioning and
Monitoring Committee.
14.

Sanction of projects under the Mission

14.1. There would be a Central Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee in the

Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation for sanctioning the
projects submitted by identified States, which would comprise1. Secretary, Ministry of Housing and
Urban Poverty Alleviation
Chairman
2. Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development
Member
3. Secretary, Ministry of Finance(Deptt.of Expenditure)
Member
4. Principal Adviser (HUD), Planning Commission
Member
5. Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests
Member
6. Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
Member
7. Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Member
8. Secretary, Department of School Education &
Literacy, Ministry of HRD
Member
9. Joint Secretary and Financial Adviser,
Ministry of UD/HUPA
Member
10. Chief Planner, Town and Country Planning
Organization
Member
11. Adviser, CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban Development
Member
12. CMD, Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd Member
13. Joint Secretary (JNNURM)/Mission Director
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Member-Secretary
14.2. Central Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee as mentioned above is
authorized to appraise and sanction projects costing upto Rs.500 crore under
the Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor without further
reference to the Expenditure Finance Committee (EFC)/Cabinet Committee
on Economic Affairs (CCEA). However, projects costing above Rs.100 crore
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will require approval of Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Housing

and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Finance Minister, in each case. All projects
costing above Rs.500 crore will be approved by the competent authorities as
envisaged in Ministry of Finance (Department of Expenditure) O.M. No.1
(26)-E.II(A)/2002 dated 21.12.2002 as amended from time to time.
14.3. The Committee would assign priority in sanctioning projects of housing
and development of infrastructure, basic services and other related civic
amenities.
14.4. Projects with private sector participation will be given priority over
projects to be executed by ULBs/Parastatals themselves, as this will help
leverage private capital and bring in efficiency.
15.

Advisory Group
In addition, at the National level, an Advisory Group would be

constituted for the Mission/sub-Mission. The Group would be headed by a

Technical Adviser drawn from civil society with proven experience in
mobilizing collective action for reforms in urban governance. The group
would enable the Mission to create similar voluntary Technical Corps in each
city identified for the Mission/sub-Mission. It would encourage private sector
participation, citizens involvement in urban governance at grass root level and
transparency in municipal governance.
16.

State Level Steering Committee

In order to decide projects and their priorities for inclusion in

JNNURM, there would be a State Level Steering Committee with following

composition :
i.

Chief Minister of the State/

Minister for Urban Development/
Minister for Housing of the State

ii.

Minister, Urban Development/

Vice-Chairman

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Chairman

Minister for Housing of the State

17.

iii.

Concerned Mayors/Chairpersons of ULBs Member

iv.

Concerned MPs/MLAs

Member

v.

Secretary, Finance of the State Govt.

Member

vi.

Secretary (PHE) of the State Govt.

Member

vii.

Secretary (Municipal Administration/Affairs) Member

viii.

Secretary (Housing) of the State Govt.

ix.

Secretary (UD)/LSG/Municipal Affairs

Member
Member-Secretary

Nodal Agency
The scheme would be implemented through a State Level Nodal Agency

designated by the State Government. The nodal agency would, inter-alia,

perform following functions:a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
18.

Appraisal of projects submitted by ULBs/Para-statal agencies;

Obtaining sanction of State Level Steering Committee for seeking
assistance from Central Government under JNNURM;
Management of grants received from Central and State
Government;
Release of funds to ULBs/Para-statal agencies either as grant, or
soft loan or grant cum loan.
Management of Revolving Fund.
Monitoring physical and financial progress of sanctioned projects;
Monitor implementation of reforms as committed in the MoA.

Revolving Fund
Under Sub-Mission on Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP),

wherever State Level Nodal Agency releases Central and State funds to the
implementing agencies as soft loan or grant-cum-loan, it would ensure that at
least 10% of the funds released are recovered and ploughed

into

the

Revolving Fund. This fund will be utilized to meet operation & maintenance
expenses of the assets created under the Sub-Mission.

At the end of the

Mission period, the Revolving Fund may be graduated to State Basic Services
to the Urban Poor Fund.
BSUP-Modified guidelines

19.

Financing Pattern

19.1. Financing of projects under the Mission would be as under:Grant

Share

State/ULB/Parastatal
share, including
Beneficiary
contribution

50%

50%

50%

50%

90%

10%

80%

20%

Central

Category of cities
Cities with 4 million plus
population as per 2001 census
Cities with million plus but less
than 4 million population as per
2001 census
Cities/towns in North Eastern
States and Jammu and Kashmir
Other Cities

Note: The percentage is on the total project cost.

19.2. Central assistance, as aforesaid, would be the maximum assistance
available under JNNURM. The Central assistance provided under the Mission
can be used to leverage market capital, if and where required.
19.3. In order to prepare City Development Plan (CDP), Detailed Project
Reports (DPRs), training & capacity building, community participation,
information, education and communication (IEC), a provision of 5% of the
Central grant or the actual requirement, whichever is less, may be kept for
sanction to cities/towns covered under the Mission.
19.4. In addition, not more than 5% of the Central grant or the actual
requirement, whichever is less, may be used for Administrative and Other
Expenses (A&OE) by the Centre and the States. However, the Centres share
shall not exceed 1% of the Central grant.

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20.

Mobilization of State share

20.1. If necessary, internal resources of implementing agencies, Member of

Parliament Local Area Development and Member of Legislative Assembly
Local Area Development funds may be substituted for institutional finance or
for State/ULB/ Parastatal share. However, MPLAD/MLALAD fund would
not substitute beneficiary contribution.
20.2. In case any Mission project is also approved as Externally Aided project
(EAP), the EAP funds can be passed through as ACA to the State
Government as funds contributed by State / ULBs / FIs and Mission funds
can be used as Government of India contribution.
21.

Beneficiary Contribution
Housing should not be provided free to the beneficiaries by the State

Government.

A minimum of 12% beneficiary contribution should be

stipulated, which in the case of SC/ST/BC/OBC/PH and other weaker

sections shall be 10%.
22.

Release of Funds

22.1. Funds would be released, as far as possible in four instalments, as

Additional Central Assistance (100% Grant in respect of Central share) to the
State Government or its designated State level agencies. The first instalment of
25% will be released on signing of the Memorandum of Agreement by the
State Government/ULB/Parastatal for implementation of JNNURM projects.
The balance amount of assistance shall be released as far as possible in three
instalments upon receipt of utilization certificates to the extent of 70% of the
Central fund and also that of State/ULB/Parastatal share, and subject to
achievement of milestones agreed for implementation of mandatory and
optional reforms at the State and ULB level as envisaged in the Memorandum
of Agreement.
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11

22.2. In respect of the implementation of BSUP the reforms critical to

slum improvement are:

i)

Internal earmarking within Urban Local Body budgets for basic

services to the urban poor eventually developing a Basic Services to
the Urban Poor Fund so that adequate resources are available for
meeting the needs of the urban poor;
ii) Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of
tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation
and ensuring delivery of other already existing universal services of the
government for education, health and social security in a time-bound
manner; and
iii) Earmarking at least 20-25% of developed land in all housing projects
(both Public and Private Agencies) for EWS/LIG category with a
system of cross-subsidization so that land is available for affordable
housing for the urban poor.

22.3. Accordingly, release of Central assistance to States/Union

Territories under the Sub-Mission on Basic Services to the Urban Poor
(BSUP) is linked to the progress of implementation of 3 pro-poor
reforms under JNNURM that are critical to slum improvement.

23.

Outcomes of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal

Mission
On completion of the Mission period of seven years, it is expected that

ULBs will achieve the following outcomes: Modern and transparent budgeting, accounting, financial
management systems, designed and adopted for all urban services
and governance functions;
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12

 City-wide framework for planning and governance will be

established and become operational;
All urban poor people will be able to obtain access to a basic level
of urban services;
Financially self-sustaining agencies for urban governance and
service delivery will be established, through reforms to major
revenue instruments;
Local services and governance will be conducted in a manner that
is transparent and accountable to citizens;
e-Governance applications will be introduced in core functions of
ULBs resulting in reduced cost and time of service delivery
processes.
24.

Monitoring progress of projects sanctioned under the Mission

With a view to fine-tuning and calibrating activities, evaluation of

experience under the Mission will be carried out before continuation in the 11th
Plan. A provision of 5% of the grant will be earmarked under the Ministrys
Budget for undertaking evaluation of the mission.

Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation will

periodically monitor the scheme.

State level nodal agency would send quarterly progress report to

the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.

Upon completion of the project, nodal agency, through the State

Government, would submit completion report in this regard.

Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee may meet as often

as required to sanction and review/monitor the progress of
projects sanctioned under the Mission.

Monitoring of progress of implementation of reforms may be

outsourced to specialized/technical agencies.
**************

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13

ANNEXURE-A
List of Identified Cities/Urban Agglomerations (UAs)
under Sub-Mission on Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)
Sl.
No.
a)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
b)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

City

Name of the State

Population
(in lakh)

Mega Cities/UAs
Delhi
Greater Mumbai
Ahmedabad
Bangalore
Chennai
Kolkata
Hyderabad
Million-plus Cities/UAs
Patna
Faridabad
Bhopal
Ludhiana
Jaipur
Lucknow
Madurai
Nashik
Pune
Cochin
Varanasi
Agra
Amritsar
Visakhapatnam
Vadodara
Surat
Kanpur
Nagpur
Coimbatore
Meerut
Jabalpur
Jamshedpur
Asansol
Allahabad
Vijayawada
Rajkot
Dhanbad
Indore

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Delhi
Maharashtra
Gujarat
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh

128.77
164.34
45.25
57.01
65.60
132.06
57.42

Bihar
Haryana
Madhya Pradesh
Punjab
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Kerala
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Gujarat
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Jharkhand
West Bengal
Uttar Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Jharkhand
Madhya Pradesh

16.98
10.56
14.58
13.98
23.27
22.46
12.03
11.52
37.60
13.55
12.04
13.31
10.03
13.45
14.91
28.11
27.15
21.29
14.61
11.61
10.98
11.04
10.67
10.42
10.39
10.03
10.65
16.40

14

c)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

Identified cities/UAs with less than one million population

Guwahati
Assam
8.19
Itanagar
Arunachal Pradesh
0.35
Jammu
Jammu & Kashmir
6.12
Raipur
Chhattisgarh
7.00
Panaji
Goa
0.99
Shimla
Himachal Pradesh
1.45
Ranchi
Jharkhand
8.63
Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala
8.90
Imphal
Manipur
2.50
Shillong
Meghalaya
2.68
Aizawal
Mizoram
2.28
Kohima
Nagaland
0.77
Bhubaneswar
Orissa
6.58
Gangtok
Sikkim
0.29
Agartala
Tripura
1.90
Dehradun
Uttarakhand
5.30
Bodh Gaya
Bihar
3.94
Ujjain
Madhya Pradesh
4.31
Puri
Orissa
1.57
Ajmer-Pushkar
Rajasthan
5.04
Nainital
Uttarakhand
2.20
Mysore
Karnataka
7.99
Pondicherry
Pondicherry
5.05
Chandigarh
Punjab & Haryana
8.08
Srinagar
Jammu & Kashmir
9.88
Haridwar
Uttarakhand
2.21
Mathura
Uttar Pradesh
3.23
Nanded
Maharashtra
4.31
All State Capitals and Capitals of two Union Territories with

Legislatures are proposed to be covered.

The National Steering Group may add or delete cities/towns under
category-C other than State capitals. However, the total number of category-C
cities under JNNURM will be kept at a reasonable level.

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ANNEXURE-B
URBAN REFORMS
Urban reforms may include:
Mandatory Reforms :
Urban Local Body Reforms (at ULB Level)
i)

Adoption of modern, accrual-based double entry system of

accounting in Urban Local Bodies.

ii)

Introduction of system of e-governance using IT applications like

GIS and MIS for various services provided by ULBs.

iii)

Reform of property tax with GIS, so that it becomes major source

of revenue for Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and arrangements for its
effective implementation so that collection efficiency reaches at least
85% within the Mission period.

iv)

Levy of reasonable user charges by ULBs/Parastatals with the

objective that full cost of operation and maintenance is collected
within the Mission period. However, cities/towns in North East and
other special category States may recover at least 50% of operation
and maintenance charges initially. These cities/towns should graduate
to full O&M cost recovery in a phased manner.

v)

Internal earmarking within local body budgets for basic services to

the urban poor.

vi)

Provision of basic services to urban poor including security of tenure

at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and
ensuring delivery of other already existing universal services of the
government for education, health and social security.

State Level Reforms

i)

Implementation of decentralization measures as envisaged in Seventy

Fourth Constitutional Amendment. States should ensure meaningful

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association/engagement of ULBs in planning function of Parastatals

as well as delivery of services to the citizens.
ii)

Rationalisation of Stamp Duty to bring it down to no more than 5%

within the Mission period.

iii) Enactment of community participation law to institutionalize citizen

participation and introducing the concept of the Area Sabha in urban
areas.
iv) Assigning or associating elected ULBs into city planning function
over a period of five years; transferring all special agencies that deliver
civic services in urban areas and creating accountability platforms for
all urban civic service providers in transition.
OPTIONAL REFORMS
i)

Repeal of Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act.

ii)

Amendment of Rent Control Laws balancing the interest of landlords

and tenants.

iii) Enactment of Public Disclosure Law to ensure preparation of

medium-term fiscal plan of ULBs and release of quarterly performance
information to all stakeholders.
iv) Revision of bye-laws to streamline the approval process for
construction of buildings, development of sites, etc.
v)

Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of

agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes.

vi) Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs.

vii) Earmarking at least 20-25% of developed land in all housing projects
(both Public and Private Agencies) for EWS/LIG category with a
system of cross subsidization.
viii) Introduction of computerized process of registration of land and
property.

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ix) Revision of bye-laws to make rain water harvesting mandatory in all

buildings to come up in future and for adoption of water conservation
measures.
x)

Bye-laws on reuse of recycled water.

xi) Administrative reforms, i.e., reduction in establishment by bringing out

voluntary retirement schemes, non-filling up of posts falling vacant
due to retirement etc., and achieving specified milestones in this
regard.
xii) Structural reforms
xiii) Encouraging Public-Private partnership.
NOTE: States/ULBs will be required to implement all the Mandatory
Reforms and Optional Reforms within the Mission period. The
States/ULBs need to choose at least two Optional Reforms each
year for implementation. The details of reforms which have
already been implemented and/or proposed to be taken up
should be included in the detailed project reports.
*********

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