PULVERIZING TUWAY SHELLS WITH ALUGBATI BERRIES,

TURMERIC EXTRACT AND ACHIOTE AS POTENTIAL FOR

MAKING NATURAL COLORED BLACKBOARD CHALK

A Baby Thesis
Presented to the Laboratory High School
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY-BUUG CAMPUS
Datu Panas, Buug, Zambanga Sibugay

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the
Science Research II
S.Y.2015-2016

Decleah Beniga
Lurace Claire Caballero
Adrian Cadiz
Alexandra Demi Morrok
Mariane Joyce Nesle
Antoinette Kate Panilag
John Carlo Romande
Elvin Ruiz

March 2015

TABLE OF CONTETS
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

i
ii

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Definition of Terms
Chapter II RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
Related Studies
Chapter III METHODOLOGY
Materials
Methods
Data Gathering Procedure
Documentation
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1
1
2
3
3
3
4-5
6
6-7
8
9
9
9-10
10
10-14
15

Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
We are aware that education is the most powerful weapon to change the world for the
better and is a key towards our success. Due to this fact, we need to have an improvised facilities
and materials for us to make our works and experiments easier to achieve. In our present
generation, we already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most
improved and modernized equipment. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard
and a piece of chalk.
Chalk and blackboards are still the basic necessities of a classroom today. Some alternate
technologies, for example dry erasers, whiteboards or whiteboard markers, are available but are
designed after the chalk and blackboard principle. However, whiteboard markers don't last long
and are often expensive. Also, these markers have a number of components:plastic barrels, inks
and etc., so they're going to have a much more complicated life cycle.
At present, chalk and chalkboards are still used by majority of our countrys schools as
this is one of the cheapest methods of teaching. However, as the chalk is scraped across the
surface of the board, particles of it are sent out into the surrounding air and if inhaled by
someone, it may threaten ones health.
Chalk dust is a menace in a classroom. It might cause respiratory infections or allergies to
the person who is directly exposed of the chalk dust especially the teachers or the student who
writes in the blackboard. The problem of the modern world is that the people created toxic
chemicals which can harm citizens, including ourselves.

The researchers would want to lessen the risks of unwanted chemicals in using colored
chalks. As an alternative, the group will create a natural colored chalk from common materials
that can be found in the locality.
Tuway shells are rich in iron, protein, vitamins especially B12, and contains low amounts
of contaminants. It is made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Since the Tuway shells are
composed of calcium carbonate, the researchers think of other way to create colored chalk with
the use of Tuway shells with natural colorants.
So, the researchers will make some trial and errors from the different common materials
to create a good quality, less risky, and cheaper colored chalk. By doing so, it will open the
possibilities of an eco-friendly teaching environment and the assurance of communitys health.
Until to that moment that we have agreed and opted, to make a colored chalk out of Tuway shells
with Alugbati Berries, Turmeric Extract and Achiote.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to create an indigenous colored chalk with the use of Tuway shells. The
researchers will try to investigate the feasibility of Tuway shells mix with Alugbati Berries,
Turmeric Extract and Achiote as an alternative colorant in the production of colored chalks.
Specifically, the present study intends to answer the following queries:
1. Is it possible to produce a colored chalk from Tuway Shells with Alugbati Berries,
Turmeric Extract and Achiote?
2. Does the amount of the pulverized Tuway Shells affect the production of colored chalk?
3. Does the flour affects the effectiveness of Tuway Shell as a substitute for the production
of colored chalk?

Hypotheses
Ha : It is possible to produced a colored chalk using Tuway shells mix with Alugbati
Berries, Turmeric Extract and Achiote.
Ho: It is not possible to produced a colored chalk using Tuway shells mix with Alugbati
Berries, Turmeric Extract and Achiote.
Significance of the Study
This study can be meaningful to the people, this product will be their assurance of a good
health, to the student , this will help in harnessing their talents by using their intellectual minds
and resourcefulness to make an innovative experiments, also the teachers, this research can be
used as an alternative teaching aids and can help lessen, school teachers long-lasting burden of
providing teaching supplies out of their own pockets and lastly for the future researchers, this
proposed study can serve as a reference material and guide for them in examining and
investigating further in this topic and in making improvements and modifications.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study Pulverizing Tuway Shells with Alugbati Berries, Achiote and Turmeric
Powder As Potential for Colored Chalk Production focuses mainly on making colored chalk
using Tuway shells with natural colorants. It also concerns about the evaluation of its actual
advantages compared to some commercialized one. However, this study has its own limitations
since the researchers are only focusing on the experimentation on the use of Tuway shells as a
potential material for colored chalk, only the shells are used. The researchers will not include the
meat inside the shell to be one of the materials for colored chalk making.

Definition of terms
The following terms were defined operationally for vividness and better understanding:
Education-the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge,developing the powers
of reasoning and judgment, and generally ofpreparing oneself or others intellectually for mature
life.
Chalk- a similar substance (calcium sulphate), made into sticks and used for drawing or writing.
The main component of chalk is calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a form of limestone
Tuway shells- (clam) are burrowing marine mollusk living on sand or mud, the shell closes with
viselike firmness. A tuway shell is consisting of two (usually equal) halves, which are connected
by a hinge joint and a ligament which can be external or internal..
Alugbati Berries- berries which comes from a succulent branched, smooth, twining herbaceous
vine; several matters in length. Stems are purplish of green. Leaves are fleshy, ovate or heartshaped. Fruits are fleshy, stalk less, ovoid or spherical, 5-6cm long and purple and when mature.
Turmeric Extract- the remain extracts of a widely cultivated tropical plant of Asia specially in
India having yellow flowers and a large aromatic deep yellow rhizome; source of a condiment
and a dye.
Achiote- the achiote is sometimes called the "lipstick tree". Achiote originated in South America
and has spread in popularity to many parts of Asia. It is also grown in other tropical or
subtropical regions of the world, including Central America, Africa and Asia. The heart-shaped
fruit are brown or reddish brown at maturity, and are covered with short, stiff hairs. When fully
mature, the fruit splits open, exposing the numerous dark red seeds. is The fruit itself not edible,

however the orange-red pulp that covers the seed is used to produce a yellow to orange food
coloring.
Whiteboards-a smooth, glossy sheet of white plastic that can be written on with a

colored

pen

or marker in the manner of a blackboard.

Blackboard a hard rigid surface made of smooth usually dark substance, used for writing or
drawing on with chalk, especially in teaching.
Projector- an optical instrument that projects an enlarged image of individual slides onto a screen
or wallor microorganisms.
Allergies- an abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances, such as pollens, foods, or
microorganisms. Common indications of allergy, may include sneezing, itching, and skin rashes.
Toxic Chemicals- A toxic substance means any chemical or mixture that may be harmful to the
environment and to human if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin.

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature
Chalk is a soft, friable, grayish sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of
mineral calcite. Chalk was one of the earliest rocks, existed about ninety millions of years ago
down the land of Northern Europe accumulating at the bottom of the sea. These rocks were
made up of sub-microscopic particles to be studied under the electron microscope, when it was
found to be composed of entirely cocoliths. It is made from pulverized variety of limestone,
which is composed of foraminifera. Chalk is mostly mixed with clay type materials and at most
times, embedded with silica, flint, and chert. It is used in making Portland cement; as a fertilizer;
mild abrasive tooth paste; as filler; extender or pigment in such products as ceramics, cosmetics,
crayons, plastics, rubber, paper, and paints; and as medium for drawing.
Chalk as seen in Cretaceous deposits of Western Europe is said to be unusual than other
sedimentary limestones due to the thickness of its beds.
Chalk has greater resistance to weathering and slumping, thus forming tall steep cliffs
where chalk ridges meet the sea. Most cliffs of chalk has very thin bedding planes compared to
other sedimentaru limestones such as Carboniferous limestone of the Jurassic Eolithic limestone.
This presumably indicates very stable over millions of years.
Chemically, the mineral calcite is almost pure calcium carbonate. It ranges in hardness
and texture from very soft porous varieties to harder close-grained types.

Chalk was formed in the sea by sub-microscopic protozoans which fall to the sea floor
and are then consolidate and compressed during diagenesis becoming into a chalk rock which is
above the sea level due to the climate changes as the years have passed by.
Chalks were very useful during ancient times. In Southeast England, they are notable due
to their properties to make pits. Bell pits made of chalk were used to remove flint nodules for in
manufacturing stone tools which were used by the people million of years ago.
During the pre- Victorian era, chalks were used as a main building material in
constructing houses. It is used instead of brick or wattle. Quarried chalk was caught into blocks
and used as a ashlar, or loose chalk rammed into blocks and laid in mortar.
As the years have passed by, more about chalk were revealed. Chalk may be used for its
properties as a base. In agriculture, chalk is used for raising pH in soils with high acidity. Small
doses of chalk can also be used as an antacid. Additionally, the small particles of chalk make it a
substance ideal for cleaning and polishing. For example, toothpaste commonly contains small
amounts of chalk, which seres as a mild abrasive. Polishing chalk is chalk prepared with a
carefully controlled grain size, for very fine polishing of metals. Chalk also can be used as
fingerprint powder.
Chalk was also traditionally used in recreation. In field sports, such as tennis played on
grass, powdered chalk was used to mark the boundary lines of the playing field or court. If a ball
hits the line, a cloud of chalk or pigment dust will be visible. In recent years, powdered chal has
been replaced with titanium dioxide. In gymnastics, rock-climbing, weight-lifting and tug of war,
chalk now usually magnesium carbonate is applied to the hands and feet to remove perspiration.

The writing purposes of chalk during this time were being strengthened not until the invention of
blackboard chalk, sidewalk and tailors chalk, which is a tool for writing.
Blackboard chalk is a substance used for drawing on rough surfaces. Although
traditionally composed of natural chalk, modern blackboard chalk is generally made from the
mineral gypsum, (calcium sulfate), often supplied in sticks of compressed powder about 10 cm
long. Sidewalk chalk is similar to blackboard chalk, but it is shaped into larger sticks and often
colored. It is used to draw on sidewalks, streets, and driveways. Tailors chalk is traditionally a
hard chalk used to ask temporary markings on cloth, mainly by tailors. However, it is now
usually made from talc (magnesium silicate).
Later, blackboard chalk was used as a pigment for artists and it was for artists that chalk
was first manufactured into stickes. In fact, it wasnt until the 1800s that chalk began to be used
in the classroom setting. In the reference book How Products Are Made (1994) it states that
blackboard chalk became common in the classroom when class size increased in the nineteenth
century and teachers needed a way to convey information to many more students at once.
Chalk used in school classrooms comes in slender sticks approximately 3.5 of an inch
(nine millimeters) in diameter and 3.15 inches (80 millimeters) long. As found in nature, chalk
has been used for drawing since prehistoric times, when, according to archaelogists, it helped to
create some of the earliest cave drawings.
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with formula CaCO 3. It is formed by three
main elements carbon, oxygen and calcium. It is common substance found in rocks in all parts of
the world, and is the main component of shells of marine organisms.

Eggshells, snail shells and most seashells are predominantly calcium carbonate and can
be used as industrial sources of that chemical. Oyster shells have enjoyed recent recognition as a
source of dietary calcium, but are also a practical industrial source.
Calcium carbonate has traditionally been considered as the major component of
blackboard chalk.
Tuway Shell is sometimes called as a clam shell. Clam, is an informal term used to
refer bivalve mollusks.
They first appeared in Cambrian age rocks 510 million years ago. They presently live in
both freshwater and marine habitats. The exoskeleton of the Tuway Shell is called a bivalve
shell. In life, the shell of this class of mollusks is composed of two parts, two valves which are
hinged together. Bivalves are very common in many kinds of saltwater habitats, but they are also
found in brackish water and in freshwater. The shell has several layers, and is typically made f
calcium carbonate precipitated out into an organic matrix. It is secreted by a part of the
molluscan body known as the mantle.
Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant. It is native in
Southwest India, and needs temperatures between 20 and 30 degrees and a considerable amount
of annual rainfall to thrive. Turmeric is a perennial herbaceous plant, which reaches up to 1 m
tall. Highly branched, yellow to orange, cylindrical, aromatic rhizomes are found. The leaves are
alternate and arranced in two rows. They are divided into leaf sheath, petiole, and leaf blade.
From the leaf sheathes, a false stem is formed. The petiole is 50 to 115 cm long. The simple leaf
blades are usually 76 to115 cm long and raely up to 230 cm. They have a width of 38 to 45 cm
and are belong to elliptic narrowing at the tip.

It is used because it contains curcumin,demothoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin

which produc yellow in color. Turmenic has several advantages in making coloring substances; is
used widely in food industries as a color spice, food preservative, and coloring materials such as
dyes, paints, chalks and cosmetics.
In medical, turmericis used because they contain good properties such as antioxidants
proprerties in medical trials. (Sharma et al, 2001)
Curcumin has been considered by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) as the third
generation of cancer chemo preventive, agent in America and phase II clinical trials hav been
carried out in Germany. It had proven a few years before. Besides that, theturmenic have been
used as a source for cosmetics, textiles, and as well as medical agent as mentioned in Indian
system if medicine for several common ailments. (Vikas et al, 2007)
Algubati os also known as malabanar spinach, Indian spinach with Tagalog names,
Libato and Grana, Bisayan name, Algubate, Bicol name, Arogbati, AKIlokano name Ilaibakir.
Alugabati has a scientific name of BAsella Rubra Linn. Alugbati is algabarous, succulent,
branched vine o;ver one meter long. The leaves are fleshy, heart-shaped and are demulcent,
diuretic and generally used for gonorrhea and balanatis. The petioles ae fleshy, freen or purplish.
The fruit is void having seeds which generally are eaten as dessert.
Alugati berries aare very excellent in coloring purposes; used as cosmetics for women as
roungr for lip and cheeks, production of colored chalk, as dy and contains anthocyanin which is
responsible for the production of the natural food colorant. It provides a dark violet color as a
food colorant.

Annatto (Achiote) is an orange-red condimebt and foof coloring derived from the seeds
of the achiote tree (Bixa orellana). It is oftnen sed to impart a yellow or orange color to foods,but
sometimes also for its flavor and arom. Its scent is described as slightly peppery with a hint of
nutmeg and flavr as slightlu nutty, sweet and peppery. The color of Annatto comes from
various carotenoid pigments, mainly bixin and norbixin, found in the reddish waxy coating of th
seeds. The condiment is typically prepared by grinding the seeds to a powder or paste. Similar
effects can be obtained by extracting some of the color and flavor principles from the seeds with
hot water, oil, or lard, which are then added to the food.
Annatto and its extracts are now widely used in an artisanal or industrial scale as a
coloring agent in many processed food products, such as cheeses, dairy spreads, butter and
margarine, custards, cakes and other baked goods, potatoes, snack foods, breakfast cereals,
smoked fish, sausages, and more. In these uses, Annatto is natural alternative to synthetic food
coloring compounds. Annatto is also used as a coloring agent for paints, printer inks, cosmetics,
chalks, and etc.

Related Studies
In a study conducted by April Magno et al. entitled Chalk Out Of Seashell. The
research project aimed to utilize and determine whether chalk from seashells could be compared
to commercial ones. The study on the productin of chalk out of seashells as designed and
produced a great quality of chalk to copare with the standard commercialized chalks.
Another thought and a study entitled The Effectiveness Of Chicken Eggshell As A
Substitute For Commercial Chalk-was the title of the research paper of Jessica Penuliar et al. It
focuses on the effectiveness of eggshells in producing chalk in terms of the chalks color,
durability, texture and its writing capabilities.
According to the Japanese Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry, 3.13 million tons
of fishery products, including innards and shells, were disposed of in fiscal 2008. Of this, about
190,000 tons of scallop shells were thrown away in Hokkaidp alone thus making the shells an
abundant resource.
In 2004 the Hokkaido Research Organization, a Hokkaido government-run body for
industrial promotion, made overtures to Kazuhito Nishikawa, of Nihon Rikagaku Industry Co.,
to assist on a project researching the recycling of fishery shells disposal of which is a major
problem.
After much research thought trial and error, Mr. Nishikawa determined a perfect ration of
cleaned and pounded scallop shell mixed with the traditionally used limestone-based calcium
carbonate. The resulting chalk as well received and thus a patent obtained.
Nihon Rikagaku Industry Co. has been so successful in creating a high quality chalk,
praised by teachers and others for radiant colors and ease of use, that the companys factory in

Bibai Hokkaido now produces 150,000 chalk sticks per day and recycles about 2.7 million
scallop shells annually.
Mr. Nishikawa further insists the the chalk sticks have another practical usage beyond
the classroom. When they become too small to use, they can be buried in flower beds to impove
soil quality as the calcium carbonate within has alkanization qualities.

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

An experimental and descriptive research will be conducted in the study. An

experimental research or experiment is an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of
verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of hypotheses. In turn, a descriptive research is a
research methodology used to obtain information concerning the nature, characteristics,
components and aspects of the phenomena.
Materials
Tuway Shells

Water

kilo of Flour

Mortar and Pestle

Cassava

Cloth

Achiote

Bowl

Alugbati Berries

Grater

Turmeric

Tissue paper

Methods
The following are the procedures that will be followed in this study:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Collect Tuway shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava.
Pulverized the shells until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container.
Grate the cassava and squeeze its juice using cloth. Separate the liquid from its residue.
Extract the colored juice of Achiote, Turmeric and Alugbati.

5. Mix the residue of the extracted cassava, pulverized Tuway shells, flour and colored
juices from natural colorants. Add water at the right ratio of the quantity of the mixture.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Make sure the ingredients are properly mix.

Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire.
Wrap it with tissue paper for faster absorption and to avoid moisture.
Place it under the sun for at least 3 days until it dries up and is ready to used.
Test the effectives of the product according to its durability, hardness, texture and writing
capability, if yes then it is successful, otherwise it is failed.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will test the product by using the chalk as a tool for writing. The
researchers will also conduct a survey to three respondents about the effectiveness of Tuway
shells with natural colorants in producing colored chalks.

Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered from this study, their analysis and
interpretation.
The researchers did a survey to prove that our product can be used effectively and
efficiently. We asked three respondents to take our survey for us to see their opinions for the
different colored chalks they use. The respondents were provided papers with questions in which
they were tasked to write the appropriate efficiency of the product, 5 for excellent, 4 for very
satisfactory, 3 for satisfactory, 2 for needs improvement and 1 for poor.
Trial 1
Durability
Hardness
Texture
Writing Capacity
Total Average
Mean

R1
2
2
3
3

R2
3
3
3
3

R3
2
3
3
3

Means
2.3
2.7
3
3
2.7

In trial 1, using the materials in which the amount of pulverized Tuway Shell and flour
were both the same. The total mean for durability is 2.3 since the first respondent give 2 points,
the second give 3 points and the third give 2 points. To get the total mean for each characteristic,
we should add the points given by the three respondents divided by the number of respondents.
For trial 1 the total mean for durability is 2.3, for hardness is 2.7, for texture is 3 and for writing
capacity is 2.7. The total average for the following means in trial 1 is 2.7.
Trial 2
Durability
Hardness

R1
3
4

R2
3
3

R3
3
3

Means
3
3.3

Texture
Writing Capacity
Total Average
Mean

3
4

3
4

4
3

3.3
3
3.2

In trial 2 using, the materials in which the amount of flour is greater than the amount of
pulverized Tuway shells. In trial 2, the total mean for durability is 3, for hardness and texture is
3.3 and for writing capacity is 3. The total average for the following means in trial 2 is 3.2
Trial 3
Durability
Hardness
Texture
Writing Capacity
Total Average
Mean

R1
4
4
3
4

R2
4
4
3
3

R3
4
5
4
3

Means
4
4.3
3.3
3.3
3.7

In trial 3 using, the materials in which the amount of pulverized Tuway shell is greater
than the amount of flour. In trial 3, the total mean for durability is 4, for hardness and texture is
4.3 and for writing capacity is 3.3. The total average for the following means in trial 3 is 3.7
Based on the results of the three trials, trial 3 was considered as the most qualified
colored chalk since it has the largest total average mean.

18

This table shows the amount of pulverized Tuway Shells and flour per teaspoon to obtain
the perfect ratio in creating a colored chalk. It also describes the characteristics of the product
which is based on the conducted survey. Note that each chalk was dried at least 3 days.

Trial
Numbe
r

Amt. of
pulverized
Tuway Shells
(per tsp.)

Amt.
Flour
Mixed
(per tsp.)

Characteristics

Durability

Hardness

Texture

Brittle

Soft

Smooth

Slightly hard

Smooth

Slightly
Durable
Durable

Written
Capacity
Slightly
Clear
Clear

Hard

Smooth

Clear

Analysis and Interpretation of Data

The researchers made some trial and error by combining our materials with
different amounts specifically the pulverized Tuway Shells and flour. During our first try, we put
one teaspoon of our pulverized shell and flour, then one teaspoon of pulverized shell and two
teaspoon of flour, then one teaspoon of pulverized shell and three teaspoon of flour and lastly
two teaspoon of pulverized shell and one teaspoon of flour. The amount of hot water was
constant at 1 tsp. After conducting the experiment, the researchers conducted a survey to the
three correspondents. The researchers let the correspondents test the characteristics of each
variables based on their durability, texture, and written capacity. Based on the survey, the 3 rd trial
was chosen as the best product made by the researchers. The researchers then agree and choose
the best mixture of pulverized shells and flour in producing a colored chalk was in the ratio of
2:1. It is very durable, smooth and of course has a good writing capability, which satisfies the
tastes of the following respondents. The researchers observed that the amount of pulverized
Tuway Shell improves the hardness and the durability of the product since it contains Calcium

Carbonate. The flour on the other hand, served as a binding agent that provides clear and vibrant
color especially in writing.

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings on

pulverizing Tuway shells with

Alugbati berries, Turmeric extract and Achiote as potential in producing a colored blackboard
chalk.
This chapter also contains the conclusions of the specific research problems based on the
survey conducted, and the recommendations which are generated form the results of the study.
Summary
The following are the findings on pulverizing Tuway shells with Alugbati berries,
Turmeric extract and Achiote leaves as answers to the specific problems of the study?
1. Is it possible to produce a colored chalk from Tuway shells with Alugbati berries,
Turmeric extract and Achiote?
Yes, it is possible to produce a colored chalk from Tuway shells with alugbati berries,
Turmeric extract and Achiote as soon as the shells were pulverize properly and the other
ingredients were mix properly according to its proper ratio.
2. Does the amount of the pulverized Tuway shells affect the production of colored chalk?
Yes, the amount of pulverized Tuway shells affect the production of colored chalk there must
be a greater amount mixed in the product since it serve as the foundation that contain minerals
such as calcium carbonate CACO3 which makes the colored chalk hard, strong and rigid .

3. Does the flour affects the effectiveness of Tuway Shell as a substitute for the production
of colored chalk?
Yes, the amount of flour also affects the effectiveness of Tuway shell with natural
colorants in making a colored chalk. It serves as the binding agent to make the product more
compact. It also strengthens the writing capabilities of the colored chalk. In producing a
colored chalk the amount of flour greatly affects the product, there must be a lesser amount
of flour mixed in the product compared to the pulverized Tuway shell. Too much flour results
to porosity and brittleness, it also deteriorates the quality of writing produced by the product.
Conclusions
The following conclusions were drawn based on the strength of the findings on on
pulverizing Tuway shells with Alugbati berries, Turmeric extract and Achiote as potential in
producing a colored blackboard chalk.
1. It is possible to produced a colored chalk using Tuway shells mix with Alugbati
Berries, Turmeric Extract and Achiote.
This statement accepts the null hypothesis and rejects the alternative hypothesis.
2. The amount of pulverized Tuway shells and flour mixed to create a colored chalk
varies significantly.
3. Materials containing minerals like Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 such as egg shells, sea
shells and many more plays a vital role in making or producing a chalk.
Recommendations:
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following factors are hereby
recommended.

1. Another study could be conducted to further verify the results of the study utilizing a
more effective method of chalk hardening substances for a more improved durability of the
chalk.
2. Other natural fruit extracts with coloring attributes may be utilized in the physical
color appearance of the chalk.
3. Artificial coloring may also be utilized as an alternative for the physical color
appearance of the chalk.
4. Other than being a blackboard chalk, the chalk made of tuway shells can also be used
for sidewalk chalk games.
5. Another study could also be conducted to make another substance other than tuway
shells for the making chalk.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Internet Sites
Wikipedia.org, Chalk (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)

Wikipedia.org, Calcium Carbnate (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate)

Magas, A. Chalk out of Seashells Investigatory Project,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/9705545/Investigatory-ProjectMcMahon, M. What is Chalk? http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-chalk.htm
Penuliar, J. The Effectivenes of Chicken Eggshell as a Substitute for Commercial Chalk,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/32623945/Thesis-Group-1-2007-Version
April, M.Chalk out of Seashells http://www.scribd.com/doc/9705545/InvestigatoryProject#scribd
Wikipedia.org, Clamshell(http://www.wikipedia.com/av-clamshell.html)
Enotes.com, How Chalk is Made? (www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/chalk)
Wikipedia.org,Blackboard Chalk(http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)

B. Books
Encyclopedia Americana, Chalk.
Encyclopedia Britannica, Chalk.

Documentation

( Materials of the researchers in the study or ingredients to be used.)

This photo shows the stages of pulverizing Tuway Shells.

This photo shows the finished product of the pulverized shell.

These photos show the grating of the cassava. Two of our researchers are grating the cassava.

This photo shows on how the researchers extract the Alugbatti berries.

The researchers in this photo are peeling the achiote by separating the seeds from the husk.

This photo shows the Turmeric being grated by the researchers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

C. Internet Sites
Wikipedia.org, Chalk (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)
Wikipedia.org, Calcium Carbnate (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate)
Magas, A. Chalk out of Seashells Investigatory Project,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/9705545/Investigatory-ProjectMcMahon, M. What is Chalk? http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-chalk.htm
Penuliar, J. The Effectivenes of Chicken Eggshell as a Substitute for Commercial Chalk,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/32623945/Thesis-Group-1-2007-Version
April, M.Chalk out of Seashells http://www.scribd.com/doc/9705545/InvestigatoryProject#scribd
Wikipedia.org, Clamshell(http://www.wikipedia.com/av-clamshell.html)
Enotes.com, How Chalk is Made? (www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/chalk)
Wikipedia.org,Blackboard Chalk(http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)

D. Books
Encyclopedia Americana, Chalk.
Encyclopedia Britannica, Chalk.

This photo shows the extracted Achiote, Alugbatti Berries and Turmeric.

This photo shows the researchers on mixing the ingredients to obtain the finished
product.

The result of the experiment will be discussed in the next chapter.