Introduction

The verb 'can' describes someones capabilities or the things they are able to do.
Paul can play the piano.
Joan can't come to the meeting. She is busy.
Can I come late to work? I have a doctor's appointment.

Formation
Can
Affirmative

Negative

I can
you can
he/she/it can
we can
you can
they can

I cannot/can't
you cannot/can't
he/she/it cannot/can't
we cannot/can't
you cannot/can't
they cannot/can't

can + base form of the verb

I can speak French.

You can go on vacation in August.

He can ride in the front seat.

We can cook dinner together.

Can you go to the store this afternoon?

They can't find the file.

Could
The past tense form of can is could or could not/couldn't:

When I was young, I could swim very fast.

Las night, I couldn't find my cell phone.

Use

Ability
Use to explain something that a person or thing is able to do:

I can swim.

She can speak Portuguese.

We can play the guitar.

Can she use a computer?

Can she cook?

Can he play soccer?

I can't fix the computer.

He can't understand you.

They can't ski.

Possibility
Use to explain that something is possible to do:

We can take a vacation in May.

It can be cold in the winter.

Can we take a bus to the station?

Can you open that window?

Permission
Use to ask for permission:

Can we come to your party?

Can I have a slice of cake?

Can I go home?

Use to give permission:

You can leave early.

They can go home.

He can have the day off.

Polite requests
Use could to ask for something politely:

Could you please pass me the salt?

Could I borrow your umbrella?

Could I speak to Tony, please?

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Introduction
We use who, what, when, where, and why when we talk about people and things:
Who is your favorite actor?
Who is playing soccer tonight?
What are you reading?
When does the store close?
Where are they going tonight?
Why are you here?

Use
Who
Use 'who' for people:

Who is the manager?

Who is coming to the party?

Who is taller, Sarah or Emily?

What
Use 'what' for objects and things:

What is your name?

What color is your car?

What do you prefer?

When
Use 'when' to talk about time:

When are you leaving?

When is the train coming?

When are you going on vacation?

Where
Use 'where' to talk about a place:

Where is Tina going?

Where do you live?

Where is the bank?

Why
Use 'why' to talk about a reason for something:

Why are you laughing? Because it's funny!

Why are you selling your car?

Why are you leaving early?

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Rules
Para dar y pedir informacin personal
Preguntas

What is your name?

Where are you from?

Do you speak English?

How old are you?

What is your profession?

Where do you live?

Are you married? or Single? or

Divorced?
Do you have children?

El estado civil

I am married.

I am single.

I am divorced.

Respuestas
I'm Kristen Murray / My name is Kristen
Murray.

I'm from New York.

Yes, I do.

I'm an advertising executive.

I'm 38 years old.

I live in London.

I am married.

Yes, I have three children.

I am widowed.

Para hablar del origen o procedencia: Las nacionalidades

I was born in Ireland. I'm Irish.

I was born in Mexico. I'm Mexican.

I was born in France. I'm French.

I was born in Italy. I'm Italian.

I was born in England. I'm English.

I was born in Germany. I'm German.

I was born in Spain. I'm Spanish.

I was born in Canada. I'm Canadian.

I was born in Portugal. I'm Portuguese.

I was born in Japan. I'm Japanese.

I was born in Holland. I'm Dutch.

I was born in the USA. I'm American.

Cuidado!
En ingls, los adjetivos de nacionalidades se escriben siempre con mayscula.

I'm Chinese / I'm Scottish / I'm Russian.

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Introduction
To like is a regular verb and is very common in English.
I like chocolate cake.
She likes to go swimming.

Form

The present simple tense

Affirmative

I
you
we
they
he/she/it

Negative

I
you
we
they
he/she/it

Questions

Do

Does

like

likes

don't like

doesn't like
I
you
we
they

like...?

he/she/it

like...?

The past simple tense

Affirmative

I
you
he/she/it
we
they

liked

Negative

I
you
he/she/it
we
they

did not like (didn't

like)

Did

I
you
he/she/it
we
they

Questions

like...?

Use
Like + noun
subject + 'to like' + object

I like apples.

She likes Russia.

Harry likes soccer.

They like black shoes.

You like tea.

Like + infinitive
subject + 'to like' + infinitive

She likes to run.

I like to eat.

We like to play basketball.

William and Kate like to go to Paris.

They like to cook.

Like + gerund (verb -ing)

subject + 'to like' + gerund

She likes running.

I like eating.

We like playing basketball.

William and Kate like going to Paris.

They like cooking.

We can use either the infinitive or gerund construction. They have the same meaning.

Ffff

Situation
Durante el almuerzo, Sandra y Simon hablan de la comida y de sus gustos gastronmicos.
Sandra: "I love French food, don't you?"
Simon: "Actually, I prefer Mexican food."

Rules
Para hablar de gustos
Like + noun

Ex: I like chocolate.

Like + to + infinitive verb

Ex. I like to travel.

Like + verb + ing

Ex: I like travelling.

Para matizar
I like / I love

+
+
++
+++
++++

I like coffee.
I like sleeping late.
I really like travelling.
I love reading.
I really love this song.

I am crazy about Chinese food = I really love Chinese food.

Para hablar de sentimientos

Amistad

I like Carla.

I like Melissa a lot.

I really like Fred.

Amor

I love you.

I am in love with you.

I adore you.
I am crazy / mad about you.

"I love..." es mucho ms fuerte que "I like..."

Esta diferencia es muy importante en las relaciones personales.

I like you = amistad

I love you = declaracin de amor

Para hablar de preferencias

I like coffee but I prefer tea.

Para decir lo que a uno no le gusta

Don't like + noun >>> I don't like coffee

Don't like to + infinitive >>> I don't like to get up early

Don't like + -ing >>> I don't like cooking

Para matizar
--------

I don't like nightclubs.

She doesn't like wine very much.
I really don't like walking alone at night.
I really don't enjoy fishing.
I hate horror films.
I detest going shopping.

To like / to love / to dislike / to prefer

Para expresar gustos y preferencias de carcter general, no se suele emplear el artculo
despus de este tipo de verbos.
Ex. I dislike television. (y no: I dislike the television)

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Situation
Elizabeth y Sally hablan tranquilamente mientras toman un caf.
Elizabeth: "What do you like to do in your spare time, Sally?"
Sally: "I play football and I love to cook! And you? What do you like doing?"
Elizabeth: "I enjoy going to the theater with my friends. I also like painting, but I don't do any
sports!"

Rules
Las actividades deportivas
Para decir que haces deporte

I am athletic.

I do sports.

I enjoy sports

I play sports.

Los deportes

Subject + sport

I horseback ride.

I swim.

I ski.

I rock climb.

Las actividades artsticas

To play a musical instrument: I play the piano, he plays the guitar and
she plays the drums.

To take theater classes: I take Shakespearean theater classes on Mondays and

cooking classes on Thursdays.

To take photos: she takes wildlife photos.

To sing, to dance, to draw, to paint, to sculpt, to sew and to make pottery.

Las actividades culturales

Go to the movies

Go to the theater

Go to the opera

Attend a concert

Visit a museum

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Introduction
Possessive adjectives show who owns an object. They agree with the person or thing that has
an object. Possessive adjectives do NOT agree with the object.
I like my shoes.
Her house is very big.

Form
Subject pronoun

Possessive adjective

my

you

your

he/she/it

his/her/its

we

our

you

your

they

their

Use
When the possessor is masculine:
his

He broke his computer.

Will likes his car.

When the possessor is feminine:

her

Kate bought her apartment last year.

The woman lost her glasses.

When the possessor is an object or an animal:

its

The cat hurt its leg.

A tree loses its leaves in the winter.

When the possessor is 'you':

your

You lost your book yesterday.

When there are two or more possessors:

their

Our boss and our colleagues gave us good advice. We took their advice.

Cathy and Rick lost their map to the city.

The possessive adjective do NOT change if the object is singular or plural.
I like my shirt. - I like my shirts.
They read their book. - They read their books.
She sings her song. - She sings her songs.

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Introduction
Possessive nouns show that we own something.

Formation
-'s
Normally added -'s to singular nouns and irregular plurals that
don't end in -s:
Singular:

a man's job

the girl's book

Mary and Tom's children (1 set of children: Mary and Tom are their parents)

Mary's and Tom's children (2 sets of children: Mary has children, and Tom has
different children.)
Plural:

the men's changing room

the children's toys

Add an apostrophe (') to regular plurals that end in -s:

The students have books. = the students' books ( two or more)

The friends have a car. = my friends' car (two or more)

of something

The roof of the house is old.

The door of the building is broken.

I didn't see the beginning of the movie.

Uses

-'s
Most often used with a person, animal, country, organization, or
group of living things:

The dog's collar is too tight.

Germany's economy is doing very well.

Jane's brother is a doctor.

The company's annual report is late.

James's car is red.

of something
Used mostly with things and sometimes with places:

The back seat of the car is very dirty.

We don't know the cause of the fire.

We looked at the top of the page.

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Introduction
We use the comparative form of adjectives to say if an object or a person has more or less of a
quality than the other object or person.
long = longer
interesting = more interesting

Form
One syllable adjectives
To form the comparative of one syllable adjectives, add -er.

tall - taller

small - smaller

long - longer

short - shorter

light - lighter

black - blacker

Two or more syllable adjectives

To form the comparative of adjectives with more than one
syllable, add 'more' or 'less' before the adjective. More is
positive (+) andless is negative (-).

more intelligent

less generous

more beautiful

less difficult

more interesting

less amazing

Exceptions
One syllable adjectives ending in -e
We add -r.

wide - wider

nice - nicer

simple - simpler

large - larger

One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and one consonant
We double the consonant and add -er.

big - bigger

flat - flatter

wet - wetter

sad - sadder

One syllable adjectives ending in -y

We replace the -y with an -i and add -er.

happy - happier

itchy - itchier

funny - funnier

dirty - dirtier

Irregular adjectives

good - better

bad - worse

far - farther/further

Use
Use 'than' when we directly compare two objects or people.

John is taller than Mark.

An elephant is bigger than a mouse.

Sarah is more intelligent than Jade.

Helen is funnier than Tom.

This movie is shorter than the last one we watched.

He is nicer than you.

This car is less expensive than the red one.

Use to describe a person or thing when compared to something

else:

New York is old, but Paris is older.

This restaurant has delicious food, but the food at the other restaurant is more
delicious.
Is it cheaper to go by plane or by train?
Wide amplio

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Introduction
We use superlative adjectives to say if an object or a person has the most or the least of a
quality than all other objects or people.

long = longest
interesting = most interesting

Form

All superlative adjective have 'the' before them.

One syllable adjectives

To form the comparative of one syllable adjectives, add 'the'
before the adjective and -est at the end.

tall - the tallest

small - the smallest

long - the longest

short - the shortest

light - the lightest

black - the blackest

Two or more syllable adjectives

To form the superlative of adjectives with more than one
syllable, add 'the' and 'most' or 'least' before the
adjective. Most is positive (+) and least is negative (-).

the most intelligent

the least generous

the most beautiful

the least difficult

the most interesting

the least amazing

Exceptions

Superlative adjectives have the same exceptions as comparative adjectives.

One syllable adjectives ending in -e

We add -st.

wide - the widest

nice - the nicest

simple - the simplest

large - largest

One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and one consonant
We double the consonant and add -est.

big - the biggest

flat - the flattest

wet - the wettest

sad - the saddest

One syllable adjectives ending in -y

We replace the -y with an -i and add -est.

happy - the happiest

itchy - the itchiest

funny - the funniest

dirty - the dirtiest

Irregular Adjectives

good - the best

bad - the worst

far - the farthest/the furthest

Use

Use to describe a person or thing when compared to several

other things:

Joe is the nicest colleague in the office.

This is the best coffee in Italy.

What is the longest river in theworld?

China has the largest population in the world.

Where is the closest subway station?

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flat
plano