Hails = granizo

Fall=otoo

Introduction
In English, the present continuous tense describes temporary situations and actions that are
happening now (the moment of speaking).
The present continuous: I am reading.

Form
Present continuous - affirmative
Verb "to be" in the present tense + base form of the verb '-ing':
Singular

Plural

I am reading

we are reading

you are reading

you are reading

she/he/it is reading

they are reading

I am painting.

He is playing the piano.

They are reading.

For base forms that end with 'e', remove the 'e' before adding 'ing':

write = I am writing

take = she is taking

To make sentences less formal, we use contractions:

I am reading = I'm reading

you are reading = you're walking

he/she/it is reading = he/she/it's working

we are talking = we're talking

they are watching = they're watching

Present continuous - negative

Verb "to be" in the present tense + not + base form of the verb
'-ing':
Singular

Plural

I am not reading

we are not reading

you are not reading

you are not reading

she/he/it is not reading

they are not reading

I am not eating.

Jerry is not talking on the telephone.

Laura and I are not taking the afternoon train.

To make negative sentences less formal, we use contractions:

I am not reading = I'm not reading

you are not walking = you aren't walking or you're not walking

he/she/it is working = he/she/it isn't working or he/she/it's not working

we are not talking = we aren't talking or we're not talking

they are not watching = they aren't watching or they're not watching

Use
Use to talk about an action happening at the moment of
speaking:

I'm playing tennis.

Jessica and Mark aren't coming to the meeting.

It is raining outside.

Use for an action happening in the present but not at the

moment of speaking:

He's taking Spanish classes in the evening.

I'm reading Moby Dick.

Introduction
In English the present continuous tense describes temporary situations and actions that take
place at the moment of speaking.
Present continuous : Are you reading?

Form
Present continuous affirmative questions = verb "to be" in the present
tense + subject + verb '-ing':
SINGULAR ( 1 person)

PLURAL (2 people

Am I working?

Are we working?

Are you working?

Are you working?

Is he/she/it working?

Are they working?

Am I doing this right?

Is John playing the trumpet?

Are they coming to dinner?

Contractions are not possible.

Present continuous negative questions = verb "to be" in the present

tense + subject + not + verb '-ing':

Are you not eating in the canteen?

Is she not buying a laptop?

Contractions are possible in present continuous negative questions, but their use changes the
order of the sentence:
- Aren't you writing the memo?
- Isn't she buying a laptop?

Use
Used to ask about an action happening at the moment of
speaking or a temporary situation:

What are you doing?

Are you watching the news?

Are you living with your sister?

Aren't you arriving later than usual?

-Go straight ahead = siga recto

Traffic circle = rotonda
Take a left = girar a la izquierda
Turn right = dobla a la derecha
make a U-turn = hacer una vuelta en U

Introduction
We use the imperative form to make a request or give an instruction.
Pass me my ticket.
Be on time.

Note: Use a question form to make a polite request, or add please.

Can you pass me my ticket, please?

Please be on time.

Form
The imperative is the infinitive form of a verb without 'to':

Infinitive: to talk
Imperative: Talk to the the waitress about your meal.

Infinitive: to go
Imperative: Go to work now!

Infinitive: to be
Imperative: Be there at 9:00 a.m.

Infinitive: to take
Imperative: Take a coat.

Infinitive: to turn
Imperative: Turn the television off.

To use the imperative in the negative form, we add 'don't' before

the verb:

Infinitive: to talk
Negative imperative: Don't talk during the show.

Infinitive: to go
Negative imperative: Don't go outside, it's raining!

Infinitive: to be
Negative imperative: Don't be late.

Infinitive: to turn
Negative imperative: Don't turn the music up.

Use
We use the imperative to give instructions or directions:

Infinitive: to turn
Imperative: Turn right at the end of the corridor.

Infinitive: to go
Imperative: Go straight to the airport.

Infinitive: to turn
Imperative: Turn off the lights before leaving.

We use the imperative to give an order:

Infinitive: to run
Imperative: Don't run by the pool.

Infinitive: to knock
Imperative: Knock before entering.

Infinitive: to leave
Imperative: Leave the room quietly.

We use the imperative to make an informal offer:

Infinitive: to have
Imperative: Have a slice of pizza.

Infinitive: to take
Imperative: Take my pencil.

We use the imperative to make an exclamation:

Infinitive: to look
Imperative: Look at the weather!

Infinitive: to smell
Imperative: Smell the flowers!

Situation
Elizabeth se ha perdido. Un hombre que pasa por all le ayuda a encontrar su camino.

Elizabeth: "Excuse me, can you please tell me where Liberty Street is?"
Man: "Liberty Street...oh yes...go down Trophy Street, which is the first street on the left, then
continue until you reach the second street on the right."
Elizabeth: "Thank you very much!"

Rules
Para pedir indicaciones

Excuse me, could you tell me where the closest subway station is?

Pardon me sir, where can I find the Museum of Science and Industry?

Do you know where I can rent DVDs?

How do I get to Radio City Music Hall from here?

Do you know where I can catch the Blue line?

Para dar indicaciones

You take a right/left at...

Go straight.

Continue until...

Take the first/second/third street on your right/left

Turn right/left.

Head towards... = dirigirse hacia

You will see it on your right/left

Introduccin
En ingls hay diversas formas de expresar el futuro.

"to be + going to + infinitivo"

Para expresar acciones futuras y planeadas.

He's going to start a new job next month. (Va a empezar un nuevo trabajo el mes
que viene.)

We are going to open a new branch in Australia next year.(Vamos a abrir una nueva
sucursal en Australia el ao que viene.)
Para expresar certeza o intencin respecto a un futuro prximo.

It's going to be a difficult meeting. (Va a ser una reunin difcil.)

I'm going to miss the train. (Voy a perder el tren.)

el 'present continuous'
El 'present continuous' se utiliza para expresar acciones futuras que ya se han planeado y
preparado.

I'm moving to New York next year. (Me voy a vivir a Nueva York el ao que viene.)
I'm flying to Rome tomorrow. (Me voy a Roma en avin maana.)
Con los verbos que no se pueden usar en tiempos continuos como know / like /
understand, etc. se emplea will / shall para expresar acciones futuras.

I will know the results tomorrow. I'm knowing the results tomorrow. (Sabr los
resultados maana.)

el 'simple present'
El 'simple present' en ingls se puede utilizar tambin para hablar de planes o hechos
previstos en un futuro prximo.

What time does the meeting finish? (A qu hora acaba la reunin?)

Th Chicago-Madrid flight arrives at 10 o'clock in the morning. (El vuelo ChicagoMadrid llega a las 10 de la maana.)

Will
Las construcciones con will no se emplean con mucha frecuencia.
Se emplean sobre todo para expresar acciones espontneas que hemos decidido en el
momento en el que hablamos (acciones no premeditadas), para hacer predicciones o hablar
de acciones futuras en el lenguaje formal.

a. Para expresar decisiones espontneas

Se utiliza muy a menudo en lenguaje oral (para hacer propuestas y promesas).

Can you send me the document as soon as possible? (Me puedes mandar el
documento lo antes posible?)

Yes, I will send it now by fax. (S, te lo [mandar] mando ahora mismo por fax.)

I will get you some coffee.(Te voy a traer un caf.)

I'll connect you. (Le paso con l / ella.)

I'll have a steak please but I won't have a dessert. (Pedir un bistec, pero no
tomar postre.)

b. Para hacer predicciones

House prices will go up in the future. (El precio de la vivienda aumentar en el

futuro.)

It will be worth a fortune in a year or two. (Valdr una fortuna en uno o dos aos.)

I'll probably arrive late. (Puede que llegue tarde.)

c. Para hablar de acciones futuras en el lenguaje formal

Will se utiliza ms a menudo en el registro formal (o escrito) y muy poco en el ingls hablado.

The President will be in Italy this weekend. (El presidente estar en Italia este fin de
semana.)

We will release the information next week. (Daremos a conocer la informacin la

semana que viene.)

Shall I / we?
Shall I? / Shall we? son expresiones que ya no se utilizan con valor de futuro pero s con
expresiones interrogativas para proponer o sugerir algo.
En espaol equivalen a una pregunta con el verbo principal en presente.

Shall I open the window? (Abro la ventana?).

Shall I get you a coffee? (Te voy a buscar un caf?).

Shall we start the meeting? (Empezamos la reunin?).

--------------------------------------------------------------one-way ticket = boleto de ida
round-trip ticket = boleto de ida y vuelta
suitcase = maleta

Introduction
We use 'would' and 'could' to make polite requests.
Could you please bring me a glass of water?
Would you prefer the window or the aisle seat?
Would you be able to call me tomorrow?

Form

The words 'would' and 'could' do not change.

Could
could + subject

Could I...?

Could you...?

Could he/she/it...?

Could we...?

Could you...?

Could they...?

Would
would + subject

Would I...?

Would you...?

Would he/she/it...?

Would we...?

Would you...?

Would they...?

Use
Polite requests

Could you close the door?

Could I use your pen?

Could we go to the supermarket before the cinema?

Could you tell me how to get to the train station?

Would I be able to help?

Would you bring me my book, please?

Would John and Sarah like to come with me?

Would we be able to come?

Offering and inviting

Use 'would' to offer someone something:

Would you like a drink?

Would you like to go shopping?

Use 'would' to invite someone somewhere:

Would he like to go to the beach today?

Would you be interested in coming to my house tonight?

Would like
Use 'would like' instead of 'want'. 'Would like' is more polite:

I would like a table for four at 8:00 pm.

I would like a cup of tea, please.

'Would' has a contracted form. We CANNOT say 'it'd'.
I'd...
You'd...
He'd/She'd/It would...
We'd...
You'd...
They'd...

They'd like to go home now.

I'd like some books about the moon, please.

We'd like three sandwiches, please.

Situation

Sandra goes to the train station to book a train ticket.

Sandra: "Good afternoon, I would like to buy a return ticket in second class from
London to Brighton, please."
Clerk: "When would you like to leave?"

Sandra: "Tomorrow morning, if possible. And I would like to return on the evening of
May 17th, please."
Clerk: "Smoking or non-smoking?"

Sandra: "Non-smoking, thank you."

Rules
Reserving a table in a restaurant
You

Restaurant host

I would like to reserve a table for six people at seven

o' clock.

Of course, under what name?

Is it possible to reserve a table for two people at eight

o' clock?

No, I'm sorry but we're fully booked.

Booking a hotel room

You

Receptionist

I would like to book a room.

For when?

Is it possible to book a room for

tonight?

For how long?

Hello, I would like to book the

honeymoon suite for the night of the 15th
of April.
I would like a double room for the
week of May 18th to the 24th.

What is the price of a single room?

What is the cost for one night?

Would you like a single or

double room?

For how many nights?

Would you like breakfast

included?

Can you please confirm your

reservation by either fax or e-mail?

Booking a plane ticket

You

Ticket agent

I would like to book a ticket to

Manchester, please.

I would like a round-trip ticket from

London to Edinburgh, please.

Are there still places on the flight to

Shannon?

How much is a one-way ticket to

Barcelona?

There is a flight to
Manchester that leaves London at
10:20 am and arrives at 11:45
am.

Do you prefer to travel in

business or economy class?
For how many people?

Booking a train ticket

You

Ticket agent

I would like to reserve a round-trip

ticket from London to Liverpool, please.

I would like a round-trip ticket from

Plymouth to Canterbury, please.

Depart July 22nd and return August

4th.

Which dates would you like?

1st or 2nd class?

Smoking or non-smoking?

There is a train at 10:06 am,

at 11:30 am and at 12:50 pm.
Which do you prefer?

To book = reservar
Check in = registrarse
go sightseeing = hacer turismo

Introduction
The past simple is used to describe finished actions in the past.
I walked to school.
I climbed a mountain.
They tried a new restaurant for lunch.

Form

Regular verbs
To form the past simple, add '-ed' to the base form:
Singular

Plural

I cooked

we cooked

you cooked

you cooked

she/he/itcooked

they cooked

We watched TV last night.

The movie started late.

It rained yesterday.

Peter and Tom worked on the train.

If the verb ends in 'e', add 'd':

arrive = They arrived late to the meeting.

shave = Joe shaved this morning.

If the verb ends in 'y', remove the 'y'and add '-ied':

study = The teenagers studied for the exam.

carry = I carried my luggage to the hotel room.

If the verb ends in vowel + a consonant, the consonant at the

end is doubled:

stop = The car stopped at the red light.

plan = We planned a party.

wrap = She wrapped the children's presents for Christmas.

Uses
We use the past simple to describe a finished action in the past:

I baked a cake yesterday.

They visited a museum in New York last week.

Bill lived in London for three years.

I started a new job last year.

Mary and I played soccer on the weekend.

The play finished at 11:00 p.m.

I cried when I watched the movie last night.

Introduction
We use the simple past to talk about past events. When we use the negative form, we talk
about what did not take place:
I did not open my birthday card.
He did not finish until late last night.
We did not invite Bill to the party.

Form
To make the negative simple past, use 'did not' + the base form:
SINGULAR ( 1 person)

PLURAL (2 people)

did not cook

we

did not cook

you

did not cook

you

did not cook

they

did not cook

he, she,
did not cook
it

They did not study for the driver's exam.

Sarah did not go to meeting.

We did not read the email.

You did not follow the rules.

To make negative sentences less formal, we use contractions:

did + not = didn't

I did not work. / I didn't work.

Joe did not eat the dessert. / Joe didn't eat the dessert.

Mary and I did not take the bus to work. / Mary and I didn't take the bus to work.

Use
We use the negative simple past to talk about things that did
not happen.

I did not travel by airplane.

He did not pay for the ticket.

She did not work last night.

They did not wash the dishes after dinner.

Introduction
To put regular verbs in the past simple, add '-ed' to the end. Irregular verbs do not end in '-ed'
in the past simple, but change in different ways.
I bit the apple.
She bought milk at the store.
They told us a story.

Form
To be
Singular

Plural

I was

we were

you were

you were

she/he/it was

they were

I was late to work today.

You were on vacation last month during the meeting.

Lily was sick yesterday.

Nancy and I were the first ones at work today.

Marcus and Will were in Spain last week.

Other common irregular verbs

Base form

past simple

eat
go
see
buy
take
begin
have
tell

ate
went
saw
bought
took
began
had
told

eat = I ate my breakfast at home this morning.

go = They went to the hospital to see the baby.

see = I saw the movie last week.

buy = She bought a new dress for the party.

take = He took a slice of cake.

begin = I began my new job last Monday.

have = They had a great trip.

tell = She told me a story.

Use
We use the past simple to talk about actions in the past:

The movie began at 7:00 p.m.

I took a large suitcase on vacation for my souvenirs.

We ate dinner in a restaurant yesterday for my birthday.

She went to the supermarket last week.